Hyperkeratosis: Causes & Reasons

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Possible Causes for Hyperkeratosis

Lymphedema

Skin changes are common and include hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation, verrucae, papillomas, and fungal infections. [msdmanuals.com]

[…] of scrotum Lymphedema of uncertain etiology Lymphedema of vulva Lymphedema praecox Lymphedema, after surgery Lymphedema, limb Lymphedema, lower extremity Lymphedematous hyperkeratosis [icd9data.com]

Elephantiasis (extreme hyperkeratosis of skin in a limb affected by lymphedema) is a severe manifestation of lymphedema. [msdmanuals.com]

Chromoblastomycosis

(C) Hyperkeratosis and marked epithelial hyperplasia with microabcesses; superficial perivascular and diffuse infiltrate (HE;×10). [doi.org]

Verrucous - Skin lesions are in the form of warts and hyperkeratosis. [symptoma.com]

Microscopically the skin shows hyperkeratosis and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and a diffuse chronic inflammatory infiltrate. [histopathology-india.net]

Alacrima - Achalasia - Mental Retardation

People with triple A syndrome frequently develop a thickening of the outer layer of skin (hyperkeratosis) on the palms of their hands and the soles of their feet. [ghr.nlm.nih.gov]

Syndrome hydrolethalus syndrome + Hydroxylysinuria hypereosinophilic syndrome + hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome Hyperimmunoglobulin G1(A1) Syndrome hyperinsulinism + Hyperkeratosis-Hyperpigmentation [rgd.mcw.edu]

Autosomal Dominant KID Syndrome

Scattered follicular hyperkeratosis appears on the trunk. [escholarship.org]

[…] of the palms and soles, erythrokeratoderma, follicular hyperkeratosis, and recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] literature have the following features in common: (1) a distinctive ichthyosis characterized by a fine dry scale, follicular hyperkeratotic spines, and a reticulated pattern of hyperkeratosis [jamanetwork.com]

Hypochondroplasia

Moreover, insulin resistance and the appearance of acanthosis nigricans, a papillomatous pigmented hyperkeratosis of the skin appearing on the flexures of the neck in most [symptoma.com]

Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a velvety and papillomatous pigmented hyperkeratosis of the skin, which has been recognized in some genetic disorders more severe than HCH involving [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

AN is a velvety and papillomatous pigmented hyperkeratosis of the skin, which appears mainly on the flexures and neck. [eje.bioscientifica.com]

Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

[…] cells Can be an advanced form of mycosis fungoides or arise de novo Characteristic triad of symptoms Systemic skin lesions Erythroderma accompanied by palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis [amboss.com]

Case 1 A male patient, aged 30 years, was admitted to our Department with extremely itchy erythroderma with generalized peripheral lymphadenopathy and hyperkeratosis of the [cyberleninka.org]

[…] epidermotropism seen in pagetoid reticulosis (Woringer-Kolopp disease).Papillomatous MF Filamentous or vegetating MF lesions are reminiscent of acanthosis nigricans or seborrheic keratosis [actasdermo.org]

Thallium Poisoning

Approximately 1 month after thallium exposure, Mees lines (transverse white lines on the nails) appear in the nail plate. [22] Other dermatologic findings include well-demarcated hyperkeratosis [emedicine.medscape.com]

Skin and nail symptoms include hardened patches of skin (hyperkeratosis) with unusually deep creases on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, unusual darkening [rarediseases.org]

Figure 2 Keratosis of soles on day 13th of illness. [pmj.bmj.com]

Carcinoid Tumor

Skin hyperkeratosis and pigmentation and arthritis are also relatively uncommon. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Also known as senile keratosis or solar keratosis, this is a premalignant growth consisting of patches of skin that turn crusty, scaly, and thick. [medicalnewstoday.com]

[…] myelolipoma fibrolipoma spindle cell lipoma hibernoma atypical lipoma Premalignant This type of tumor requires close monitoring Examples of premalignant growths include: Actinic keratosis [medicalnewstoday.com]

T-Cell Lymphoma

Ichthyosis is a generalized skin disease characterized by hyperkeratosis, in which the skin acquires an appearance resembling fish scales. [dbpia.co.kr]

General edema and hyperkeratosis were seen in both extremities and trunk. Figure 1. [ekjm.org]

Associated features include severe pruritus, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, lichenification, edema, and exfoliation. The etiology remains largely unknown. [visualdx.com]

Actinic Keratosis

BACKGROUND: Actinic keratosis (AK) usually co-exists in areas of severe photodamage, but the clinical applicability of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in diagnosing [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Called also pharyngokeratosis. keratosis pila´ris hyperkeratosis limited to the hair follicles. keratosis puncta´ta a hereditary hyperkeratosis in which the lesions are localized [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Keratosis, Actinic keratoses, Keratosis NOS, Keratosis, Actinic [Disease/Finding], Solar hyperkeratosis, Senile hyperkeratosis (disorder), senile keratosis, solar keratosis [fpnotebook.com]

