Hepatomegaly: Causes & Reasons

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Possible Causes for hepatomegaly

Chronic Alcoholism

Hepatomegaly (in chronic alcoholic liver disease the liver is shrunken). Ascites; gonadal atrophy. Atrial fibrillation and cardiomyopathy. [patient.info]

Characteristic ultrasonographic findings include a hyperechoic liver with or without hepatomegaly. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

Most patients with moderate disease are undernourished and present with fatigue, fever, jaundice, right upper quadrant pain, tender hepatomegaly, and sometimes a hepatic bruit [merckmanuals.com]

Infectious Mononucleosis

The patient showed severe hepatomegaly incidentally, and dual positivity of Immunoglobulin (Ig) M to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral capsid antigen (VCA) and cytomegalovirus [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hepatomegaly Hepatomegaly is found in some patients, it is associated with deranged liver functions and intra hepatic cholestasis. [medicaljoyworks.com]

Abstract A 38-year-old male was admitted with fever, progressive jaundice, cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and acute oliguric renal failure. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Toxoplasmosis

[…] common encephalomyelitis, retinochoroiditis, intracranial calcification and hydrocephalus to the non-specific symptoms of acute infection such as convulsion, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly [fao.org]

There may be ventriculomegaly, CNS calcifications, placental changes, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites and pericardial or pleural effusion [ 3 ]. [patient.info]

Cholestatic Jaundice

Hard & nodular hepatomegaly – ? metastatic malignancy. 6. [slideshare.net]

[…] congenital anomalies of the bile duct) Pancreatitis Fever with Abdominal Pain Gallstones Choledochal cyst Stricture Abdominal Mass Pancreatitis Choledochal cyst Liver cancer Hepatomegaly [healthhype.com]

Hepatomegaly Alcoholic liver disease, primary or secondary hepatic neoplasm, infiltrative disease, and primary biliary cirrhosis. 2. [slideshare.net]

Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Glycogenic hepatopathy is a rare condition that causes significant hepatomegaly and elevated liver enzyme levels in uncontrolled type 1 diabetic patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Children with diabetic dwarfism syndrome, which was also known as Mauriac's syndrome, suffered from stunted growth, hepatomegaly, and delayed puberty. 4 In 1936, the first [dx.doi.org]

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Affected infants may present in the newborn period with cholestatic jaundice, sometimes with acholic stools (pale or clay-coloured) and hepatomegaly. [doi.org]

Congestive Heart Failure

Right upper quadrant sonogram revealed hepatomegaly of 15 cm, trace amount of perihepatic ascites, pericholecystic fluid, and also thickened edematous gallbladder wall with [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Cardiac examination at the age of 6 years revealed constrictive pericarditis with significant elevation of atrial filling pressures, consecutive hepatomegaly, and protein [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

· Hepatojugular reflux · Weight loss 4.5 kg in 5 days in response to treatment Minor criteria: · Bilateral ankle edema · Nocturnal cough · Dyspnea on ordinary exertion · Hepatomegaly [medicalcriteria.com]

Heart Failure

A physical examination revealed a systolic murmur, which was best audible in the right parasternal side, ascites, and hepatomegaly. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We report the case of a 41-year-old female patient admitted to the Department of Cardiology with clinical signs of right heart failure: congested jugular veins, hepatomegaly [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hemochromatosis

[…] transferrin saturation (TS); ALT; AST; GGT; elevated C-reactive protein; ß-thalassemia; neutrophils; lymphocytes; monocytes; platelets; metacarpophalangeal joint hypertrophy; hepatomegaly [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Eight of the 16 homozygous subjects had clinical findings that were consistent with the presence of hereditary hemochromatosis, such as hepatomegaly, skin pigmentation, and [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Among organ-related symptoms, hepatomegaly is seen in more than 95% of patients and can be accompanied by signs of chronic liver disease, such as abdominal pain and cutaneous [emedicine.com]

Cor Pulmonale

Findings include peripheral edema, neck vein distention, hepatomegaly, and a parasternal lift. Diagnosis is clinical and by echocardiography. [merckmanuals.com]

[…] gallop rhythm (3rd [S3] and 4th [S4] heart sounds) augmented during inspiration, distended jugular veins (with a dominant a wave unless tricuspid regurgitation is present), hepatomegaly [msdmanuals.com]

[…] rhythm (3rd [S 3 ] and 4th [S 4 ] heart sounds) augmented during inspiration, distended jugular veins (with a dominant a wave unless tricuspid regurgitation is present), hepatomegaly [merckmanuals.com]

