Generalized Epileptiform Discharges: Causes & Reasons

Possible Causes for Generalized Epileptiform Discharges

Circadian variations of generalized epileptiform discharges are well described, and these can be useful in diagnostic confirmation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] tonic-clonic or myoclonic seizures, and interictal generalized epileptiform discharges). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The frequency of spontaneous generalized interictal epileptiform discharges in electroencephalography is not associated with the long-term seizure outcome (p=0.201) and per [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epilepsy

Electroencephalogram is consistently abnormal, showing findings such as background slowing, multifocal and generalized epileptiform discharges and polyspikes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] activity in primarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures Focal epileptiform discharges in focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures Spikes and slow-wave discharges occurring [msdmanuals.com]

MEF2C-related epilepsy may be described as a spectrum of manifestations including febrile seizures, myoclonia, and focal-onset or generalized seizures. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

In all three families, one individual was regarded as affected based on unprovoked generalized epileptiform discharges in the EEG. Mutation screening. [dx.doi.org]

The subjects with focal epileptiform discharges were not excluded, as other EEG recordings in the same subjects showed generalized spike or polyspike and waves. Table 3. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

[…] spike-and-wave or polyspike-and-waves but no focal epileptiform discharges (except for fragments of generalized discharges), (3) no epileptogenic lesion on MRI, (4) normal [frontiersin.org]

Paroxysmal Exertion-Induced Dyskinesia

Atypical absence status epilepticus Continuous or clusters of repetitive epileptiform generalized discharges (spike-and-wave, polyspike-and-wave, sharp-and-wave) No reactivity [quizlet.com]

Absence Seizure

Interictal epileptiform discharges: Abnormalities on EEG occurring between seizures (interictal) as opposed to during seizures (ictal). [childneurologyfoundation.org]

Of the adults, only a married‐in individual (III‐28) showed generalized spike–wave discharges during photic stimulation without clinical correlate. [doi.org]

[…] epilepsy Disagreement exists regarding the role of interictal epileptiform discharges (EEG abnormalities seen between seizures) on cognitive function. [childneurologyfoundation.org]

Encephalopathy

discharges may occur before imaging changes in HSV encephalitis (sensitive, not specific) may diagnosis subtle or non-convulsive seizures Brain biopsy last resort; generally [litfl.com]

TB, melioidosis, cryptococcus Special tests EEG highly sensitive, poorly specific useful if chronic symptoms or psychiatric presentation paroxysmal lateralizing epileptiform [litfl.com]

Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Type 3

EEG shows slow dysrhythmia, multifocal and occasionally generalized epileptiform discharges. [malacards.org]

EEG was abnormal in six of the nine patients and demonstrated slowing of background activity with/without generalized epileptiform discharges. [neurologyindia.com]

epileptiform discharges in 81.1% of patients [Figure 1]a. [neurologyindia.com]

Juvenile Absence Epilepsy

[…] pattern of generalized epileptiform spike and wave or polyspike and wave discharge, at times with a shifting predominance on a normal background.[1] Based on the latest International [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification, idiopathic generalized epilepsies include childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This group of epilepsies is clinically characterized by the presence of absence seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures with an electroencephalographic [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Unverricht-Lundborg Syndrome

Figure 1: Widespread generalized epileptiform discharges were observed in interictal EEG with photic stimulation. Figure 2: Kranial MRG was normal. [heraldopenaccess.us]

Fig. 1. a Typical electroencephalography (EEG) during stage 2 non-REM sleep showing very frequent generalized and fragments of generalized epileptiform discharges. b EEG during [karger.com]

Widespread generalized epileptiform discharges were observed in interictal EEG with photic stimulation (Figure 1). Investigation of cranial MRI was normal (Figure 2). [heraldopenaccess.us]

Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Type 7

EEG shows slow dysrhythmia, multifocal and occasionally generalized epileptiform discharges. [genecards.org]

EEG was abnormal in six of the nine patients and demonstrated slowing of background activity with/without generalized epileptiform discharges. [neurologyindia.com]

Figure 3 EEG showing generalized epileptiform discharges on a slow background. [academic.oup.com]

Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy in Childhood

Objetivo Describir las características clínicas y electroencefalográficas y el pronóstico de los niños diagnosticados en nuestro hospital de epilepsia occipital idiopática de la infancia. Métodos Estudio retrospectivo de las historias clínicas de los niños diagnosticados de epilepsia occipital idiopática en los últimos[…] [analesdepediatria.org]

Familial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Type 3

Electroencephalograms revealed sparse focal temporal interictal epileptiform discharges in 22% of subjects. Magnetic resonance images appeared normal. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Seizure types were simple partial seizures with psychic or autonomic symptoms, infrequent complex partial seizures, and rare secondarily generalized seizures. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Atypical Childhood Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes

When the symptoms progress to the onset of atonic or atonic absence seizures, the focal epileptiform discharge can be generalized to comprehensive discharge. [wjdpn.cn]

epileptiform discharges, continuous spike–wave during sleep (CSWS), and sometimes reversible neurocognitive deficits. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Atypical benign partial epilepsy (ABPE) of childhood or pseudo-Lennox syndrome is a form of idiopathic focal epilepsy characterized by multiple seizure types, focal and/or generalized [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Platelet-Type Bleeding Disorder 19

EEG shows slow dysrhythmia, multifocal and occasionally generalized epileptiform discharges. [nectarmutation.org]

Focal Epilepsy - Speech Disorder - Mental Retardation

Inclusion criteria were: (1) focal seizures or apparently generalized seizures and focal EEG epileptiform discharges; (2) further occurrence of atypical absences, and myoclonic [moh-it.pure.elsevier.com]

Periodic Epileptiform Discharges (PEDs): Generalized, reoccurring every 1-few seconds, varies in form by synchronous high voltage sharp or spike waves, indicative of subtle [studystack.com]

CSWS is a functional disorder of childhood with severe paroxysmal epileptiform discharges occupy-ing at least 85% of sleep (sleep index 85%). [indianpediatrics.net]

Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy

EEG was abnormal in six of the nine patients and demonstrated slowing of background activity with/without generalized epileptiform discharges. [neurologyindia.com]

In Lafora's disease EEGs can show slowing background activity or focal discharges as well as epileptiform discharges.[3] In ULD EEGs show generalized epileptiform discharges [en.wikipedia.org]

Results from the lysosomal enzyme also unremarkable.I showed moderate overall cerebral and cerebel-.G showed slow background activity with epileptiform discharges manifesting [docslide.net]

Cerebellotrigeminal Dermal Dysplasia

EEG showed generalized epileptiform discharges. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pitt-Hopkins-Like Syndrome Type 1

Focal epileptiform discharges were seen in 76%, 19% had generalized epileptiform discharges, and only one patient (4%) had a normal EEG without epileptiform discharges[3]. [jtggjournal.com]

epileptiform discharges[19]. [jtggjournal.com]

Abnormalities included interictal epileptiform discharges (4/9, 44%), generalized slowing (5/9, 56%), and focal slowing (4/9, 44%), [Table 2]. [jtggjournal.com]

Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Type 8

EEG was abnormal in six of the nine patients and demonstrated slowing of background activity with/without generalized epileptiform discharges. [neurologyindia.com]

Girard showed slowing background with frequent generalized and multifocal epileptiform discharges in PME.[5] De Siqueira[6] found that photosensitivity with frequent interictal [journals.lww.com]

Generalized epileptiform activity Intermittent photic stimulation Negative 10 to 20 Hz provoked a photoparoxysmal response Negative 6 and 20 Hz provoked a photoparoxysmal [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

Northern Epilepsy

EEG was abnormal in six of the nine patients and demonstrated slowing of background activity with/without generalized epileptiform discharges. [neurologyindia.com]

[…] complexes.[ 16 ] Multifocal, predominantly posterior, epileptiform discharges appear in addition to the generalized bursts. [thieme-connect.com]

epileptiform discharges in 81.1% of patients [Figure 1] a. [neurologyindia.com]

Chitayat-Meunier-Hodgkinson Syndrome

[…] of background activity, (b and c) interictal activity-profuse background slowing with multifocal and generalized epileptiform discharges, (d) recorded asymmetric tonic seizures [neurologyindia.com]

epileptiform discharges on EEG and cortical-subcortical myoclonias prompts an evaluation for disorders like progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME). [neurologyindia.com]

