Apnea: Causes & Reasons

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Possible Causes for Apnea

Sleep Apnea

Am I at Risk for Sleep Apnea? Sleep apnea can affect anyone at any age, even children. [webmd.com]

[…] both obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea If you think you might have sleep apnea, see your doctor. [mayoclinic.org]

Enlarged tonsil tissues raise a child’s risk for sleep apnea. Overweight children also might be at increased risk for sleep apnea. [web.archive.org]

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

[…] index of 5 to 15 indicates mild apnea; of 15 to 30, moderate apnea; and of greater than 30, severe apnea. [doi.org]

[…] of sleep apnea. [doi.org]

There are several types of sleep apnea, but the most common is obstructive sleep apnea. [mayoclinic.org]

Central Sleep Apnea

[…] to develop an apnea syndrome. [symptoma.com]

[…] proper machine for those who have central sleep apnea or mixed/complex apnea. [en.wikipedia.org]

Although a high proportion of respiratory events are hypopneas, previous studies have only used apneas to differentiate obstructive (OSA) from central (CSA) sleep apnea. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Respiratory Muscle Paralysis

We report a case of polymyxin B and E-induced apnea in a patient receiving "muscle relaxants." [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Sleep studies are often recommended to detect sleep apneas. What is sleep apnea? [gbppa.org]

ALWAYS go see your provider if you think you have sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is a serious condition. [msktc.org]

Primary Apnea

apnea. [symptoma.com]

[…] newborn (P28.4) sleep apnea (G47.3-) sleep apnea of newborn (primary) (P28.3) Apnea, apneic (of) (spells) R06.81 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code R06.81 Apnea, not elsewhere classified [icd10data.com]

Compare periodic apnea of the newborn, secondary apnea. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

All five infants developed heavy snoring at night and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Delayed synaptic maturation may explain neurogenic apnea or hypoventilation of prematurity and some cases of sudden infant death syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Although obstructive and central apnea occurred together as mixed apnea, both types of apnea were seen independently of each other. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Neonatal Sepsis

[…] prematurity + Gross appearance of premature infant + Difficulties in maintaining homeostasis + Thermoregulation + Hypoglycemia + Hyperbilirubinemia + Fluids and electrolytes + Apnea [atlases.muni.cz]

Infants with neonatal sepsis or infection may exhibit some of these symptoms: apnea shock diarrhea seizures jaundice vomiting cyanosis irritability skin rashes nasal flaring [healthblurbs.com]

Other presenting signs that warrant investigation include: Lethargy Irritability Poor feeding Respiratory symptoms (eg, apnea, grunting) Abdominal distention Clinical Definition [arupconsult.com]

Syringomyelia - Syringobulbia

Definitions of the different types of Arnold-Chiari malformation are discussed, with sleep apnea presenting as the only symptom. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] of central apneas. [mrmjournal.biomedcentral.com]

With signs of sleep apnea. You may need a sleep study if you have sleep apnea. Sleep apnea means that you stop and start breathing during sleep. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

Apnea Neonatorum

6011000124106~MAPPRIORITY~1 6011000124106~MAPADVICE~IF APNEA OF NEWBORN DUE TO NEUROLOGICAL INJURY CHOOSE P15.9 | MAP OF SOURCE CONCEPT IS CONTEXT DEPENDENT 6011000124106~ [purl.bioontology.org]

apneic newborn NEC • Apnea, apneic newborn NEC obstructive • Apnea, apneic prematurity • Newborn apnea obstructive • Newborn apnea specified [coding-pro.com]

MAPRULE~OTHERWISE TRUE 6011000124106~MAPTARGET~P28.3 900000000000497000~MAPTARGET~Xa08B 6011000124106~MAPRULE~IFA 722915009 | Apnea of newborn due to neurological injury [purl.bioontology.org]

Acromegaly

Ten patients (58.8%) had an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) greater than 10. Nine had obstructive apnea and one had central apnea. [archbronconeumol.org]

The aim of the ACROSAHS study was to investigate the prevalence of acromegaly and acromegaly comorbidities in patients with sleep apnea symptoms and acral enlargement. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

y de síndrome de apnea del sueño (29,4%), y fue una rareza la presencia de apneas centrales. [archbronconeumol.org]

