Generalized Dystonia: Causes & Reasons

Possible Causes for Generalized Dystonia

DYT12 – Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism DYT13 – Cranial-cervical dystonia DYT15 – Myoclonus-dystonia DYT16 – Early-onset generalized-parkinsonism DYT17 – Early-onset dystonia [dystonia.ie]

segmental region in upper limbs; mild course DYT-14 14q13 Dopa Responsive generalized dystonia Autosomal Dominant Early onset, leading to gait and postural abnormalities [cmdg.org]

Dystonia tends to worsen and spread to other areas (generalized dystonia). [rarediseases.org]

Writer's Cramp

Two cases are reported in which simple writer's cramp turned into dystonic writer's cramp without progression to generalized dystonia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). [angluzodynas.lt]

It’s possible for writer's cramp to be inherited, usually with early onset generalized dystonia, which is associated with the DYT1 gene. [healthline.com]

Adult-Onset Cervical Dystonia Type DYT23

DYT1 dystonia typically presents as early onset, generalized dystonia, starting in the legs. [neupsykey.com]

[…] and upper-limb involvement Early-onset generalized limb-onset dystonia Focal, segmental or multifocal dystonia Generalized isolated dystonia Isolated dystonia Oromandibular [se-atlas.de]

[…] deficiency Dystonia 16 Dystonia-aphonia syndrome Early-onset generalized limb-onset dystonia Focal, segmental or multifocal dystonia Generalized isolated dystonia Hemidystonia-hemiatrophy [se-atlas.de]

Paroxysmal Exertion-Induced Dyskinesia

ALS2 mutations: juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and generalized dystonia. Neurology 2014;82(12):1065-7. [books.google.com]

segmental region in upper limbs; mild course DYT-14 14q13 Dopa Responsive generalized dystonia Autosomal Dominant Early onset, leading to gait and postural abnormalities [cmdg.org]

Dystonia. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2000 May. 2(3):275-285. [Medline]. Tasker RR, Doorly T, Yamashiro K. Thalamotomy in generalized dystonia. [emedicine.staging.medscape.com]

Drug-Induced Dystonia

Other task-specific dystonias musician's cramp typist's cramp golfer's cramp Generalized dystonia Generalized dystonia normally affects children at the beginning of puberty [medicalnewstoday.com]

Only 1 case of generalized dystonia after first-time intranasal heroin abuse was reported. 5 In that case, MRI of the brain demonstrated diffuse organic cerebral damage. [antidepressantsfacts.com]

dystonia which affects the whole body may also occur The potential cause of drug induced dystonia is the development of dopamine receptor hypersensitivity after prolonged [movementdisorders.ufhealth.org]

Oromandibular Dystonia

Dystonia can affect one body part (focal dystonia) or many (segmental or generalized dystonia). [mountsinai.org]

[…] the body Diffuse – two or more non-contiguous body areas Generalized (more extensive areas): Generalized dystonia describes people with muscles affected throughout their [hopkinsmedicine.org]

Dystonias can be classified according to the parts of the body they affect: Generalized dystonia affects most or all of the body. [clevelandclinic.org]

Primary Torsion Dystonia

dystonia. [orpha.net]

Fifteen of them presented with the typical DYT1 phenotype (early, limb-onset generalized dystonia without spread to craniocervical muscles), four had limb-onset dystonia with [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Three siblings had childhood onset of limb dystonia, and slow progression to generalized dystonia with predominant cranio-cervical involvement. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Meige Syndrome

Deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus (GPi DBS) is effective in the treatment of primary segmental and generalized dystonia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In addition, there are forms of dystonia that may have a genetic cause: DYT1 dystonia is a rare form of dominantly inherited generalized dystonia that can be caused by a mutation [myjourneywithcervicaldystonia.blogspot.com]

Deep brain stimulation for primary generalized dystonia: long-term outcomes. Arch Neurol 2009;66:465–470. 6. Jankovic J. [e-jmd.org]

Mitochondrial Membrane Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration

Conclusions MPAN is characterized by a juvenile‐onset, slowly progressive phenotype with predominant lower limb spasticity, generalized dystonia, and cognitive impairment. [ingentaconnect.com]

Conclusions MPAN is characterized by a juvenile-onset, slowly progressive phenotype with predominant lower limb spasticity, generalized dystonia, and cognitive impairment. [push-zb.helmholtz-muenchen.de]

dystonia, and cognitive impairment. [scipers.com]

