Blepharospasm: Causes & Reasons

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Possible Causes for Blepharospasm

CN Tear Gas Exposure

Eye involvement may include the following: Ocular pain, tearing, and severe blepharospasm are common; at high concentrations, 2-chloroacetophenone (CN) is known to cause corneal [emedicine.medscape.com]

Lacrimation, redness, burning sensation in the eyes and blepharospasm. [democrati.net]

The effects of exposure to tear gas( esp;excessive lacrimation, blepharospasm) are usually short-lived (30-60 minutes) after the person has been removed from the source and [doctorslounge.com]

Primary Torsion Dystonia

To investigate phenotypes, we examined 71 AOPTD patients (37 cervical dystonia, 14 writer's cramp, 9 blepharospasm, 11 spasmodic dysphonia) and 8 musician's dystonia patients [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

RESULTS: In 12 families with adult-onset PTD, the index cases presented with cervical dystonia (CD); of the 22 affected relatives, 17 had CD, 2 had writer's cramp, 1 had blepharospasm [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Originally published in the Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation Newsletter, Volume 28, Number 5, pages 6, 13 (2009) Home > Blepharospasm index > Top of this [blepharospasm.org]

Mustard Gas Exposure

Main clinical symptoms Few hours after the exposure Eyes: gritty feeling, progressive soreness and bloodshot appearance, lachrymation, blepharospasm and photophobia Increased [emro.who.int]

The mustard gas also affects the cornea, causing conjunctivitis, blepharospasm and cheratinite. [flipper.diff.org]

An asymptomatic period for the eyes is followed by redness and irritation which can progress to corneal damage with photophobia, blepharospasm, excessive lacrimation, and [omicsonline.org]

Inhalation of Phosgene Gas

Link to reference section for acute event PPE related safety information Immediate irritant effects such as conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, lacrimation, blepharospasm [chemm.nlm.nih.gov]

Eye irritation - red eyes, tearing, blepharospasm. ENT irritation: chronic sore throat, rhinorrhoea, hypersalivation, stridor. [patient.info]

Phosgene Oxime

Eyes: Eye examination typically demonstrates conjunctivitis, lacrimation, lid edema, and blepharospasm after even minute exposures. [en.wikipedia.org]

Conjunctivitis, lacrimation, lid edema, blepharospasm 3. Pleasant smell of freshly mown hay 4. No distinct lab findings History 1. Used in WWI gas warfare 2. [medtextfree.wordpress.com]

[…] protective gear and decontamination Victims have removed protective gear in an effort to relieve the pain 11 Signs and Symptoms Eyes Immediate symptoms Pain, conjunctivitis, blepharospasm [powershow.com]

Toxic Effect of Chlorine Gas

Dose ppm Signs and symptoms 0.02 - 0.2 Odour threshold 1 - 3 Mild irritation to eyes, nose and throat 3 - 6 Itching, stinging, and boring of the eyes, lacrimation, blepharospasm [lifeinthefastlane.com]

[…] sounds Rales (pulmonary edema) Nasal flaring Aphonia, stridor, or laryngeal edema Ulceration or hemorrhage of the respiratory tract Rhinorrhea Lacrimation, salivation, and blepharospasm [emedicine.medscape.com]

Eye irritation - red eyes, tearing, blepharospasm. ENT irritation: chronic sore throat, rhinorrhoea, hypersalivation, stridor. [patient.info]

Parkinson Disease

Practice Guideline Update Summary: Botulinum Neurotoxin for the Treatment of Blepharospasm, Cervical Dystonia, Adult Spasticity, and Headache April 2016 Current guideline. [aan.com]

Abnormality of the foot Abnormal feet morphology Abnormality of the feet Foot deformities Foot deformity [ more ] 0001760 Apathy Lack of feeling, emotion, interest 0000741 Blepharospasm [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

X-Linked Parkinsonism with Spasticity

Blepharospasm is usually present. Blepharospasm Affects the eyelids, causing them to close for seconds to hours. [brainfoundation.org.au]

Dystonia Focal, multifocal, segmental or generalized dystonia Idiopathic, genetic, and secondary dystonia Craniofacial dystonia (including blepharospasm, jaw dystonia, tongue [movementdisorders.us]

RN was lower in patients affected by mouth/tongue dystonia compared with blepharospasm. [centogene.com]

Movement Disorder

KEYWORDS: Adult onset dystonia; Blepharospasm; Cervical dystonia; Focal hand dystonia; Time of diagnosis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, cortical basal degeneration), as well as focal and generalized dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, tic disorders, restless legs syndrome, blepharospasm [med.unc.edu]