Achondroplasia

PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common problem in patients with achondroplasia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Here, we report the case of a male child with achondroplasia who was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea and underwent adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Some of these patients had severe neurological abnormalities and sleep apnea, while others just developed headaches and/or had apnea episodes when sleeping or in a car seat [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Brain Stem Herniation

Compression of the medulla leads to respiratory insufficiency or apnea. [livestrong.com]

Cushing’s triad of signs includes hypertension, bradycardia and apnea. Dr. [emsworld.com]

Apnea, which also must be confirmed twice, is assessed by disconnecting the patient from the ventilator. [britannica.com]

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

[…] intestinal loops Bilious vomiting Stool change (bloody mucoid) Decrease of peristaltic sounds Erythema of the abdomen wall Ascites Nonspecific systemic signs can include: Apnea [symptoma.com]

Poor tolerance to feedings Frequent vomiting (possibly green in color) Bloody stool (bowel movements) Redness or abnormal color to the tummy Lethargy (lack of energy) Fever Apnea [my.clevelandclinic.org]

[…] stomach looks red Bloody bowel movements Little or no interest in feeding Green colored vomit or drainage Signs of infection, such as lethargy or long pauses in breathing (apnea [cincinnatichildrens.org]

Acute Respiratory Failure

Sudden and unexpected deaths have been reported in SPS, and all described cases have been associated with apnea. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Acute hypercarbic respiratory failure secondary to obstuctive sleep apnea Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure Acute respiratory failure from obstuctive sleep apnea Alveolar [icd9data.com]

Airway Protection: Look for the pooling of secretions in the airway Apnea/Hypopnea: Think of reversible causes first like hypoglycemia, opiates and benzodiazepines ↑WOB & [rebelem.com]

Hypochondroplasia

MRI or CT examination of the foramen magnum is indicated if there is evidence of severe hypotonia, spinal cord compression, or central sleep apnea. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment for sleep apnea depends on the cause of the sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea is treated by surgically removing the tonsils and adenoids. [encyclopedia.com]

Medical complications common to achondroplasia (e.g., spinal stenosis, tibial bowing, obstructive apnea) occur less frequently in hypochondroplasia but intellectual disability [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Benzodiazepine Overdose

The signs and symptoms of benzodiazepine overdose are: Somnolence Confusion Diminished reflexes Respiratory depression Apnea Respiratory arrest Cardiac arrest The treatment [dentalcare.com]

Note: preexisting conditions that compromise respiratory function such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnea, asthma, or pneumonia clinical indicators of changes [mdedge.com]

In certain circumstances, a benzodiazepine overdose can result in extended pauses in breathing (apnea), as well as in death. [drugaddictiontreatment.com]

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

A number of similarities between apnea of prematurity, upper airway reflex apnea and the apneas in these two infants with RSV infection suggests the possibility that these [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The clinical presentation ranges from mildly symptomatic to life-threatening pneumonia presenting as apnea and respiratory distress. [symptoma.com]

[…] which may be followed by wheezing Very young infants may show different symptoms from older children or adults, including: irritability lack of activity reduce appetite apnea [medicalnewstoday.com]

Drowning

End-tidal PCO2 was 18.9 +/- 2.0 mmHg before apnea and 38.3 +/- 4.7 mmHg at apnea termination. [web.archive.org]

Victims in cardiopulmonary arrest will present with apnea, asystole, fibrillation, and immersion syndrome. [symptoma.com]

End-tidal PO2 was 131.7 +/- 2.7 mmHg before apnea and 26.9 +/- 7.5 mmHg at apnea termination. [web.archive.org]

Opiate Overdose

Respiratory depression may be presented as bradypnea and progress to apnea. [symptoma.com]

Indications: Narcotic Overdose management Respiratory Depression ( Hypoxia, apnea) Severe sedation (e.g. comatose) III. [fpnotebook.com]

Management of Overdose Patients with apnea need a pharmacologic or mechanical stimulus in order to breathe. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Postictal State

Sleep apnea in pregnancy may also cause placental hypoxia. [practicalneurology.com]

[…] clenched Autonomic symptoms: increased blood pressure and heart rate, increased bladder pressure, flushing, sweating, increased salivation, increased bronchial secretion, apnea [healthcommunities.com]

