Encephalopathy: Causes & Reasons

Possible Causes for Encephalopathy

A leptomeningeal and brain biopsy is certainly warranted if there is no cause to explain a clinical syndrome of encephalopathy prolonged over days or weeks, especially with [ijri.org]

Headache and encephalopathy are the most frequent symptoms. Stroke occurs in about 20% of patients. [link.springer.com]

[…] loss Arthritis Black discoloration of skin primarily on the extremities Severe inadequate blood supply to the extremities Ischemic stroke, hemorrhages and a progressive encephalopathy [en.wikipedia.org]

Hyperornithinemia-Hyperammonemia-Homocitrullinuria Syndrome

A less commonly associated complication of triple-H therapy includes the development of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). [cnjournal.biomedcentral.com]

1 INTRODUCTION Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), a syndrome of grouped findings such as headache, altered mental status, seizures, and vision changes along [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

She was diagnosed with acute metabolic encephalopathy due to hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome. She was kept NPO and treated with IV dextrose. [shmabstracts.org]

Urea Cycle Disorder

However, the first sign may be an acute life-threatening encephalopathy. [pn.bmj.com]

Discussion Urea-cycle disorders are important causes of neonatal metabolic encephalopathy. [ajnr.org]

It is believed that intracerebral accumulation of glutamine mainly in astrocytes is the major cause of the encephalopathy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Propionic Acidemia

Electroencephalography may be helpful in cases of encephalopathy or abnormal movements concerning for seizure-like activity. [journals.sagepub.com]

[…] late-onset propionic acidemia in a 12-year-old boy who presented with vomiting, cough, and fever, and manifested a precipitous decline in mental status, accompanied by acute encephalopathy [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Neonatal-onset PA largely resembles hyperammonemic encephalopathy that manifests within the first few days of life. [symptoma.com]

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

[…] trombosis of the renal vein, inferior cava vein and superior hepatics veins; that provoked post hepatic portal hypertension with necrosis centrilobular, bleeding and hepatic encephalopathy [upch.edu.pe]

Surgical or endovascular treatment for SIPSVS was not carried out because the patient was asymptomatic and remained asymptomatic in terms of encephalopathy at a 1-year follow-up [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Four of five patients who died had hepatic encephalopathy and 2/5 were receiving renal support prior to surgery. [doi.org]

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency

Discussion Urea-cycle disorders are important causes of neonatal metabolic encephalopathy. [ajnr.org]

These symptoms result from an accumulation of neurotoxic ammonia and consequent hyperammonemic encephalopathy. [symptoma.com]

The encephalopathy will progress to the point where mechanical ventilation is required. [themedicalbiochemistrypage.org]

Methylmalonic Acidemia

Mutations in the X-linked gene CDKL5 cause early-onset epileptic encephalopathy and severe developmental delay. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A child was seen because of encephalopathy and metabolic ketoacidosis at 19 months. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

BACKGROUND: Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and propionic acidemia (PA) are rare hereditary disorders of protein metabolism, manifesting early in life with ketoacidosis and encephalopathy [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Lyme Neuroborreliosis

Similar but less marked changes were seen in the treated patients and in some of the patients with Lyme encephalopathy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Neopterin Production and Tryptophan Degradation in Acute Lyme Neuroborreliosis Versus Late Lyme Encephalopathy [edoc.hu-berlin.de]

Lyme Disease — Encephalopathies, Lyme Disease — Lyme Disease Encephalopathies — Lyme Disease Encephalopathy — Lyme Disease Mononeuritis Multiplex — Mononeuritis Multiplex [mesh.kib.ki.se]

Congenital AIDS

Demonstration of HIV—like particles in the characteristic giant cells in the brain has been instrumental in the recognition of HIV encephalopathy. [tandfonline.com]

Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal (> 1 month’s duration) - Cytomegalovirus disease (other than in liver, spleen or nodes) - Cytomegalovirus retinitis (with loss of vision) [1] - Encephalopathy [bccdc.ca]

encephalopathy)(G31.2) 독성 뇌병증(toxic encephalopathy)(G92) G93.5 뇌의 압박(Compression of brain) 뇌(간)의 압박(Compression of brain(stem)) 뇌(간)의 헤르니아(Herniation of brain(stem)) 제외：뇌의 [dic.impact.pe.kr]

