Heterogeneity: Causes & Reasons

2.1

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Possible Causes for heterogeneity

Common Cold

The very high heterogeneity means that the averaged estimates must be viewed with caution. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I 2 statistic. When substantial heterogeneity was found ( I 2 40%), subgroup analyses were performed. [dx.doi.org]

In addition, we aimed to identify potential sources of heterogeneity in results obtained and to assess their clinical significance. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Again, results were heterogenous (I2 59%). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation therapy in the management of heterogeneous emphysema. [doi.org]

Again, results were heterogenous (I 2 59%). [doi.org]

Bronchial Asthma

Background: Asthma and COPD are heterogeneous diseases. Patients with both disease features (asthma-COPD overlap [ACO]) are common. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Heterogeneity between the studies was investigated using I 2 [ 25 ]. If heterogeneity was 50%, it was rated as substantial. [doi.org]

Asthma is a complex disorder that displays heterogeneity and variability in its clinical expression both acutely and chronically. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Urinary Tract Infection

No significant difference was demonstrated for the outcome of major urological complications (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.50-1.05), without heterogeneity. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity Issues of heterogeneity were initially explored by between‐study comparisons. [dx.doi.org]

[…] indicating heterogeneity. 11, 12 Random-effects summary estimates (DerSimonian-Laird method) 13 were reported if the heterogeneity was significant in either test of heterogeneity [dx.doi.org]

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

We detected no heterogeneity in the results. [doi.org]

Significant phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity was observed both within and between families. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Because of the heterogeneity among studies, some summarized results should be interpreted with caution. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Osteoarthritis

The combined ES in glucosamine hydrochloride (GH) trials was -0.03 (95% CI -0.14, 0.08), with an absence of heterogeneity. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, we were unable to perform a best evidence synthesis. However we have provided summaries for each section. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

An I 2 statistic of 0% indicated a low degree of between‐trial heterogeneity (P for heterogeneity 0.96). [doi.org]

Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus

These results indicate further clinical and genetic heterogeneity in GEFS( ). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Abstract Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS ) is a recently recognized but relatively common form of inherited childhood-onset epilepsy with heterogeneous [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The existence of the heterogeneous epilepsy phenotypes in this kindred suggests that seizure predisposition determined by the GEFS gene on chromosome 2q could be modified [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Thyroid Lymphoma

Thyroid status is heterogeneous. Prognosis is poor despite polychemotherapy. [academic.oup.com]

And the heterogeneous enhancement pattern is also helpful for detecting necrosis areas of PTL. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

All the MALT patients had diffuse heterogeneous hypoechoic parenchyma in sonography, but only one of them with diffuse large B cell lymphomas had diffuse heterogeneous hypoechoic [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Russell-Silver Syndrome

It is suggested that the Russell-Silver syndrome is heterogeneous and that the criteria for its diagnosis need re-evaluation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Clinical presentation is heterogeneous in RSS patients with 11p15 ICR1 hypomethylation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The case is another illustration of the genetic heterogeneity of Russell-Silver phenotype. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Heterogeneity was also quantified with I 2 ( Higgins 2002 ), where I 2 values of 50% and more indicate a substantial level of heterogeneity ( Higgins 2003 ). [doi.org]

Heterogeneity was tested for using the Z score and the I-squared statistic. Subgroup, sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were used to explore heterogeneity. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Assessment of heterogeneity In the event of substantial clinical, methodological or statistical heterogeneity, study results were not combined in meta‐analysis. [doi.org]

Kohlschütter-Tönz Syndrome

The other families, mostly presenting with additional atypical features, were negative for ROGDI mutations, suggesting genetic heterogeneity of atypical forms of the disease [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Brief Report Kohlschütter–Tönz Syndrome: Mutations in ROGDI and Evidence of Genetic Heterogeneity Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories [doi.org]

Houlden, H ; view all (2013) Kohlschütter-Tönz Syndrome: Mutations in ROGDI and Evidence of Genetic Heterogeneity. [discovery.ucl.ac.uk]