The more prolonged seizures usually are convulsive and may manifest pupillary dilation, tachycardia, apnea, cyanosis, salivation, and the loss of bladder or bowel control. [epilepsysco.org]

Epilepsy with Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

The final chapter deals with the application of nasal continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive apnea in adults. [books.google.ro]

But there is mental illness in my family as well as sleep apnea. I took Dilantin, then Phenytoin, then Tegretol for my seizures. [epilepsy.com]

1- Autonomic changes 2- Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and bladder pressure 3- Pupillary mydriasis 4- Skin cyanotic 5- Glandular hypersecretion 6- Brief apnea What [quizlet.com]

Ventricular Fibrillation

COPD and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may increase the overall cardiovascular risk, especially in elderly patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This study aims to find out how common it is for people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to also have sleep apnea. [nhlbi.nih.gov]

Treat conditions that can lead to cardiac issues, including obesity, sleep apnea, and diabetes. [healthline.com]

Hypothyroidism

Results: The patient was a 56 year-old right-handed male with carotid stenosis, hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea who presented with dysarthria. [neurology.org]

These may include: Anemia A viral infection (for example, mononucleosis or Lyme disease) Vitamin D deficiency Fibromyalgia Depression or anxiety Sleep apnea Liver or kidney [verywellhealth.com]

Respiratory System: the patients with hypothyroidism may present with dyspnea, obstructive sleep apnea and frequent respiratory infections. [flexikon.doccheck.com]

Barbiturate Overdose

Barbiturate overdose may cause some of these toxicity symptoms: apnea ataxia vertigo lethargy hypoxia delirium paranoia irritability drowsiness tachycardia bradycardia hypotension [healthblurbs.com]

[…] disturbances Poor judgment Limited attention span Irritability Anxiety (benzodiazepines) Amnesia (benzodiazepines) Combativeness (barbiturates) Paranoia Respiratory depression Apnea [intheknowzone.com]

Slow administration will usually prevent this occurrence but may cause apnea, laryngospasm, coughing, or other respiratory difficulties. [rxmed.com]

Cicuta Maculata Poisoning

Severe tonic-clonic seizures occurred and were followed by periods of apnea. He was intubated and transported to a local emergency department. [bangordailynews.com]

Sudden Cardiac Death

Sleep apnea has also been linked to artery damage — which can lead heart attack and stroke. Recently, a link was found between obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension. [everydayhealth.com]

This study aims to find out how common it is for people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to also have sleep apnea. [nhlbi.nih.gov]

[…] agents -- Cardiovascular abnormalities in HIV-infected individuals -- Pericardial diseases -- Traumatic heart disease -- Pulmonary embolism -- Pulmonary hypertension -- Sleep apnea [worldcat.org]

Acute Mountain Sickness

However, AHI sharply increased at South Pole (19/38 participants) primarily due to central apneas. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Sleep-induced periodic breathing and apnea: a theoretical study. J Appl Physiol. 1991 May. 70(5):2014-24. [Medline]. Khoury GH, Hawes CR. [emedicine.medscape.com]

The Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) increased significantly in both the AMS and no AMS groups, but the difference in the increase between the two groups was not statistically significant [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Joubert Syndrome

Some continue to have apnea, and require medical care throughout their life. [rehabpub.com]

The most common features are lack of muscle control (ataxia), abnormal breathing patterns (hyperapnea), sleep apnea, abnormal eye and tongue movements and low muscle tone. [rarediseases.org]

He had delayed motor and language development with episodic hyperpnea–apnea spells and hypotonia in infancy. [dovepress.com]

Cardiac Arrest

This study aims to find out how common it is for people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to also have sleep apnea. [nhlbi.nih.gov]

An estimated 18 million Americans have sleep apnea, but most remain undiagnosed. Obesity is the number one risk factor for developing sleep apnea. [prevention.com]

Hypophosphatasia

After the pyridoxal phosphate dose was increased (to 40mg/kg/day), the patient's seizures and apnea resolved, and her MRI findings also improved. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

After birth, infants with the disorder typically have apnea, seizures, and shortened long bones. [everydayhealth.com]

They may have hypercalcemia associated with apnea or seizures, and marked shortening of the long bones. [orpha.net]