Apnea: Causes & Reasons

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Possible Causes for Apnea

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea - central; Obesity - central sleep apnea; Cheyne-Stokes - central sleep apnea; Heart failure - central sleep apnea Ryan CM, Bradley TD. Central sleep apnea. [nlm.nih.gov]

[…] both obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea If you think you might have sleep apnea, see your doctor. [mayoclinic.org]

Central sleep apnea is not the same as obstructive sleep apnea. With obstructive sleep apnea, breathing stops and starts because the airway is narrowed or blocked. [nlm.nih.gov]

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

There are several types of sleep apnea, but the most common is obstructive sleep apnea. [mayoclinic.org]

[…] obstructive sleep apnea Complex sleep apnea Obstructive sleep apnea Obstructive sleep apnea of adult Obstructive sleep apnea of child Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome Obstructive [icd9data.com]

The diagnosis of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was based on an apnea-hypopnea index of 5 or higher (five or more events per hour); patients with an apnea-hypopnea index [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Respiratory Muscle Paralysis

We report a case of polymyxin B and E-induced apnea in a patient receiving "muscle relaxants." [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Sleep studies are often recommended to detect sleep apneas. What is sleep apnea? [gbppa.org]

ALWAYS go see your provider if you think you have sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is a serious condition. [msktc.org]

Central Sleep Apnea

[…] to develop an apnea syndrome. [symptoma.com]

Central apnea index was defined as the number of central apneas per hour of sleep, and mixed apnea index was defined as the number of mixed apneas per hour of sleep. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] sleep apnea during continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Primary Apnea

[…] primary apnea Primary apnea in the newborn Primary sleep apnea of newborn Sleep apnea, primary, neonatal Applies To Apneic spells of newborn NOS Essential apnea of newborn [icd9data.com]

apnea. [symptoma.com]

[…] newborn (P28.4) sleep apnea (G47.3-) sleep apnea of newborn (primary) (P28.3) Apnea, apneic (of) (spells) R06.81 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code R06.81 Apnea, not elsewhere classified [icd10data.com]

Neonatal Sepsis

[…] prematurity + Gross appearance of premature infant + Difficulties in maintaining homeostasis + Thermoregulation + Hypoglycemia + Hyperbilirubinemia + Fluids and electrolytes + Apnea [atlases.muni.cz]

Infants with neonatal sepsis or infection may exhibit some of these symptoms: apnea shock diarrhea seizures jaundice vomiting cyanosis irritability skin rashes nasal flaring [healthblurbs.com]

Other presenting signs that warrant investigation include: Lethargy Irritability Poor feeding Respiratory symptoms (eg, apnea, grunting) Abdominal distention Clinical Definition [arupconsult.com]

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Although obstructive and central apnea occurred together as mixed apnea, both types of apnea were seen independently of each other. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hypoxia/apnea hypothesis Apnea (cessation of respiratory airflow) can be manifested in several different forms, including the following: Periodic breathing Pathologic apnea [emedicine.medscape.com]

Acid solutions produced obstructive apnea in all age groups. With acid solutions, central apnea occurred in all age groups but had a peak incidence at 45 days. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Syringomyelia - Syringobulbia

Definitions of the different types of Arnold-Chiari malformation are discussed, with sleep apnea presenting as the only symptom. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] of central apneas. [mrmjournal.biomedcentral.com]

With signs of sleep apnea. You may need a sleep study if you have sleep apnea. Sleep apnea means that you stop and start breathing during sleep. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

Apnea Neonatorum

6011000124106~MAPPRIORITY~1 6011000124106~MAPADVICE~IF APNEA OF NEWBORN DUE TO NEUROLOGICAL INJURY CHOOSE P15.9 | MAP OF SOURCE CONCEPT IS CONTEXT DEPENDENT 6011000124106~ [purl.bioontology.org]

Scope & Content Effect of Apnea Neonatorum on Intellectual Development: Does Delayed Respiration in Newborn Infants Impair Intelligence?; 1952 Sep. [momicoh.pastperfectonline.com]

Acromegaly

In patients with acromegaly and difficult intubation, the insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and apnea/hypoxia index were significantly higher compared to patients without [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Ten patients (58.8%) had an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) greater than 10. Nine had obstructive apnea and one had central apnea. [archbronconeumol.org]