Abstract Adult-onset dystonia (AOD) may manifest in focal forms (as blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, cervical dystonia, laryngeal dystonia, and hand dystonia) or in [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome

At age 11 years, she began having episodes of blepharospasm, accompanied by bilateral ptosis and occasional episodes of oculogyric crisis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Vertical optokinetic responses were abnormal in five, and two patients had blepharospasm. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We studied a 68-year-old man who died after 13 years of progressive dementia, rigidity, bradykinesia, mild tremor, stooped posture, slow and shuffling gait, dystonia, blepharospasm [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Classic Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Syndrome

PSP-PAGF is characterized by progressive gait freezing, speech and writing difficulties, facial immobility and ultimately blepharospasm with occasionally supranuclear downgaze [orpha.net]

Botulinum toxin injections are helpful in treating blepharospasm. [rarediseases.org]

Blepharospasm is a form of dystonia affecting the muscles around the eyes. [rarediseases.org]

Meige Syndrome

In patients with blepharospasm, older age-of-onset and female gender may increase the risk of spread. [blepharospasm.org]

One of the earliest suspected documentations of blepharospasm is a painting - De Gaper - by the Flemish artist Brueghel (1525-1569), who painted a woman with apparent blepharospasm [whonamedit.com]

Sixty patients had idiopathic blepharospasm, 31 patients were diagnosed with Meige syndrome (blepharospasm plus oromandibular dystonia) and nine patients with segmental dystonia [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Facial Spasm

Blepharospasm: Blepharospasm is a neurological condition characterized by forcible closure of the eyelids. Blepharo means “eyelid”. [saratoga-ophthalmology.com]

Patients had essential blepharospasm (n = 61), hemifacial spasm (n = 24), or aberrant regeneration of the seventh cranial nerve (n = 20). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] have a beneficial effect on blepharospasm. [klapperplasticsurgery.com]

Adult-Onset Cervical Dystonia Type DYT23

Adult-onset cervical dystonia, DYT23 type Autosomal dominant dopa-responsive dystonia Autosomal dominant focal dystonia, DYT25 type Autosomal recessive dopa-responsive dystonia Blepharospasm-oromandibular [se-atlas.de]

Autosomal dominant dopa-responsive dystonia Autosomal dominant focal dystonia, DYT25 type Autosomal recessive dopa-responsive dystonia Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy Blepharospasm-oromandibular [se-atlas.de]

Blepharospasm muscles around the eyes The sufferer experiences rapid blinking of the eyes or even their forced closure causing functional blindness. [wikivisually.com]

Drug-Induced Dystonia

[…] specificity) of G24.0: G24.1 - Genetic torsion dystonia G24.2 - Idiopathic nonfamilial dystonia G24.3 - Spasmodic torticollis G24.4 - Idiopathic orofacial dystonia G24.5 - Blepharospasm [emedcodes.com]

Blepharospasm is usually present. Blepharospasm Affects the eyelids, causing them to close for seconds to hours. [brainfoundation.org.au]

G24.09 Other drug induced dystonia G24.1 Genetic torsion dystonia G24.2 Idiopathic nonfamilial dystonia G24.3 Spasmodic torticollis G24.4 Idiopathic orofacial dystonia G24.5 Blepharospasm [healthprovidersdata.com]

Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome

Two patients with Schwartz-Jampel syndrome presented with blepharospasm, acquired ptosis, and blepharophimosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Acquired blepharophimosis in a patient with juvenile blepharospasm. [canadianjournalofophthalmology.ca]

Abstract Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS) is a rare congenital disorder of continuous myotonia, causing visual and eyelid problems such as blepharospasm, acquired ptosis, and [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Cogan Syndrome

The electro-oculographic (EOG) features of both horizontal and vertical eye movements in congenital oculomotor apraxia (COMA) were not previously reported. A girl referred to the ophthalmologic department for abnormal eye movements was diagnosed as COMA. The same abnormal ocular movements were observed in her[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Oromandibular Dystonia

These results indicate that the neuronal arcs of the facial reflexes in blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia are normal. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Abstract Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia is characterized by the presence of spasms of the orbicularis oculi (blepharospasm) and of the lower facial or oromandibular [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Abstract Thirty-nine patients with the idiopathic blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome are described. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hemifacial Spasm

We present a patient with a facial movement disorder that has characteristics of both blepharospasm and bilateral asynchronous hemifacial spasm. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Elston JS: The management of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 1992, 239 :5–8. PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 29. [doi.org]

[…] have a beneficial effect on blepharospasm. [klapperplasticsurgery.com]

Orofacial Dyskinesia

Définition: A syndrome characterized by orofacial DYSTONIA; including BLEPHAROSPASM; forceful jaw opening; lip retraction; platysma muscle spasm; and tongue protrusion. [hon.ch]