Paroxysmal Non-Kinesigenic Dyskinesia

Dystonia tends to worsen and spread to other areas (generalized dystonia). [rarediseases.org]

segmental region in upper limbs; mild course DYT-14 14q13 Dopa Responsive generalized dystonia Autosomal Dominant Early onset, leading to gait and postural abnormalities [cmdg.org]

Dystonia Dystonia that occurs at rest may persist as the kinetic (clonic) form. Dystonias can be either focal or generalized. [encyclopedia.com]

Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome

Generalized dystonia is one of the most disabling movement disorders. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This 36-year-old man with Hallervorden—Spatz syndrome suffered from intractable primary generalized dystonia for 28 years. [thejns.org]

Neurology (2002) [ Pubmed ] Pallidal deep brain stimulation for longstanding severe generalized dystonia in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. Case report. [wikigenes.org]

Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation

[…] as great as the benefit reported in patients with primary generalized dystonias or some other secondary dystonias. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

CONCLUSIONS: MPAN is characterized by a juvenile-onset, slowly progressive phenotype with predominant lower limb spasticity, generalized dystonia, and cognitive impairment [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

dystonia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Occupational Cramps

It’s possible for writer's cramp to be inherited, usually with early onset generalized dystonia, which is associated with the DYT1 gene. [healthline.com]

Symptoms may develop following the onset of writer’s cramp or may be an initial manifestation of segmental or generalized dystonias. [dystoniacanada.org]

Also, people who develop focal hand dystonias may be prone to experiencing escalation of their condition into some more serious ones like generalized dystonia of a certain [ic.steadyhealth.com]

Familial Dyskinesia and Facial Myokymia

dystonia 4) Generalized Movements of one or both of the legs, trunk and some other part of the body Unilateral facial muscle contractions patient will have bouts of this [quizlet.com]

All patients presented with motor milestone delay, infantile-onset action-induced generalized choreoathetosis, dystonia, or myoclonus, with episodic exacerbations during drowsiness [foundationdystoniaresearch.org]

Primary torsion dystonia (PTD) or Ziehen-Oppenheim disease: PTD is highly variable, ranging from severe disabling generalized dystonia in childhood to mild focal dystonia [neuroweb.us]

Biotin-Responsive Basal Ganglia Disease

Between episodes patients exhibited generalized dystonia, epilepsy, and bilateral hyperintensities of the caudate and putamen. Clinical and radiologic findings. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Reversible generalized dystonia and en-cephalopathy from thiamine transporter 2 deficiency. [docslide.com.br]

A 12-year-old girl presented with generalized dystonia and recurrent seizures. [neurologyindia.com]

GM2 Gangliosidosis

GM1 gangliosidosis must be considered as a cause of early-onset generalized dystonia, particularly in patients with short stature and skeletal dysplasia. [ajnr.org]

A 9-year-old boy showed a progressive generalized dystonia, with onset at the age of 4 years, combined with mental deterioration and behavioral disturbances. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

He had generalized dystonia with severe adductor dysphonia and exaggerated auditory startle. [neurologyindia.com]

Oppenheim Disease

Convert to ICD-10-CM : 333.6 converts directly to: 2015/16 ICD-10-CM G24.1 Genetic torsion dystonia Approximate Synonyms Dystonia, generalized Dystonia, idiopathic torsion [icd9data.com]

Treatment: Treatment options include botulinum toxin injections for focal symptoms, pharmacological therapy such as anticholinergics for generalized dystonia and surgical [medigoo.com]

2016 2017 2018 2019 Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code Type 2 Excludes athetoid cerebral palsy ( G80.3 ) Dystonia Approximate Synonyms Dystonia, generalized Dystonia, idiopathic [icd10data.com]

Juvenile Primary Lateral Sclerosis

CONCLUSIONS: We report generalized dystonia and cerebellar signs in association with ALS2-related disease. [foundationdystoniaresearch.org]

ALS2 mutations: juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and generalized dystonia. Neurology. 2014;82:1065–7. [link.springer.com]

dystonia Full_Paper Shirakawa 2009 Novel compound heterozygous ALS2 mutations cause juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan Full_Paper Takahashi 2008 Development [alsod.iop.kcl.ac.uk]

Blepharospasm

Although DBS for primary generalized dystonia is commonly performed by simultaneously implanting bilateral GPi electrodes, it may be reasonable in cases of refractory blepharospasm [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Those that are inherited also usually have a generalized dystonia. Blepharospasm is not fatal but is usually a life-long condition. How is Blepharospasm diagnosed? [aanem.org]

