Focal Epileptiform Discharges Causes & Reasons

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Possible Causes

Stroke

Ictal The presence of focal, rhythmic epileptiform discharges is the most characteristic feature of the scalp EEG in patients with focal seizures, showing spatial correlation [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

The most common EEG pathology was focal slowing (30; 43.5%). No epileptiform potentials were found. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] tumors increases the possibility of detection of epileptiform discharges) 16. [scielo.br]

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Epilepsy

The cellular neurophysiologic correlate of an interictal focal epileptiform discharge in single cortical neurons is the paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS). [emedicine.com]

(EEG) hallmark of focal-onset seizures is the focal interictal epileptiform spike or sharp wave. [emedicine.com]

For a review, see the epilepsy book of Rho, Sankar, and Cavazos. [5] For a more recent review, see Kramer and Cash. [6] Pathophysiology of focal seizures The electroencephalographic [emedicine.com]

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Neonatal Seizures

Abstract 18 neonates aged 5-60 days with Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus were identified. Fifteen neonates had been misdiagnosed as neonatal seizures before referral. All treatments were withdrawn once the diagnosis of benign neonatal sleep myoclonus was made. Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus should be considered[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

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Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury

Ictal In the presence of focal seizures, focal rhythmic epileptiform discharges are seen, showing spatial correlation with the area of brain injury from which focal seizures [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

[…] tumors increases the possibility of detection of epileptiform discharges) 16. [scielo.br]

Epileptiform discharges can coexist with focal slow activity produced by brain tumors, especially slow growth (the least destruction of the brain parenchyma with slow growth [scielo.br]

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Childhood Absence Epilepsy

Few reports are available of ictal recordings in patients with benign focal epileptiform discharges. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Among 214 patients with benign focal epileptiform discharges, 5 patients were identified with recorded EEG seizures (2.3%). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A literature review revealed the coexistence of childhood absence and benign focal epilepsy of childhood or benign focal epileptiform discharges within the same patient. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

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Hyperventilation

Children (with HIHARS) who presented with clinical features suggestive of GTCS or focal motor seizures (with or without blank spells) and/or had epileptiform discharges on [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

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Focal Onset Impaired Awareness Seizure

DEFINITIONS The hallmark of partial seizures in children and adults is focal epileptiform discharges localized to a portion of one cerebral hemisphere. [mdedge.com]

[…] is made on clinical grounds supported by EEG findings of both generalized spike-wave and focal epileptiform discharges but epileptiform activity is not required for diagnosis [specialty.mims.com]

EEG: Normal background with focal epileptiform discharges Common examples: Common examples: Childhood absence epilepsy Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Epilepsy with generalized [aafp.org]

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Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy

The aim of this work is to investigate focal interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in IGEs, and their relation to clinical variables. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

2004), and EEG asymmetries (focal slowing, focal epileptiform discharges, asymmetric generalized spike‐wave discharges; Szaflarski et al., 2010). [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

The co-occurrence of focal and generalized epileptiform discharges, as well as focal and generalized seizure types within one syndrome were not novel. [nature.com]

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Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Type 3

(C) Patient 10 (bipolar montage) showing focal left frontal spike and slow wave discharges. Figure 4 EEGs showing focal epileptiform discharges. [academic.oup.com]

epileptiform discharges (except for fragments of generalized discharges), (3) no epileptogenic lesion on MRI, (4) normal neurological examination without evidence of ataxia [frontiersin.org]

Some patients at presentation have focal epileptiform discharges, primarily in the occipital region. [thieme-connect.com]

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Rolandic Epilepsy

Burgess and Tobias Loddenkemper, Neuroimaging findings in children with benign focal epileptiform discharges, Epilepsy Research, 90, 1-2, (91), (2010). W. Gaetz, M. [doi.org]

Burgess and Elaine Wyllie, Childhood Absence Epilepsy in Patients With Benign Focal Epileptiform Discharges, Pediatric Neurology, 41, 6, (428), (2009). [doi.org]