Definición: A syndrome characterized by orofacial DYSTONIA ; including BLEPHAROSPASM ; forceful jaw opening; lip retraction; platysma muscle spasm; and tongue protrusion. [hon.ch]

Blepharospasm and orofacial-cervical dystonia: clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients. Ann Neurol. 1983;13:402–11. PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 2. [link.springer.com]

Eye Muscle Disorder

Click here to download our leaflet on Blepharospasm. [dystonia.org.uk]

The unilateral blepharospasm of HFS may be particularly troublesome, interfering with routine tasks such as driving. [med.umich.edu]

It may also help with another eye problem called blepharospasm (eyelid spasms). Botox is found in a rare but serious form of food poisoning called botulism. [everydayhealth.com]

Snow Blindness

The characteristic features are: intense bilateral lacrimation blepharospasm photophobia Fluorescein staining of the eye reveals many punctate erosions of the cornea which [gpnotebook.co.uk]

There is a temporary inability to keep the eyes open because the corneal nerves are painfully stimulated by the moving lids and there is tearing and BLEPHAROSPASM. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Blepharospasm

The cause of blepharospasm is multifactorial. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Analysis of blink rate in patients with blepharospasm. Mov Disord. 2006 Apr 18. [Medline]. Henderson JW. Essential blepharospasm. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Benign essential blepharospasm. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2005. 45(3):49-75. [Medline]. Defazio G, Martino D, Aniello MS. A family study on primary blepharospasm. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich Syndrome

Ari Shuper Mimouni syndrome Benallegue Lacete syndrome Bencze syndrome Benign astrocytoma Benign autosomal dominant myopathy Benign congenital hypotonia Benign essential blepharospasm [bioreference.net]

Benign essential blepharospasm[?] Benign essential tremor syndrome Benign familial hematuria[?] Benign familial infantile convulsions[?] [encyclopedia.kids.net.au]

[…] ptosis, epicanthus inversus Blepharophimosis Blepharoptosis aortic anomaly Blepharoptosis cleft palate ectrodactyly dental anomalies Blepharoptosis myopia ectopia lentis Blepharospasm [bioreference.net]

Blepharofacioskeletal Syndrome

Benign Focal Amyotrophy Benign Intracranial Hypertension Bernhardt-Roth Syndrome Binswanger’s Disease Blepharospasm Bloch-Sulzberger Syndrome Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries [gncdubai.com]

Entropion

It can also have a spastic etiology secondary to ocular irritation or blepharospasm. In some cases it can be congenital. [filereyemd.com]

Signs: blepharospasm, corneal ulceration, ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity and neovascularization of the cornea. [vetstream.com]

Entropion (inversion of an eyelid) is caused by age-related tissue relaxation, postinfectious or posttraumatic changes, or blepharospasm. [smartypance.com]

Hydrophthalmos

Infantile glaucoma (manifests before 3 years) Juvenile glaucoma ( between 3-16 years of age) The child usually presents with watering photophobia and blepharospasm noticed [rushabheyehospital.com]

Symptoms The primary symptoms of primary congenital glaucoma are epiphora, photophobia, and blepharospasm. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Only one (6.7 percent) patient presented with the classical triad of epiphora, photophobia and blepharospasm, while four (26.7 percent) presented with both epiphora and photophobia [ajol.info]

Photophthalmia

There is associated marked photophobia and blepharospasm. [nhp.gov.in]

Q Clinical features - severe burning pain, lacrimation, photophobia, blepharospasm, swelling of palpebral conjunctiva and retrotarsal folds Prophylaxis - Crooke’s Q glass [gradestack.com]

It can present with the following: severe burning pain lacrimation photophobia blepharospasm swelling of palpebral conjunctiva retrotarsal foldsUsually the effect of UV exposure [en.wikipedia.org]

Familial Dyskinesia and Facial Myokymia

[…] eye may actually trigger blepharospasm. [blepharospasm.org]

Patients with blepharospasm have normal eyes. [audraeye.com]

Blepharospasm is only rarely due to psychogenic factors. [blepharospasm.ca]

Spasmodic Torticollis

Medical Services Advisory Committee / MSAC Applications / Application Page / Application Detail Status Closed Description of Medical Service IncobotulinumtoxinA for blepharospasm [msac.gov.au]

This brain stem reflex was investigated in 10 normal subjects, in 16 patients affected by spasmodic torticollis (ST) and in 10 patients with blepharospasm (BSP). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prevalence rates for cervical dystonia, blepharospasm and writer's cramp were as follows: 57 (95% confidence interval 51–63), 36 (31–41), and 14 (11–17). [doi.org]