Liver Cirrhosis

Cardinal symptoms include fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis and hepatomegaly as well as neutropenia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] aminotransferase, and prothrombin international normalized ratio; LR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.03-0.31); a platelet count 160 x 10(3)/μL (LR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.20-0.39); or the absence of hepatomegaly [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

For lowering the likelihood of cirrhosis, the most useful findings are a Lok index 3 /μL (LR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.20-0.39); or the absence of hepatomegaly (LR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.24 [doi.org]

Hemolytic Anemia

Occasionally enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly) may also occur in some people. [rarediseases.org]

Following this, a physical examination may reveal hepatomegaly or tenderness in the abdominal region. [symptoma.com]

H1N1 influenza–associated AIHA in children may respond to treatment with oseltamivir and intravenous immunoglobulin. [6] Fetal splenomegaly and associated hepatomegaly could [emedicine.com]

Cardiomyopathy

1st step in mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids Onset: Early childhood Episodes: Associated with fasting Hypoglycemia, Hypoketotic Cardiac arrest Clinical findings Hepatomegaly [neuromuscular.wustl.edu]

[…] diastolic dysfunction systemic venous congestion Clinical features Most common: dyspnea Symptoms of right heart failure Jugular venous distention Peripheral edema, ascites Hepatomegaly [amboss.com]

Additional symptoms may include fluid collection in the abdomen (ascites) and feet due to accumulation of fluid, congestion of the lungs, and an abnormally large liver (hepatomegaly [rarediseases.org]

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hepatomegaly. Intermediate- and high-grade lymphomas: Most patients present with rapidly growing and bulky lymphadenopathy. [patient.info]

The abdominal ultrasound showed a retroperitoneal mass of approximately 134/61.4 mm that crossed the median line, a hypoechoic mass in the liver, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly [journals.lww.com]

Intermediate- and high-grade lymphomas may produce the following physical examination findings: Rapidly growing and bulky lymphadenopathy Splenomegaly Hepatomegaly Large abdominal [emedicine.medscape.com]

Portal Cirrhosis

The presence of this triad in a patient with unexplained hepatomegaly is indicative of portal cirrhosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The liver becomes large, even huge (hepatomegaly). The normal liver weighs about 1,200 grams (2.6 lb). [en.wikipedia.org]

Choledocholithiasis

[…] or without perforation Pancreatitis Acute hepatitis Pyelonephritis Pneumonia Kidney stone GERD Appendicitis (retrocecal) Pyogenic liver abscess Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome Hepatomegaly [wikem.org]

His abdomen was soft and lax, mildly distended with hepatomegaly about 4 cm below the costal margin, round edge, firm, not tender with a span of 8.5 cm, with no other significant [saudisurgj.org]

Alcoholic Liver Disease

This diagnosis was based on marked hepatomegaly, caudate lobe hypertrophy and failure to visualize hepatic veins by Doppler-ultrasound examination. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

At the time of biopsy, hepatomegaly and raised serum transaminases were present as well as neurologic and growth defects and the typical facial anomalies seen in this syndrome [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Alcoholic Hepatitis (Rapidly developing symptoms) Jaundice Hepatomegaly Mild cases are often asymptomatic. [healthhype.com]

Chronic Right-Sided Congestive Heart Failure

Right sided heart failure Right sided heart failure Right sided heart failure Right sided heart failure Anasarca (massive generalized body edema) Right sided heart failure Hepatomegaly [quizlet.com]

Abdominal examination elicited pain during superficial palpation on the right upper quadrant with hepatomegaly identification, with no signs of ascites. [austinpublishinggroup.com]

Hepatomegaly - Centrilobular congestion and atrophy of central hepatocytes (nutmeg liver). [histopathology-india.net]

Hepatitis

Findings include: hepatomegaly 15.5 cm at the midclavicular line 4 possible decreased attenuation around the portal system and at the hepatic hilum (periportal edema) possible [radiopaedia.org]

Selected Infections With Liver Involvement Disease or Organism Manifestations Viruses Cytomegalovirus In neonates: Hepatomegaly, jaundice, congenital defects In adults: Mononucleosis-like [msdmanuals.com]

/toxin-induced hepatitis (e.g. acetaminophen/paracetamol toxicity, alcohol) autoimmune hepatitis steatohepatitis metabolic disease Ultrasound Described features include: hepatomegaly [radiopaedia.org]

Alcohol Dementia

Intellectual deterioration, changing in behavior and affect are often seen in association with long continued and heavy alcohol ingestion and such deteriorated states of patients are called alcoholic dementia. A large number of investigators have attempted to designate clinical concept of alcoholic dementia[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Hepatomegaly and elevated liver enzymes in patients with diabetes are commonly associated with fatty liver disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Constrictive Pericarditis