Pneumonia

There was significant heterogeneity of both sensitivity and specificity according to the Q test, without clear evidence of threshold effect. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

heterogeneity ( Higgins 2003 ). [doi.org]

The sources of heterogeneity were explored using predefined subgroup analyses and bivariate meta-regression. Sixteen studies (2,359 participants) were included. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pancreatoblastoma

All of the tumours had heterogeneous enhancement on CT and MR images. Pancreatoblastoma is a rare primary tumour of the pancreas. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Most had well-defined margins (nine of 10), were heterogeneous (nine of 10), and enhanced (10 of 10). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pancreatoblastomas are malignant epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas that are heterogeneous and have variable cellular differentiation, complicating the diagnosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hypertension

2.57 (95% CI: 1.56, 4.24; p-value for heterogeneity 0.13; I(2) 46.6%) before and after excluding an influential study, respectively. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

I² values greater than 50% indicate high levels of heterogeneity. [doi.org]

How were these studies heterogeneous? [doi.org]

Acute Cystitis

Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity Issues of heterogeneity were initially explored by between‐study comparisons. [dx.doi.org]

We did not pool these studies as there was significant heterogeneity. The heterogeneity could be explained by the type of application method used. [dx.doi.org]

Assessment of heterogeneity A Cochran "Q" test for heterogeneity and, for the review update, the I² test ( Higgins 2003 ) was performed on all pooled analyses. [dx.doi.org]

Benign Adult Familial Myoclonic Epilepsy

Abstract Benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy (BAFME) has been mapped to chromosome 8q24; however, genetic heterogeneity has been recently suggested. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This observation would confirm that BAFME is a worldwide, genetically heterogeneous condition, probably with Japanese families linked to 8q24 and European families to 2p11.1 [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Our observation confirms the existence of non-Japanese BAMFE families and the genetic heterogeneity of this syndrome. [moh-it.pure.elsevier.com]

Hibernoma

MRI revealed that the lesion was heterogeneously hyperintense on T1W (lower in intensity than subcutaneous fat) and heterogeneously hypointense on fat-saturated T2W and STIR [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hibernomas are rare heterogeneous fatty tumors arising from brown fat precursors. Intrathoracic hibernomas are extremely rare. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Preoperative imaging demonstrated a well-circumscribed neoplasm with fat density compatible with lipoma, but internal heterogeneity and vascularity seen in the context of [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Breast Hamartoma

The most common sonographic findings of the hamartomas were an oval shape (16/16), circumscribed margins (10/16), heterogeneous internal echogenicity (14/16), echogenic (7 [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Of the 36 hamartomas, 30 (83.3%) had heterogeneous echogenicity and 28 (77.8%) displayed no changes in posterior echogenicity. [cancerjournal.net]

Sagittal dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI showed strong heterogeneous multilobular enhancing masses that resembled orange slices. [jbd.or.kr]

Diffuse Lymphoma

next-generation sequencing cancer genetics cancer heterogeneity Footnotes Author contributions: J. [pnas.org]

The sequences of both the FCL and the refractory DLCL remained heterogeneous. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

However, this masks considerable heterogeneity of outcome. [hmds.info]

Distal Hereditary Motor Neuropathy Type 1

Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy (dHMN or HMN) is a heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders caused by anterior horn cell degeneration and characterized by progressive [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Moon and Ji-Seon Kim and Chang Seok Ki}, year {2012} } Sang-Soo Lee, So-Young Moon, 1 author Chang Seok Ki Published 2012 Distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) is a heterogeneous [semanticscholar.org]

Chapters, 17.08.2013 - 1008 Seiten The inherited neuropathies are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders in which there have been rapid advances in [books.google.de]

Plasmablastic Lymphoma

The PBL-T tumor was genetically heterogeneous, despite being histologically quite homogeneous PBL. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Laboratory studies showed abnormal liver functions, and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a 76-mm heterogeneous mass in the liver. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Because of its rarity and heterogeneous presentations, PBL could easily be overlooked clinically and pathologically in immunocompetent patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Infantile-Onset Ascending Hereditary Spastic Paralysis

