Calcium Nephrolithiasis: Causes & Reasons

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Possible Causes for Calcium Nephrolithiasis

Hereditary Hypophosphatemic Rickets with Hypercalciuria

Genetics of hypercalciuria and calcium nephrolithiasis: from the rare monogenic to the common polygenic forms. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44:963-986. 19. [jcrpe.org]

Serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin-D and PTH levels are normal. [uncch.pure.elsevier.com]

A 6-1/2-year-old female presented with a history of nephrolithiasis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Hypercalcemia in patient with primary hyperparathyroidism will resulted to the most important comorbidity that is chronic deposition of calcium in the kidney forming nephrolithiasis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We report the case of a 34-year-old white woman with primary hyperparathyroidism symptomatic for nephrolithiasis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

CONCLUSION: Individuals with PHPT and nephrolithiasis frequently have elevated baseline PTH and calcium levels. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Nephrolithiasis

In combination with hypercalciuria, aldosterone-induced hypocitraturia can trigger calcium nephrolithiasis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

These observations suggest that hypocitraturia and distal RTA are strongly correlated to recurrence of calcium nephrolithiasis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The patient had severe recurrent renal calcium calculi that corrected with adrenalectomy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Idiopathic Hypercalciuria

Randomized clinical trial comparing water therapy plus low-salt diet to water therapy alone in patients affected by idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis. [clinicaltrials.gov]

Finlayson, B. in Calcium stones: some physical and clinical aspects in Calcium metabolism in renal failure and nephrolithiasis (eds David, D. [nature.com]

Treatment duration: three months Primary end-point: correction of hypercalciuria Main inclusion criteria: calcium stone formers with idiopathic hypercalciuria, with at least [clinicaltrials.gov]

Absorptive Hypercalciuria Type 1

OBJECTIVES: To verify whether alterations in bone density and turnover in patients with calcium nephrolithiasis and hypercalciuria are observable in various subgroups of patients [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We excluded the CaR (lod score CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that genetic variants of the CaR gene are not associated with idiopathic hypercalciuria and calcium nephrolithiasis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

METHODS: Seventy patients with calcium nephrolithiasis and idiopathic hypercalciuria, 19 to 64 years old, were assessed for spine and femur mineral metabolism and bone density [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Glycogen Storage Disease Type 0

For this reason urate kidney stones have been considered a major cause in nephrolithiasis in the past, although calcium stones were also described. [academic.oup.com]

Based on the radiological aspect and the presence of calcium oxalate crystalluria, calcium stone disease was assumed. [academic.oup.com]

Low urinary citrate excretion is a well‐established cause of nephrolithiasis [ 6 ] and changes in the acid‐base status are the major determinant of citrate excretion. [academic.oup.com]

Medullary Sponge Kidney

[…] women and men, because women are less frequently affected and constitute only a minor fraction of patients in published series. 1 2 3 We present evidence that women with calcium [nejm.org]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In medullary sponge kidney (MSK)-a common malformative renal condition in patients with calcium nephrolithiasis-hypercalciuria, incomplete distal [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Medullary sponge kidney (MSK) is a renal malformation typically associated with nephrocalcinosis and recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hypercalcemic Nephropathy

Vezzoli G, Terranegra A, Aloia A, et al. : Decreased transcriptional activity of calcium-sensing receptor gene promoter 1 is associated with calcium nephrolithiasis. [doi.org]

Nephrocalcinosis and calcium nephrolithiasis are considered as two independent pathologies. [ 7 ] Common associated conditions include: Primary hyperparathyroidism. [patient.info]

Pak Randomized double-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathyc hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis J Urol, 150 (1993), pp. 761-764 [42.] L. Monnens, P. [analesdepediatria.org]

Nephrocalcinosis

Recent observation suggests that nephrocalcinosis and calcium nephrolithiasis are to be considered independent pathologies, and that nephrocalcinosis may cause calcium nephrolithiasis [ramb.elsevier.es]

Vezzoli G, Terranegra A, Aloia A, et al. : Decreased transcriptional activity of calcium-sensing receptor gene promoter 1 is associated with calcium nephrolithiasis. [doi.org]

Nephrocalcinosis is characterized by the presence of calcium deposits in the renal parenchyma; nephrolithiasis represents calcification within the lumen of the collecting [ramb.elsevier.es]

Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 2

Hyperoxaluria Phenotypic and functional analysis of human SLC26A6 variants in patients with familial hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. [brenda-enzymes.org]

Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis occur, and renal function progressively declines until patients develop end-stage renal disease. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Conclusions: The diagnosis of PH should be considered in patients with severe, recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. [karger.com]

Urolithiasis

nephrolithiasis. [nature.com]

nephrolithiasis (Seltzer et al, 1996, CE IIa). [nature.com]

Chemical factors important to calcium nephrolithiasis. [ajkd.org]

Primary Hyperoxaluria

Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis occur, and renal function progressively declines until patients develop end-stage renal disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

To determine the etiology of an as yet uncharacterized type of PH, we selected a cohort of 15 non-PH I/PH II patients from eight unrelated families with calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Nephrolithiasis: Clinical Characteristics and Nutritional Determinants Completed NCT01005082 Phase 2, Phase 3 4 Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of ALLN-177 in Patients With [malacards.org]

Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1

For this reason urate kidney stones have been considered a major cause in nephrolithiasis in the past, although calcium stones were also described. [academic.oup.com]

Another cause of nephrolithiasis is the decreased urinary citrate excretion in combination with an increased urinary calcium excretion that occurs in GSD I patients. [cjasn.asnjournals.org]

Based on the radiological aspect and the presence of calcium oxalate crystalluria, calcium stone disease was assumed. [academic.oup.com]

Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1

Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis occur, and renal function progressively declines until patients develop end-stage renal disease. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Conclusions: The diagnosis of PH should be considered in patients with severe, recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. [karger.com]

This familial disorder should be suspected in patients presenting with childhood-onset calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in the setting of a positive family history. [karger.com]

Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 3

Hyperoxaluria Phenotypic and functional analysis of human SLC26A6 variants in patients with familial hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. [brenda-enzymes.org]

Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis occur, and renal function progressively declines until patients develop end-stage renal disease. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Conclusions: The diagnosis of PH should be considered in patients with severe, recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. [karger.com]

Renal Sarcoidosis

Conclusions: Renal involvement in sarcoidosis can occur in a variety of ways most common of which include abnormal calcium metabolism, nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis [shmabstracts.com]

Renal manifestations include abnormal calcium metabolism, nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, and acute interstitial nephritis with or without granuloma formation. [ard.bmj.com]

Oxalosis

Oxalosis is supersaturation of calcium oxalate in the urine (hyperoxaluria), which in turn results in nephrolithiasis and cortical nephrocalcinosis. [radiopaedia.org]

Calcium oxalate deposition most commonly affects the bone, bone marrow, blood vessels, central nervous system, peripheral nerves, retina, skin, and thyroid. [radiopaedia.org]

Idiopathic Inherited Hypercalciuria

We excluded the CaR (lod score CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that genetic variants of the CaR gene are not associated with idiopathic hypercalciuria and calcium nephrolithiasis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

METHODS: Seventy patients with calcium nephrolithiasis and idiopathic hypercalciuria, 19 to 64 years old, were assessed for spine and femur mineral metabolism and bone density [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Absorptive Hypercalciuria Type 2

Randomized clinical trial comparing water therapy plus low-salt diet to water therapy alone in patients affected by idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis. [clinicaltrials.gov]

Nephrocalcinosis and calcium nephrolithiasis are considered as two independent pathologies. [ 7 ] Common associated conditions include: Primary hyperparathyroidism. [patient.info]

Treatment duration: three months Primary end-point: correction of hypercalciuria Main inclusion criteria: calcium stone formers with idiopathic hypercalciuria, with at least [clinicaltrials.gov]

Hypervitaminosis B6

Complications Complications may include nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis (calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate are radio-opaque stones), calcinosis of the joints and periarticular [patient.info]

Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis

Although the patients are often considered to have a variant of uric acid nephrolithiasis, a high proportion harbor calcium as well as uric acid disorders. [jamanetwork.com]

Uric acid saturation in calcium nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 1980; 17: 662–668. Google Scholar | Medline 32. Finlayson, B, Smith, LH. [journals.sagepub.com]

Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study. The Journal of Urology, March 1996. [health.harvard.edu]

Hypophosphatemic Nephrolithiasis - Osteoporosis Type 2

[…] or osteoporosis is a rare, genetic, renal tubular disease characterized by hypophosphatemia, decreased renal phosphate resorption and hypercalciuria leading to calcium nephrolithiasis [orpha.net]