Burgess and Tobias Loddenkemper, Neuroimaging findings in children with benign focal epileptiform discharges, Epilepsy Research, 90, 1-2, (91), (2010). [doi.org]

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Focal Epilepsy - Speech Disorder - Mental Retardation

Inclusion criteria were: (1) focal seizures or apparently generalized seizures and focal EEG epileptiform discharges; (2) further occurrence of atypical absences, and myoclonic [moh-it.pure.elsevier.com]

The EEG data can show an atypical morphology of epileptiform discharges, an abnormal background, unusual location, and focal or bilateral synchronous discharges, including [j-epilepsy.org]

The EEG showed remarkable recovery and didn’t show any epileptiform discharges. Fig. 1. [indianpediatrics.net]

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Todd Paralysis

Benign focal epileptiform discharges in childhood migraine (BFEDC). [pediatricneurologybriefs.com]

Generalized seizures arise from discharges in both hemispheres, whereas focal seizures begin with discharges in one hemisphere. [amboss.com]

Seizures may be classified as generalized or focal. [amboss.com]

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Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Type 7

(C) Patient 10 (bipolar montage) showing focal left frontal spike and slow wave discharges. Figure 4 EEGs showing focal epileptiform discharges. [academic.oup.com]

epileptiform discharges (except for fragments of generalized discharges), (3) no epileptogenic lesion on MRI, (4) normal neurological examination without evidence of ataxia [frontiersin.org]

This was followed by seizure remission for more than 3 months and was associated with decreased epileptiform discharges on EEG. [statpearls.com]

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MERRF Syndrome

The electroencephalogram usually reveals generalized spike and wave discharges or focal epileptiform waves. [symptoma.com]

Electroencephalogram (EEG) usually shows generalized spike and wave discharges with background slowing, but focal epileptiform discharges may also be seen. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

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Generalized Clonic or Tonic-Clonic Seizures

[…] interictal epileptiform discharges in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. 61 Esmail EH...Basheer MA 26956566 2016 19 Seizure and Psychosocial Outcomes of Childhood and Juvenile [malacards.org]

[…] the temporal lobe Interictal bilateral symmetric bursts of 4- to 7-Hz epileptiform activity in primarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures Focal epileptiform discharges in [msdmanuals.com]

Differential effects between patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and those with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone. 61 Anastasopoulou S...Savic I 27923174 2017 18 Focal [malacards.org]

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Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

discharges during photic stimulation 22 (40.0) EEG‐verified myoclonic jerks 3 (5.5) Focal epileptiform discharges 9 (16.4) Prevalence and frequency of new cases In subjects [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

epileptiform discharges (except for fragments of generalized discharges), (3) no epileptogenic lesion on MRI, (4) normal neurological examination without evidence of ataxia [frontiersin.org]

EEG showing predominant focal interictal epileptiform discharges or abnormal background 3. [isrctn.com]

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Familial Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Interictal EEGs in the active phase were either normal or showed focal epileptiform discharges in posterior or central regions. [pediatricneurologybriefs.com]

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Generalized Motor Seizure

Ictal recordings are helpful but not essential • The interictal EEG may show both generalized spike-wave and focal epileptiform discharges • But epileptiform activity is [slideshare.net]

Generalized seizures arise from discharges in both hemispheres, whereas focal seizures begin with discharges in one hemisphere. [amboss.com]

epileptiform discharge (ED) (11,18). [neupsykey.com]

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Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy Type 2

By increasing recording sensitivity, we detected focal epileptiform discharges of slow rhythmic sharp and slow waves building to 30 microV during suppression periods. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Selective cognitive impairment during focal and generalized epileptiform EEG activity. Brain. 1984 Mar. 107 ( Pt 1):293-308. [Medline]. Binnie CD. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Transient cognitive impairment during subclinical epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1995 Dec. 2(4):246-53. [Medline]. [emedicine.medscape.com]