Acanthosis Nigricans

A biopsy was performed, and histologic analysis revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis, increased dermal pigmentation, and a dermal lymphohistiocytic infiltrate [doi.org]

Abstract Acanthosis nigricans is a mucocutaneous dermatosis characterized by hyperpigmentation and a velvety papillomatous hyperkeratosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This is a descriptive term for a velvety or verrucous brown-to-black area of hyperkeratosis. [webmd.com]

Ichthyosis Vulgaris

Abstract To elucidate the pathogenesis of impaired barrier function and the influence of surfactant on the stratum corneum in hyperkeratosis, we investigated morphological [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hence, this type of hyperkeratosis can be distinguished from other types of inherited palmoplantar keratosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The face is generally spared; however, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles and follicular hyperkeratosis of the cheek and neck is often present. Pruritus is frequent. [accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com]

Paraneoplastic Syndrome

Acanthosis nigricans Acanthosis nigricans are characterized by skin hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis. [intechopen.com]

Dermatology: Leser Trelat sign  Explosive onset of multiple sebarrhoic keratosis on erythematous skin  Gastro-intestinal adenocarcinoma  breast/ lung/urinary tract cancer [slideshare.net]

Bazex syndrome (acrokeratosis paraneoplastica) Bazex syndrome is characterized by hyperkeratosis of the acral regions. [intechopen.com]

Onychomycosis

If less than 2 mm of hyperkeratosis is present, no points are awarded. [jamanetwork.com]

The infection was characterized clinically by yellow-brown discoloration of the nail plate, distal-lateral onycholysis and subungual hyperkeratosis of the first left toenail [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Nail plate and subungual horn with hyperkeratosis. There are faint hyphae coursing through the keratin, even at high power. [jaad.org]

Leukoplakia

What is Hyperkeratosis? Hyperkeratosis is a layered buildup of keratinized cell tissue and is distinctive for its leaf-like appearance. [entcolumbia.org]

Histopathology of leukoplakia can disclose hyperkeratosis with dysplasia or carcinoma or hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis without dysplasia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

PVL generally presents as a simple benign form of hyperkeratosis that tends to spread and become diffuse. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Fitzsimmons-McLachlan-Gilbert Syndrome

Preferred Name Spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis syndrome Synonyms Fitzsimmons McLachlan Gilbert syndrome Definitions This syndrome [bioportal.bioontology.org]

- Spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis syndrome Hide descriptions. [snomedbrowser.com]

In addition, they show palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Alcoholic Neuropathy

Abstract Characteristics of alcoholic neuropathy have been obscured by difficulty in isolating them from features of thiamine-deficiency neuropathy. We assessed 64 patients with alcoholic neuropathy including subgroups without (ALN) and with (ALN-TD) coexisting thiamine deficiency. Thirty-two patients with[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis

The histologic findings include papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis, and minimal or no acanthosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Histopathologically, hyperkeratosis, decreased granular layer, irregular papillomatosis, and hypermelanosis of the basal layer were present. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Key histological features of Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (i) undulating basket-weave hyperkeratosis, (ii) papillomatosis, (iii) focal acanthosis limited to the [histopathology-india.net]

Zinc-Responsive Necrolytic Acral Erythema

Palmar filiform hyperkeratosis (FH) associated with underlying pathology? Clin Exp Dermatol 2002; 27:216–219. [link.springer.com]

Histopathology mostly showed hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, prominent granular layer, spongiosis and dermal infiltrate. [ingentaconnect.com]

A lesional biopsy revealed hyperkeratosis, psoriasiform acanthosis, spongiosis, normal granular layer and minimal perivascular mononuclear infiltrate [Figure 3]. [ijdvl.com]

Palmoplantar Keratosis

Solar keratosis related: a rare variant of solar keratosis Follicular: nevoid follicular epidermolytic hyperkeratosis Mucosal: epidermolytic leukoplakia Terminology Other [pathologyoutlines.com]

Palmoplantar keratosis can be a feature of a range of different syndromes and can be associated with periodontal destruction, benign oral keratosis or cancer of the oesophagus [dental-update.co.uk]

We present a case of focal acral hyperkeratosis in a 9‐year‐old girl. [doi.org]

Diffuse Palmoplantar Keratoderma

On examination, diffuse hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles was observed (Figure 1 a, b) However, there was no extension of this hyperkeratosis to the dorsal aspects of [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