The modified Mallampati classification was positively correlated with apnea/hypoxia index and could be calculated using the following logarithmic equation: MMC = 0.2982 * [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Achondroplasia

Some of these patients had severe neurological abnormalities and sleep apnea, while others just developed headaches and/or had apnea episodes when sleeping or in a car seat [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

These complications include respiratory failure, apnea and sudden death. [symptoma.com]

Additional complications include obstructive sleep apnea, middle ear dysfunction, kyphosis, and spinal stenosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Acute Respiratory Failure

Sudden and unexpected deaths have been reported in SPS, and all described cases have been associated with apnea. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Acute hypercarbic respiratory failure secondary to obstuctive sleep apnea Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure Acute respiratory failure from obstuctive sleep apnea Alveolar [icd9data.com]

Airway Protection: Look for the pooling of secretions in the airway Apnea/Hypopnea: Think of reversible causes first like hypoglycemia, opiates and benzodiazepines ↑WOB & [rebelem.com]

Brain Stem Herniation

Compression of the medulla leads to respiratory insufficiency or apnea. [livestrong.com]

Cushing’s triad of signs includes hypertension, bradycardia and apnea. Dr. [emsworld.com]

Apnea, which also must be confirmed twice, is assessed by disconnecting the patient from the ventilator. [britannica.com]

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

[…] intestinal loops Bilious vomiting Stool change (bloody mucoid) Decrease of peristaltic sounds Erythema of the abdomen wall Ascites Nonspecific systemic signs can include: Apnea [symptoma.com]

Poor tolerance to feedings Frequent vomiting (possibly green in color) Bloody stool (bowel movements) Redness or abnormal color to the tummy Lethargy (lack of energy) Fever Apnea [my.clevelandclinic.org]

[…] stomach looks red Bloody bowel movements Little or no interest in feeding Green colored vomit or drainage Signs of infection, such as lethargy or long pauses in breathing (apnea [cincinnatichildrens.org]

Hypochondroplasia

MRI or CT examination of the foramen magnum is indicated if there is evidence of severe hypotonia, spinal cord compression, or central sleep apnea. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment for sleep apnea depends on the cause of the sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea is treated by surgically removing the tonsils and adenoids. [encyclopedia.com]

Medical complications common to achondroplasia (e.g., spinal stenosis, tibial bowing, obstructive apnea) occur less frequently in hypochondroplasia but intellectual disability [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Benzodiazepine Overdose

The signs and symptoms of benzodiazepine overdose are: Somnolence Confusion Diminished reflexes Respiratory depression Apnea Respiratory arrest Cardiac arrest The treatment [dentalcare.com]

Note: preexisting conditions that compromise respiratory function such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnea, asthma, or pneumonia clinical indicators of changes [mdedge.com]

In certain circumstances, a benzodiazepine overdose can result in extended pauses in breathing (apnea), as well as in death. [drugaddictiontreatment.com]

Drowning

End-tidal PCO2 was 18.9 +/- 2.0 mmHg before apnea and 38.3 +/- 4.7 mmHg at apnea termination. [web.archive.org]

Victims in cardiopulmonary arrest will present with apnea, asystole, fibrillation, and immersion syndrome. [symptoma.com]

End-tidal PO2 was 131.7 +/- 2.7 mmHg before apnea and 26.9 +/- 7.5 mmHg at apnea termination. [web.archive.org]

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

A number of similarities between apnea of prematurity, upper airway reflex apnea and the apneas in these two infants with RSV infection suggests the possibility that these [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The clinical presentation ranges from mildly symptomatic to life-threatening pneumonia presenting as apnea and respiratory distress. [symptoma.com]

[…] which may be followed by wheezing Very young infants may show different symptoms from older children or adults, including: irritability lack of activity reduce appetite apnea [medicalnewstoday.com]

Opiate Overdose

Respiratory depression may be presented as bradypnea and progress to apnea. [symptoma.com]

Indications: Narcotic Overdose management Respiratory Depression ( Hypoxia, apnea) Severe sedation (e.g. comatose) III. [fpnotebook.com]

Management of Overdose Patients with apnea need a pharmacologic or mechanical stimulus in order to breathe. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Postictal State

Sleep apnea in pregnancy may also cause placental hypoxia. [practicalneurology.com]

[…] clenched Autonomic symptoms: increased blood pressure and heart rate, increased bladder pressure, flushing, sweating, increased salivation, increased bronchial secretion, apnea [healthcommunities.com]