This case adds to the allelic heterogeneity of IAHSP. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In the six remaining families, absence of cDNA ALS2 mutations suggests either mutations in regulatory ALS2 regions or genetic heterogeneity, as already reported in JPLS. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

An alternative hypothesis would be the presence of a true genetic heterogeneity in IAHSP. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Astroblastoma

This case illustrates the potential poor outcome of high-grade astroblastoma and highlights the morphologic heterogeneity of this rare neoplasm. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] appearance and heterogeneous enhancement of the solid component and with cystic changes HG Port et al. (2002) [ 5 ] 15; F Corpus callosum Solid and cystic mass with heterogeneous [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Fig. 1 Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed a right, occipito-temporal, voluminous, well-demarcated mass, hypointense heterogenous on T1-weighted images ( a ) with [dx.doi.org]

Wolcott-Rallison Syndrome

[…] between this variant form of WRS and EIF2AK3 WRS correlates with some clinical heterogeneity. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: Clinical, genetic, and functional study of EIF2AK3 mutations and suggestion of genetic heterogeneity. Diabetes, 53 (7), 1876-1883. [indiana.pure.elsevier.com]

Remarkably, the onset of diabetes was different for the two patients, and there was also heterogeneity in other clinical manifestations. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma

Thirteen (87%) of 15 tumors showed a homo- or heterogeneous isointensity on T1-weighted imaging and a heterogeneous hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In spite of the known preference for certain pathogenetic pathways, we found considerable genetic heterogeneity in high-grade (HG) as well as in low-grade (LG) ESS. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Ultrasound and Doppler imaging revealed a heterogeneous mass in the endometrial cavity with internal vascularity. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prostate Sarcoma

CONCLUSIONS: Adult prostate sarcoma was characteristically shown to be a large and heterogeneous mass with rapid, hypervascular and heterogeneous enhancement on CT and MRI [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Conclusions Adult prostate sarcoma was characteristically shown to be a large and heterogeneous mass with rapid, hypervascular and heterogeneous enhancement on CT and MRI. [clinicalradiologyonline.net]

[…] low signal intensity on T1 weighted imaging and heterogenous high signal intensity on T2 weighted imaging (Oncol Lett 2016;11:2542) Radiology images Images hosted on other [pathologyoutlines.com]

Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 1H

Our findings further expand the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of LGMDs. [moh-it.pure.elsevier.com]

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders with a selective or predominant involvement of shoulder and pelvic [scinapse.io]

Abstract : The limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) are a genetically heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders with a selective or predominant involvement of shoulder [hal.archives-ouvertes.fr]

Omental Infarction

[…] fat density lesion with rim enhancement); type 3 (well-defined heterogeneous lesion with fat component); and type 4 (well-defined heterogeneous lesion without a fat component [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The patients presented with lower abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis, and they exhibited a poorly defined heterogeneous low-attenuated mass containing fat in the anterior [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

CONCLUSION: In pediatric patients with omental infarction, both CT and sonography show a heterogeneous mass characteristically situated between the anterior abdominal wall [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Essential Hypertension

Developmentally Down Regulated 4 (Nedd4), aldosterone, Channel activating protease (CAP), amiloride, hypertension, Afro-Caribbeans Title: The Renal Epithelial Sodium Channel: Genetic Heterogeneity [doi.org]

Funnel plots and Egger's test were used to estimate publication bias, and heterogeneity was assessed by the chi-square-based Q-test and I 2 test. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

It is a well-known fact that β-blockers exhibit heterogeneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that clearly influence their clinical efficacy and tolerability [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Kallmann Syndrome

We describe herein the clinical heterogeneity in three affected brothers who carry a large deletion (exons 3-13) in KAL-1. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The two methods of induction are discussed in relation to the heterogeneity of the pituitary and ovarian function in Kallmann syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We show that this heterogeneity dictates that the treatment for induction of ovulation should be individually adjusted according to the pituitary and ovarian competence. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]