Autosomal Dominant Spastic Paraplegia Type 9A

ALS2 mutations: juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and generalized dystonia. Neurology 2014;82(12):1065-7. [books.google.de]

[…] to generalized dystonia. [explainmedicine.com]

Mutations in the THAP1 (DYT6) gene- a cause of generalized dystonia with prominent spasmodic dysphonia. Lancet Neurol 2009;8(5):447-52. [books.google.de]

Woodhouse-Sakati Syndrome

Physical examination on admission disclosed generalized dystonia involving the trunk and all four limbs. [e-jmd.org]

The index patient was a 25-year-old woman who presented with generalized dystonia involving the trunk and all four limbs. [cags.org.ae]

The affected individuals in this family displayed the cardinal features of this syndrome: generalized dystonia, mental retardation, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, alopecia [e-jmd.org]

Spasmodic Torticollis

This form of focal dystonia is unlikely to spread beyond the neck and shoulders or become generalized dystonia. [dystoniacanada.org]

“Pallidal Deep-Brain Stimulation in Primary Generalized or Segmental Dystonia.” New Engl J Med 2006, 355(19), 1978-1990. [bostonscientific.com]

Fahn S. generalized dystonia: Concept and treatment. Clinical Neuropharmacol 1986; 9 (supl 2): 37-48. 4. Marsden C D. The focal dystonias. [svneurologia.org]

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Type 5

ALS2 mutations: Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and generalized dystonia. [discovery.ucl.ac.uk]

CONCLUSIONS: We report generalized dystonia and cerebellar signs in association with ALS2-related disease. [foundationdystoniaresearch.org]

Dystonias. [journals.plos.org]

Movement Disorder

Mass General was one of the first hospitals to perform DBS and today we also use it to treat many different types of Dystonia which include: Genetic dystonia Generalized dystonia [massgeneral.org]

Dystonia Clinic A regional referral center for adult and pediatric patients seeking specialized care and treatment for generalized dystonia, writer's cramp and all other types [massgeneral.org]

dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, tic disorders, restless legs syndrome, blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. [med.unc.edu]

Neuroferritinopathy

Adult-onset generalized dystonia due to a mutation in the neuroferritinopathy gene. Mov Disord. 2005;20:243–5. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Craniofacial Dystonia

and generalized dystonia. [nejm.org]

Dystonia, generalized Dystonia, combined Show more (+9) Dystonia, cervical Yes ♂ A PHL 31 n.a. [mdsgene.org]

[…] and generalized dystonia of idiopathic, genetic or acquired causes. [frontiersin.org]

KMT2B-Related Dystonia

KMT2B rare missense variants in generalized dystonia. Mov Disord. 2017a;32:1087–91. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

KMT2B-related dystonia is a progressive childhood-onset disorder, commonly evolving from a focal, mainly lower-limb dystonia into generalized dystonia with cranio-cervical [frontiersin.org]

KMT2B mutation is reported as a relatively common cause of early-onset generalized dystonia, and the prevalence accounts for up to 10% of early-onset generalized dystonia [e-jmd.org]

Multifocal Dystonia

Fahn S. generalized dystonia: Concept and treatment. Clinical Neuropharmacol 1986; 9 (supl 2): 37-48. 4. Marsden C D. The focal dystonias. [svneurologia.org]

Algunos de los tipos más comunes son: Generalized dystonia, which affects the torso and at least two other body parts Focal dystonia, which affects only a specific body part [es.aurorahealthcare.org]

Forms of dystonia for which the genetic cause is known include: DYT1 dystonia is a rare form of dominantly inherited generalized dystonia that can be caused by a mutation [ninds.nih.gov]

Hemidystonia-Hemiatrophy Syndrome

[…] del cuello hacia adelante Espasmos musculares en todo el cuerpo Temblores Parpadeo incontrolable o espasmos oculares Torsión incontrolable del cuerpo Depresión Ansiedad Dystonia [es.aurorahealthcare.org]

Hereditary Dystonia

Fahn S. generalized dystonia: Concept and treatment. Clinical Neuropharmacol 1986; 9 (supl 2): 37-48. 4. Marsden C D. The focal dystonias. [svneurologia.org]

Epidemiology of focal and generalized dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota. Mov Disord 1988; 3: 188-194. 14. Giron L T, Koller W, Tanner C M. [svneurologia.org]

Classifications and investigation of dystonia. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S, eds. Movement Disorders 2. London: Butterworths, 1987:332-358. 3. [svneurologia.org]