The more prolonged seizures usually are convulsive and may manifest pupillary dilation, tachycardia, apnea, cyanosis, salivation, and the loss of bladder or bowel control. [epilepsysco.org]

Epilepsy with Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

The final chapter deals with the application of nasal continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive apnea in adults. [books.google.ro]

But there is mental illness in my family as well as sleep apnea. I took Dilantin, then Phenytoin, then Tegretol for my seizures. [epilepsy.com]

1- Autonomic changes 2- Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and bladder pressure 3- Pupillary mydriasis 4- Skin cyanotic 5- Glandular hypersecretion 6- Brief apnea What [quizlet.com]

Ventricular Fibrillation

COPD and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may increase the overall cardiovascular risk, especially in elderly patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This study aims to find out how common it is for people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to also have sleep apnea. [nhlbi.nih.gov]

Treat conditions that can lead to cardiac issues, including obesity, sleep apnea, and diabetes. [healthline.com]

Hypothyroidism

Results: The patient was a 56 year-old right-handed male with carotid stenosis, hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea who presented with dysarthria. [neurology.org]

These may include: Anemia A viral infection (for example, mononucleosis or Lyme disease) Vitamin D deficiency Fibromyalgia Depression or anxiety Sleep apnea Liver or kidney [verywellhealth.com]

Respiratory System: the patients with hypothyroidism may present with dyspnea, obstructive sleep apnea and frequent respiratory infections. [flexikon.doccheck.com]

Barbiturate Overdose

Barbiturate overdose may cause some of these toxicity symptoms: apnea ataxia vertigo lethargy hypoxia delirium paranoia irritability drowsiness tachycardia bradycardia hypotension [healthblurbs.com]

[…] disturbances Poor judgment Limited attention span Irritability Anxiety (benzodiazepines) Amnesia (benzodiazepines) Combativeness (barbiturates) Paranoia Respiratory depression Apnea [intheknowzone.com]

Slow administration will usually prevent this occurrence but may cause apnea, laryngospasm, coughing, or other respiratory difficulties. [rxmed.com]

Joubert Syndrome

Some continue to have apnea, and require medical care throughout their life. [rehabpub.com]

The most common features are lack of muscle control (ataxia), abnormal breathing patterns (hyperapnea), sleep apnea, abnormal eye and tongue movements and low muscle tone. [rarediseases.org]

He had delayed motor and language development with episodic hyperpnea–apnea spells and hypotonia in infancy. [dovepress.com]

Frontal Lobe Epilepsy

Her medical history showed she had been diagnosed with clinical depression and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, supported by polysomnography. [mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com]

[…] foci, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorders (PLMS), REM sleep behavior disorders (RBD), nocturnal panic attacks, non-REM parasomnias, obstructive sleep apnea [orpha.net]

[…] throughout the night, but without the features of sleep apnoea (apnoea/hypopnoea index Studies in the literature data have shown that the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea [scicombinator.com]

Acute Mountain Sickness

However, AHI sharply increased at South Pole (19/38 participants) primarily due to central apneas. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Sleep-induced periodic breathing and apnea: a theoretical study. J Appl Physiol. 1991 May. 70(5):2014-24. [Medline]. Khoury GH, Hawes CR. [emedicine.medscape.com]

The Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) increased significantly in both the AMS and no AMS groups, but the difference in the increase between the two groups was not statistically significant [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Cicuta Maculata Poisoning

Severe tonic-clonic seizures occurred and were followed by periods of apnea. He was intubated and transported to a local emergency department. [bangordailynews.com]

Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocker

In the case cited, any of the options except thiopental may be involved in the apnea. [ether.stanford.edu]

Hypoventilation /apnea - PPV equipment is essential as even low doses can depress ventilation. [vetstream.com]

The cause of the apnea could be ascribed to all of the following EXCEPT: a. Thiopental b. Myasthenia gravis c. Pancuronium d. Fentanyl e. Gentamicin Answer: A. [ether.stanford.edu]

Hypophosphatasia

After the pyridoxal phosphate dose was increased (to 40mg/kg/day), the patient's seizures and apnea resolved, and her MRI findings also improved. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

After birth, infants with the disorder typically have apnea, seizures, and shortened long bones. [everydayhealth.com]

They may have hypercalcemia associated with apnea or seizures, and marked shortening of the long bones. [orpha.net]