These findings suggested an association between internal malignancy and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Fig. 2 Hyperkeratosis sparing the arches of feet. [indianpediatrics.net]

Papillon Lefevre Disease

Keratosis palmoplantaris congenita, with peridontosis, arachnodactyly and peculiar deformity of terminal phalanges. Br J Dermatol. 1965;77:42–54. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Clinically, classic manifestations include diffuse transgradient palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and aggressive prepubertal periodontitis. [journals.lww.com]

[…] palmoplantar keratoderma (Vörner), mal de Meleda, Howel-Evans syndrome, transgrediens et progrediens palmoplantar keratoderma (Greither's disease) (see these terms), and keratosis [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

Hidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia

Medical treatment includes use of emollients and topical keratolytics (urea or lactic acid based) for softening of the nail plates and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, topical [dermatologyadvisor.com]

Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is a rare genodermatosis with clinical hallmarks of alopecia, nail dystrophy, and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Also, skin emollients, keratolytics, and other therapies may be used for the hyperkeratosis. [symptoma.com]

Keratosis Pilaris

Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a common inherited disorder of follicular hyperkeratosis It is characterized by small, folliculocentric keratotic papules that may have surrounding [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We report a 12-year-old boy affected by keratotic papules of the scalp and keratosis pilaris of the limbs who developed erythema, pustules, and scale crusts on the scalp associated [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

BACKGROUND: Keratosis pilaris atrophicans defines a group of cutaneous disorders characterized by follicular hyperkeratosis and scarring. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Vulvar Dystrophy

[…] or parakeratosis Nuclear atypia not seen Microscopic (histologic) images Images hosted on other servers : Mild hyperkeratosis Epithelial thickening Chronic inflammatory cell [pathologyoutlines.com]

Eczematous inflammation or hyperkeratosis may be present. Prevalence: Common, 40% to 45% of non-neoplastic epithelial disorders. [clinicalgate.com]

Fifteen patients had lichen sclerosus with various degrees of hyperkeratosis, while one had human papillomavirus-associated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and another had [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Angiokeratoma Circumscriptum

Angiokeratoma Specialty Oncology, dermatology Angiokeratoma is a benign cutaneous lesion of capillaries, resulting in small marks of red to blue color and characterized by hyperkeratosis [en.wikipedia.org]

It interestingly showed features of hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and elongation of rete ridges, dilated and congested blood vessels in papillary dermis. [ijpmonline.org]

Angiokeratomas are benign cutaneous lesions characterized by ectasia of papillary dermis vessels and secondary epidermal changes like hyperkeratosis. [symptoma.com]

Subungual Fibroma

The clinical features may be asymmetrical, but not always, and include onycholysis, subungual hyperkeratosis (which is often crumbly), and sometimes interdigital infection [pcds.org.uk]

As it progressively develops, it may lift the nail plate, ulcerate or induce subungual hyperkeratosis. [firattipdergisi.com]

Patient #1 is a 59-year-old woman with a 20-year history of nail deformity affecting the second left finger, characterized by painful central linear subungual hyperkeratosis [ijdvl.com]

Arsenical Keratosis

"Keratosis pilaris: a common follicular hyperkeratosis". Cutis. 82 (3): 177–80. PMID 18856156. ^ Mosby's Dental Dictionary ^ Tyldesley WR, Field A, Longman L (2003). [en.wikipedia.org]

Papule / hyperpigmented Hyperkeratosis Pathophysiology acquired keratinizing disorders / arsenical keratosis Symptoms Asymptomatic, Diagnosis arsenical keratosis Dark skin [dermquest.com]

Oral retinoids may be helpful in reducing hyperkeratosis secondary to chronic arsenicism. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Verruca Vulgaris

[…] halo, nucleus small and hyperchromatic (virtually diagnostic when present), +/-binucleation LM DDx Squamous cell carcinoma, hypertrophic actinic keratosis, actinic keratosis [librepathology.org]

Actinic keratosis with superimposed lichen simplex chronicus. [3] Seborrheic keratosis - may have focal clear cell changes. Condyloma acuminatum - genital region. [librepathology.org]

[…] overlapping features of verruca vulgaris and seborrheic keratosis, and may be termed "verrucous keratosis" Squamous cell carcinoma: May have a papillomatous architecture, [pathologyoutlines.com]

Plantar Callus

Foot Corns & Callus (hyperkeratosis) [epodiatry.com]

Lesser metatarsal Vosteotomy for chronic intractable plantar keratosis. Retrospective analysis of 40 procedures. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1998;88:323–31. [aafp.org]

Officially known as hyperkeratosis, calluses involve the thickening of the skin in response to some type of pressure, rubbing or irritation. ¹ Although hyperkeratosis is your [foundationpilates.com]