Examination revealed raised jugular venous pressure (JVP), pitting pedal oedema, muffled heart sounds, bilateral pleural effusion and hepatomegaly. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Conversely, preoperative hepatomegaly and concomitant valvular operation were associated with significantly higher mortality on both univariate and multivariate analysis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Most impressive physical findings are often the insidious development of ascites of hepatomegaly and ascites, such patients are often mistakenly thought to suffer from hepatic [learningradiology.com]

Cholestasis

For diagnosis of BA, clinical evaluation, hepatomegaly, stool color, serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), duodenal juice color, bile acid in duodenal juice, ultrasonography [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Clinical signs of cholestasis (discolored stools, dark urine) usually appear in the first months of life with recurrent or permanent jaundice associated with hepatomegaly [orpha.net]

Hepatomegaly is also a common finding. Between episodes patients show no symptoms and the interval between attacks varies from months to years. [orpha.net]

Cryptogenic Cirrhosis

[…] elderly women with liver atrophy and severe cirrhotic ascites diagnosed clinically with cryptogenic cirrhosis and 1 adult man with abnormal serum aminotransferase levels and hepatomegaly [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

CARDIAC CIRRHOSIS Clinic a l featu r es · Mild jaundice · Liver dysfunction · Hepatomegaly – firm, non tender • *Ascites · Peripheral edema · Oesophageal bleeding · Encephalopathy [medicscientist.com]

The abdomen was distended and soft; however, an irregular and nontender hepatomegaly of 6 cm was palpable below the right subcostal margin, with no splenomegaly. [hindawi.com]

Neoplasm of the Liver

Liver symptoms: Right upper quadrant pain, tenderness, hepatomegaly, possible palpable mass. Generalised infective symptoms: Swinging fever. Night sweats. [brainscape.com]

ALP isoenzyme test (Medical Encyclopedia) Ascites (Medical Encyclopedia) Diet - liver disease (Medical Encyclopedia) Hepatic encephalopathy (Medical Encyclopedia) Hepatomegaly [icdlist.com]

Most are asymptomatic, but some cause hepatomegaly, right upper quadrant discomfort, or intraperitoneal hemorrhage. [msdmanuals.com]

Neoplasm of the Pancreas

Physical examination may reveal jaundice, temporal wasting, peripheral lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, and ascites. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Patients presenting with or developing advanced intra-abdominal disease may have ascites, a palpable abdominal mass, hepatomegaly from liver metastases, or splenomegaly from [emedicine.medscape.com]

May be the first presentation Palpable gallbladder (ie, Courvoisier sign) Developing, advanced intra-abdominal disease: Presence of ascites, a palpable abdominal mass, hepatomegaly [emedicine.medscape.com]

Biliary Carcinoma

Other features include fatigue, acholic stool, a palpable mass, hepatomegaly, or a distended gallbladder (Courvoisier sign, with distal cholangiocarcinoma). [msdmanuals.com]

and imaging and laboratory data can corroborate the presence of cholestasis.24 On examination, patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma may present with jaundice, hepatomegaly [mdedge.com]

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Hepatomegaly (may also have splenomegaly at presentation). Later stages: signs of cirrhosis, portal hypertension or hepatic failure. [patient.info]

Liver disease other than PSC was defined as autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis, hepatomegaly, liver failure, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, cholangiocarcinoma, or hepatobiliary [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by progressive inflammatory fibrotic destruction of the biliary ducts and patients with PSC often have chronic jaundice, hepatomegaly [sancilio.com]

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Case: We present a case of a 36 year old woman at 36 weeks of gestation with jaundice and hepatomegaly. She was hepatitis B positive. [journals.co.za]

Figures Figure 1: showing massive hepatomegaly with distended veins and the pregnancy Figure 2: fetal head and the hepatomegaly with HCC in ultrasound view References Trichopoulos [panafrican-med-journal.com]

Ultrasonography of abdomen showed hepatomegaly (15.9cms), hypoechoeic with no focal lesions. Common bile duct and portal vein seem to be normal on examination. [cancerjournal.net]

Hepatoblastoma

Abdominal magnetic resonance findings revealed hepatomegaly with multiple tumor masses involving nearly all the segments of the liver (PRETEXT IV). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Virtually all patients were infants or young children with hepatomegaly or a mass. [pubs.rsna.org]

Fat planes were clear with portal vein and hepatic artery, likely IHH with hepatomegaly [Figure 1]. [mmj.eg.net]