Figure 1: Electroencephalogram (a) axial myoclonic jerks with characteristic burst of posterior predominant generalized sharp and slow wave followed by a period of attenuation [neurologyindia.com]

Lafora Disease

epileptiform discharges on electroencephalogram (EEG). [infona.pl]

PLEDs or BIPLEDs, generalized epileptiform discharges (GPEDs), and triphasic waves. [annalsofian.org]

Diagnosis of Lafora disease was made on histo-pathological analysis of the skin biopsy, found positive for lafora bodies in periodic acid schiff stain and frequent generalized [infona.pl]

MERRF Syndrome

EEG was abnormal in six of the nine patients and demonstrated slowing of background activity with/without generalized epileptiform discharges. [bioline.org.br]

It reveals a high lactic acid peak.[2] Electrophysiological testing Electroencephalogram (EEG) may reveal a slow background activity with generalized epileptiform discharges [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

epileptiform discharges in 81.1% of patients [Figure - 1] a. [bioline.org.br]

COL4A1-Related Disorders

EEG recordings showed focal or multifocal epileptiform discharges and generalized, frequently asymmetric, abnormalities (generalized spike-waves or diffuse slowing). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

EEG typically showed focal epileptiform discharges in the context of other abnormalities, including generalized sharp waves or slowing. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In 46.4% of new patients with focal seizures, porencephalic cysts on brain MRI colocalized with the area of the focal epileptiform discharges. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Status Epilepticus

[…] tonic-clonic or myoclonic seizures, and interictal generalized epileptiform discharges). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] conditions, such as subtle SE or coma with generalized epileptiform discharges (coma‐GEDs). [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

NCSE with coma can be accompanied by generalized epileptiform discharges (coma-GED) and coma with lateralized epileptiform discharges (coma-LED). [intechopen.com]

Rolandic Epilepsy - Speech Dyspraxia Syndrome

[…] and centro-temporal epileptiform discharges, associated with oral and speech dyspraxia and cognitive impairment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A syndrome of nocturnal oro-facio-brachial partial seizures, secondarily generalized partial seizures, centro-temporal epileptiform discharges, associated with oral and speech [pediatricneurologybriefs.com]

[…] and centro‐temporal epileptiform discharges, associated with oral and speech dyspraxia and cognitive impairment. [doi.org]

Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury

“Burst suppression or generalized epileptiform discharges on EEG predicted poor outcomes but with insufficient prognostic accuracy” NB. [litfl.com]

discharges (PLEDs), bilateral PLEDs (BiPLEDs), periodic generalized epileptiform discharges (PGEDs), burst-suppression (BS), triphasic waves (TWs) and intermittent rhythmic [academic.oup.com]

epileptiform discharges on EEG Predictors of better prognosis: recovery of brainstem reflexes within 48 hours (papillary, corneal, oculocephalic) return of purposeful response [litfl.com]

Infantile Symmetrical Thalamic Degeneration

epileptiform discharges Background slowing, generalized epileptiform discharges Background slowing, multifocal epileptiform discharges Ophthalmological evaluation Normal [alliedacademies.org]

EEG showed diffuse slow background activity suggestive of encephalopathy with generalized epileptiform discharges. ERG was mildly reduced. [alliedacademies.org]

EEG showed slowing of background activity with focal and generalized epileptiform discharges. VEP was normal in amplitude but delayed in latency. [alliedacademies.org]

Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

We analyzed generalized epileptiform discharges on pre-callosotomy EEG via direct directed transfer function (dDTF) and partial directed coherence (PDC). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prolonged video-EEG monitoring recorded seizures and generalized interictal epileptiform discharges in all. [cp.neurology.org]

discharges) generalized or generalized contralateral maximal and multiregional electroencephalogram abnormalities. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Mucolipidosis Type 4

epileptiform discharges on EEG and cortical-subcortical myoclonias prompts an evaluation for disorders like progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME). [neurologyindia.com]

Figure 1: Electroencephalogram (a) axial myoclonic jerks with characteristic burst of posterior predominant generalized sharp and slow wave followed by a period of attenuation [neurologyindia.com]