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Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Type 8

epileptiform discharges (except for fragments of generalized discharges), (3) no epileptogenic lesion on MRI, (4) normal neurological examination without evidence of ataxia [frontiersin.org]

[…] and BTCS between 8 and 25 years and no other seizure types except for dialeptic seizures, (2) EEG with 3.5–6 Hz generalized spike-and-wave or polyspike-and-waves but no focal [frontiersin.org]

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Neuhauser Syndrome

His electroencephalogram (EEG) showed marked independent bilateral and focal epileptiform discharges in both temporoparietal regions but predominantly in the right hemisphere [scielo.br]

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Status Epilepticus

In comatose patients with no or only subtle motor phenomena, SE was defined by the presence of repetitive generalized or focal epileptiform discharges (spikes, sharp waves [jamanetwork.com]

The disconnected left frontal lobe shows epileptiform discharges restricted to the disconnected tissue. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

More focal changes such as focal slowing or periodic, lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) are often seen in the setting of structural abnormalities. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

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Epilepsy with Continuous Spike-and-Slow-Waves during Sleep

De Tiège, Impact of focal interictal epileptiform discharges on behaviour and cognition in children, Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology, 10.1016/j.neucli.2011.11.004 [doi.org]

The EEG showed remarkable recovery and didn’t show any epileptiform discharges. Fig. 1. [indianpediatrics.net]

Pressler RM, Robinson RO, Wilson GA, Binnie CD (2005) Treatment of interictal epileptiform discharges can improve behavior in children with behavioral problems and epilepsy [omicsonline.org]

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Tonic-Clonic Seizure

[…] interictal epileptiform discharges in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. 61 Esmail EH...Basheer MA 26956566 2016 19 Seizure and Psychosocial Outcomes of Childhood and Juvenile [malacards.org]

Differential effects between patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and those with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone. 61 Anastasopoulou S...Savic I 27923174 2017 18 Focal [malacards.org]

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Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

A focal lesion can present with generalized or multiregional epileptiform discharges in infants and young children (Figure 1). [hindawi.com]

abnormally increased paired‐pulse suppression and an abnormally high resistance to generating epileptiform discharges in response to afferent stimulation. [doi.org]

Ictal EEG usually demonstrates epileptiform activity over the temporal areas. Prognosis and Treatment The course of autosomal dominant focal epilepsy is variable. [doctorstrizhak.com]

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Jacksonian Seizure

Focal epileptiform discharges occur in secondarily generalized seizures. In absence seizures, spikes and slow waves appear at a rate of 3/sec. [meta-religion.com]

EEG findings may include the following: Epileptiform abnormalities in temporal lobe foci between seizures (interictal) in focal impaired-awareness seizures originating in [merckmanuals.com]

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Epileptic Aura

Benign focal epileptiform discharges in childhood migraine (BFEDC). [neurologia-dziecieca.pl]

EEG discharges and these cases vary considerably with respect to their patterns of headache and underlying epilepsy syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Diverse patterns of EEG findings were found, including rhythmic focal spikes over posterior cortex, or bilateral continuous spike and wave discharges. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

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Atypical Absence Seizure

"Focal frontal epileptiform discharges in a patient with eyelid myoclonia and absence seizures". Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 4: 35–7. doi:10.1016/j.ebcr.2015.06.006. [en.wikipedia.org]

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Menkes Disease

While focal epileptiform discharges predominated before six months of age modified hypsarrhythmia was characteristically noted thereafter. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

EEGs in focal seizures usually revealed interictal focal epileptiform discharges over the posterior region without focal slowing. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

discharges in myoclonic or generalized tonic seizures. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

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X-linked Parkinsonism-Spasticity Syndrome

Electroencephalographic findings are not specific and may comprise normal findings, generalized slowing, focal slowing, and epileptiform discharges. [ojrd.biomedcentral.com]

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