Hypophosphatasia

We describe two neonates presenting with perinatal hypophosphatasia and severe epileptic encephalopathy resulting in death. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In this report, we describe the clinical features and functional studies of a patient with severe perinatal HPP which presented with rapidly progressive encephalopathy caused [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Encephalopathy rarely presents in severe HPP types, but has severe sequelae. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

HIV Infection

Neurodevelopmental delay and encephalopathy are complications of both HIV and GA1. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We report a case of a new diagnosis of HIV with an extremely high viral load presenting with HIV encephalopathy, in a 54-year-old woman who had been treated with 2 years of [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] mo Cytomegalovirus disease with onset of symptoms at age > 1 mo (at a site other than the liver, spleen, or lymph nodes) Cytomegalovirus retinitis (with loss of vision) Encephalopathy [msdmanuals.com]

Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia

Common manifestations include brain or lung hypoxia (eg, encephalopathy, dyspnea or respiratory failure). [merckmanuals.com]

[…] pruritus Rhinitis, cough, dyspnea, possibly due to pulmonary fibrosis Gastritis, enteritis, diarrhea Endocardial damage, thromboembolism Progressive heart failure, myalgia Encephalopathy [symptoma.com]

[…] eosinophil-mediated organ injury and is the most common cause for mortality. [5], [6] Other important manifestations include lung fibrosis, eosinophilic gastritis, hypertension, encephalopathy [e-ijd.org]

Post-Interval Syndrome

Delayed encephalopathy after carbon monoxide intoxication long-term prognosis and correlation of clinical manifestations and neuroimages. [elsevier.es]

Studies have shown that treatment with hyperbaric oxygen can offer some protection against delayed encephalopathy. [japi.org]

[Related factors for the development of delayed encephalopathy following acute carbon monoxide poisoning]. Qin J. Qin J. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

HIV-2 Infection

Two patients experienced complications from HIV, one patient had HIV encephalopathy and molluscom contagiosum, and another had microsporidiosis infection in the setting of [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In some cases, infection of the central nervous system occurs, often leading to progressive brain damage (encephalopathy). [hse.gov.uk]

Electron Microscopy, Whole Blood Pathology 02/04/2016 Emergency Transfusion Transfusion Services 09/03/2014 Emergency Use of Blood Components Transfusion Services 02/20/2019 Encephalopathy [childrensmn.org]

Erythropoietic Protoporphyria

Very occasionally, acute attacks are accompanied by a severe adrenergic crisis with dangerous hypertension, encephalopathy, seizures and ischaemic changes on a CT brain scan [patient.info]

[…] occlusive disease 肝性骨髄性ポルフィリン症 hepatoerythropoietic porphyria 肝腎型チロシン血症 hepatorenal tyrosinemia 肝腎症候群 hepatorenal syndrome 肝性骨ジストロフィー hepatic osteodystrophy 肝性脳症 hepatic encephalopathy [jsge.or.jp]

Brain Concussion

Bennet Omalu, right, the neuropathologist who found chronic traumatic encephalopathy in an American football player for the first time, with Peter Landesman, left, director [latimes.com]

Here are 5 important things to know about chronic traumatic encephalopathy. [hollywoodlife.com]

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Explained The condition known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) was formerly believed to exist primarily among boxers, and was referred [protectthebrain.org]

Hyponatremia

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), may be due to different causes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hyponatremic encephalopathy Risk factors for hyponatremic encephalopathy include age, sex, hypoxia and vasopressin levels. [emedicine.com]

Hypoxia Hypoxia is a major risk factor for hyponatremic encephalopathy. [emedicine.com]

Hypertensive Crisis

Hypertensive emergency: same, but symptoms of end organ damage: Neuro: Hypertensive encephalopathy and PRES (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome), Stroke: Ischemic [errolozdalga.com]

When it is associated with signs of end-organ damage such as encephalopathy, congestive cardiac failure or renal failure, there is an emergent need to lower blood pressures [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A 54-year-old male normotensive GIST patient was admitted to the emergency department with seizure and encephalopathy after the first dosage of regorafenib. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Liver Cirrhosis

The patient's encephalopathy completely resolved after treatment of the infected biloma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Her encephalopathy disappeared completely and she remains healthy with improved liver functional reserve to date. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] suspicious for malignancy but showed hypermetabolism in the bilateral basal ganglia and thalamus with reduced metabolism in cerebral cortices and cerebellum, suggesting hepatic encephalopathy [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Alcohol Dementia