Evaluation of the calcium-sensing receptor gene in idiopathic hypercalciuria and calcium nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int. 58, 38–42 (2000). 37. Reed, B. Y., Heller, H. [nature.com]

The resulting renal calculi are composed of calcium salts, uric acid, cystine, and other insoluble complexes. [mhmedical.com]

Familial Isolated Hypoparathyroidism

[…] receptor gene polymorphism (rs7652589) is associated with calcium nephrolithiasis in the population of Yi nationality in Southwestern China. [snpedia.com]

The addition of a thiazide diuretic may help in increasing serum calcium and lowering calciuria, thus decreasing the risk of nephrolithiasis. [iofbonehealth.org]

• The kidneys may have renal stones (nephrolithiasis) or diffuse deposition of calcium-phosphate complexes in the parenchyma (nephrocalcinosis). • In skeleton a condition [slideshare.net]

Calculi

Long term treatment of calcium nephrolithiasis with potassium citrate.J Urol. 1985; 134: 11-19 Pak CYC Peterson R Sakhaee K et al. [ajkd.org]

Long-term treatment of calcium nephrolithiasis with potassium citrate. J Urol. 1985;134:11–9. 19. Allie-Hamdulay S, Rodgers AL. [aafp.org]

References:[1][2][4][17][18][19][20] Nephrolithiasis Summary Epidemiology Classification Overview of urinary calculi Calcium oxalate stones Uric acid stones Struvite stones [amboss.com]

Urate Kidney Stone

Its pathogenesis is still unclear, but a role for genetics has long been recognized, especially in cases of the more common calcium nephrolithiasis. [academic.oup.com]

Urinary volume, water, and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: A 5-year randomized prospective study. J Urol 1996, 155: 839–843. [link.springer.com]

Meta-analysis of randomized trials for medical prevention of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Endourol. 1999 Nov;13(9):679-85. [effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov]

Xanthine Nephrolithiasis

Nephrolithiasis 74 1 740 Renal Stone Disease and Nutrient Intake in Italy 749 The Significance of Annual Rhythms for the Excretion of Lithogenic 757 The Effect of Fasting [books.google.de]

J Urol154:1665–1669, 1995 Pak CYC,Britton F, PettersonR, et al:Ambulatory evaluation of nephrolithiasis: Classification, clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria. [wwjournals.com]

Urinary calcium excretion in healthy Turkish children. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 39, 917–922 (2007). 33. Sorkhi, H. & Haji Aahmadi, M. [nature.com]

Renal Tubular Acidosis

B1 heterozygosity should be considered in patients with calcium nephrolithiasis and urinary abnormalities such as alkalinuria or hypocitraturia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis usually occur. [orpha.net]

Failure to thrive, rickets, stunting of growth (seen in children) and osteomalacia or osteopenia (seen in adults) are a result of urinary calcium wastage and a loss of calcium [orpha.net]

Inosine Triphosphatase Deficiency

Calcium Oxalate 61 1.468 234 NRG002 Neurogenic Bladder 55 1.442 235 P HYP076 Hyperthyroidism 53 1.440 236 P OPT006 Optic Nerve Disease 57 1.429 237 MLR004 Malaria 78 1.428 [malacards.org]

ALC028 Alacrima, Achalasia, and Mental Retardation Syndrome 68 1.479 231 CRN019 Coronary Artery Vasospasm 47 1.476 232 BNR002 Bone Resorption Disease 47 1.469 233 NPH091 Nephrolithiasis [malacards.org]

Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia Type 2

nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis, elevated 24-hour urinary calcium excretion (>400 mg/day); severely reduced bone density or frailty fractures; and age < 50 years. [scorgloballifeamericas.com]

The individual with elevated 24 h urine calcium, nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis and a CASR sequence variation has clinically similar offspring (H). [jmg.bmj.com]

The urine calcium concentration is high; hence, the increased risk of nephrolithiasis in these patients. [renalfellow.blogspot.com]

Secondary Osteoporosis

A potential aid in the differential diagnosis of calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1988; 139 :12–14. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 183. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Meta-analysis of randomized trials for medical prevention of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Endourol. 1999; 13 :679–685. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 192. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]