Alcohol Dementia, Wernicke’s Encephalopathy, and Korsakoff’s Syndrome Edited by Michael L. Alosco and Robert A. [oxfordhandbooks.com]

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome may also be referred to as Korsakoff psychosis, Wernicke's encephalopathy, alcoholic encephalopathy, encephalopathy—alcoholic, alcohol dementia [verywellhealth.com]

Hypothermia and infection in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Acta Med Scand. 1984;215:185-187. [journals.sagepub.com]

Portal Cirrhosis

Encephalopathy — the abnormal functioning of the brain. [upmc.com]

Avoidance of sedatives that may worsen encephalopathy 5. [singhealth.com.sg]

Portal hypertension: ascites (± spontaneous bacterial peritonitis), splenomegaly, esophageal / gastric varices Liver failure: coagulopathy, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal [pathologyoutlines.com]

Alcoholic Liver Disease

encephalopathy or to suspect for MIE and withhold the drug. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hepatic encephalopathy occurs as a complication of alcoholic liver disease may require methods of dialysis available in intensive care units. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Corticosteroid therapy is controversial but should be considered in patients with a discriminant function greater than 32 and/or presence of spontaneous hepatic encephalopathy [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Status Epilepticus

WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Acute encephalopathy is more prone to occur in patients with Dravet syndrome with a high fever. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

To acquaint readers with the underrecognized subacute encephalopathy with seizures in chronic alcoholics (SESA) that has more recently been associated with different types [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is one of many causes of status epilepticus (SE). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Familial Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy

[…] syndrome; generalized epilepsy 24623842,26918889 GABRB1 Epileptic encephalopathy GABRB3 Epileptic encephalopathy 23934111,26645412 GABRG2 Epileptic encephalopathy, Dravet-like [tests.labmed.washington.edu]

Fig. 1 Age distribution of various epileptic encephalopathies. [karger.com]

Encephalopathy, Early Infantile, 19 EIEE19 0 615744 Genetic Test Registry Epileptic Encephalopathy, Early Infantile, 2 Infantile Spasm Syndrome, X-Linked 2 Rett Syndrome, [ukgtn.nhs.uk]

Benign Familial Infantile Epilepsy Type 4

recurrent encephalopathy, and EIEE, as observed in the present case. [journals.sagepub.com]

Biallelic SCN2A Gene Mutation Causing Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy: Case Report and Review. [medscidiscovery.com]

Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Type 7

Other names for early myoclonic encephalopathy • Neonatal myoclonic encephalopathy • Early myoclonic epileptic encephalopathy Symptoms The main type of seizures are myoclonic [epilepsy.org.uk]

encephalopathy with suppression bursts), is the earliest developing form of epileptic encephalopathy. [europeana.eu]

early infantile, 36 AMT Glycine encephalopathy AP3B2 Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 48 ARHGEF9 Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 8 ARHGEF15 Early infantile [asperbio.com]

Macronodular Cirrhosis

[…] between blood ammonia level and degree of hepatic encephalopathy. 17. [encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com]

These are all symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy. [surgery.ucsf.edu]

Cryptogenic Cirrhosis

Although she had hepatic encephalopathy that included confusion, tremor, and slurred speech, diagnosis of Wilson's disease was ruled out because urinary cooper excretion and [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy: an open-label randomized controlled trial of lactulose versus placebo. [medscape.com]

[…] were indicative of PA and CC.Both had neurological and psychiatric symptoms during hospitalization that were ultimately linked to a vitamin B12 deficiency but not hepatic encephalopathy [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Susac Syndrome

Susac syndrome, characterized by a combination of encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusions, and hearing loss. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Abstract We describe a young woman with retinal arteriolar occlusions, encephalopathy, and hearing loss. [link.springer.com]

Approximate Synonyms Drug-induced encephalopathy Encephalopathy, multifactorial Encephalopathy, static Hyperammonemic encephalopathy Infantile encephalopathy AND lactic acidosis [icd9data.com]

West Syndrome

Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early onset encephalopathy, chronic diarrhoea, petechiae, orthostatic acrocyanosis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

BACKGROUND: Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) has been linked to the development of late-onset seizures. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Citation metadata Abstract : Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (Ohtahara snydome) is a rare epileptic encephalopathy with onset of frequent seizures in the neonatal [go.gale.com]