Hyperkeratosis: Causes & Reasons

Possible Causes for Hyperkeratosis

Microscopically the skin shows hyperkeratosis and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and a diffuse chronic inflammatory infiltrate. [histopathology-india.net]

(C) Hyperkeratosis and marked epithelial hyperplasia with microabcesses; superficial perivascular and diffuse infiltrate (HE;×10). [doi.org]

In this study hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis were observed, as well as abundant presence of polymorphonu-clear cells and giant cell formation. [academic.oup.com]

Lymphedema

Stage III lymphedema is characterized by a tremendous increase in volume, hardening of the dermal tissues, hyperkeratosis, and papillomas of the skin. [nortonschool.com]

Skin changes are common and include hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation, verrucae, papillomas, and fungal infections. [msdmanuals.com]

III (Lymphostatic Elephantiasis) • accumulation of protein-rich edema fluid • • non-pitting • • fibrosis and sclerosis (severe induration) • • skin changes (papillomas, hyperkeratosis [nortonschool.com]

Alacrima - Achalasia - Mental Retardation

People with triple A syndrome frequently develop a thickening of the outer layer of skin (hyperkeratosis) on the palms of their hands and the soles of their feet. [ghr.nlm.nih.gov]

Syndrome hydrolethalus syndrome + Hydroxylysinuria hypereosinophilic syndrome + hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome Hyperimmunoglobulin G1(A1) Syndrome hyperinsulinism + Hyperkeratosis-Hyperpigmentation [rgd.mcw.edu]

Hypochondroplasia

Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a velvety and papillomatous pigmented hyperkeratosis of the skin, which has been recognized in some genetic disorders more severe than HCH involving [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Moreover, insulin resistance and the appearance of acanthosis nigricans, a papillomatous pigmented hyperkeratosis of the skin appearing on the flexures of the neck in most [symptoma.com]

AN is a velvety and papillomatous pigmented hyperkeratosis of the skin, which appears mainly on the flexures and neck. [eje.bioscientifica.com]

Autosomal Dominant KID Syndrome

Scattered follicular hyperkeratosis appears on the trunk. [escholarship.org]

[…] of the palms and soles, erythrokeratoderma, follicular hyperkeratosis, and recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] literature have the following features in common: (1) a distinctive ichthyosis characterized by a fine dry scale, follicular hyperkeratotic spines, and a reticulated pattern of hyperkeratosis [jamanetwork.com]

Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

[…] cells Can be an advanced form of mycosis fungoides or arise de novo Characteristic triad of symptoms Systemic skin lesions Erythroderma accompanied by palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis [amboss.com]

[…] epidermotropism seen in pagetoid reticulosis (Woringer-Kolopp disease).Papillomatous MF Filamentous or vegetating MF lesions are reminiscent of acanthosis nigricans or seborrheic keratosis [actasdermo.org]

Case 1 A male patient, aged 30 years, was admitted to our Department with extremely itchy erythroderma with generalized peripheral lymphadenopathy and hyperkeratosis of the [cyberleninka.org]

Thallium Poisoning

Approximately 1 month after thallium exposure, Mees lines (transverse white lines on the nails) appear in the nail plate. [22] Other dermatologic findings include well-demarcated hyperkeratosis [emedicine.medscape.com]

Skin and nail symptoms include hardened patches of skin (hyperkeratosis) with unusually deep creases on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, unusual darkening [rarediseases.org]

Figure 2 Keratosis of soles on day 13th of illness. [pmj.bmj.com]

Carcinoid Tumor

Skin hyperkeratosis and pigmentation and arthritis are also relatively uncommon. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Also known as senile keratosis or solar keratosis, this is a premalignant growth consisting of patches of skin that turn crusty, scaly, and thick. [medicalnewstoday.com]

[…] myelolipoma fibrolipoma spindle cell lipoma hibernoma atypical lipoma Premalignant This type of tumor requires close monitoring Examples of premalignant growths include: Actinic keratosis [medicalnewstoday.com]

Actinic Keratosis

Keratosis, Actinic keratoses, Keratosis NOS, Keratosis, Actinic [Disease/Finding], Solar hyperkeratosis, Senile hyperkeratosis (disorder), senile keratosis, solar keratosis [fpnotebook.com]

An Actinic Keratosis Field Assessment Scale (AK-FAS) for grading the severity of AK/field was developed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

BACKGROUND: Actinic keratosis (AK) usually co-exists in areas of severe photodamage, but the clinical applicability of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in diagnosing [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

T-Cell Lymphoma

Ichthyosis is a generalized skin disease characterized by hyperkeratosis, in which the skin acquires an appearance resembling fish scales. [dbpia.co.kr]

General edema and hyperkeratosis were seen in both extremities and trunk. Figure 1. [ekjm.org]

Associated features include severe pruritus, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, lichenification, edema, and exfoliation. The etiology remains largely unknown. [visualdx.com]

Acanthosis Nigricans

Acanthosis nigricans is characterized by hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis of the skin or mucous membranes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Burke´s scale, papillomatosis and hyperkeratosis, and the L* axis of will be used to measure the AN improvement. [clinicaltrials.gov]

A biopsy was performed, and histologic analysis revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis, increased dermal pigmentation, and a dermal lymphohistiocytic infiltrate [doi.org]

Paraneoplastic Syndrome

Acanthosis nigricans Acanthosis nigricans are characterized by skin hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis. [intechopen.com]

Dermatology: Leser Trelat sign  Explosive onset of multiple sebarrhoic keratosis on erythematous skin  Gastro-intestinal adenocarcinoma  breast/ lung/urinary tract cancer [slideshare.net]

Bazex syndrome (acrokeratosis paraneoplastica) Bazex syndrome is characterized by hyperkeratosis of the acral regions. [intechopen.com]

Ichthyosis Vulgaris

Abstract To elucidate the pathogenesis of impaired barrier function and the influence of surfactant on the stratum corneum in hyperkeratosis, we investigated morphological [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Keratosis pilaris (follicular hyperkeratosis) is found on the cheek and neck, the upper arms, buttocks, and thighs, with or without inflammation. [symptoma.com]

Keratosis pilaris may be associated. [visualdx.com]

Onychomycosis

Onycholysis, nail bed discoloration, and subungual hyperkeratosis were measured using standardized methodologies and analyzed by means of Mann–Whitney test and analysis of [dovepress.com]

If less than 2 mm of hyperkeratosis is present, no points are awarded. [jamanetwork.com]

The infection was characterised clinically by yellowish pigmentation of the nail plate and mild nail bed hyperkeratosis of the first left toe. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Leukoplakia

What is Hyperkeratosis? Hyperkeratosis is a layered buildup of keratinized cell tissue and is distinctive for its leaf-like appearance. [entcolumbia.org]

Differential diagnosis Benign alveolar ridge keratosis: Histologic features similar to lichen simplex chronicus Epithelial hyperplasia with verrucous / undulating surface [pathologyoutlines.com]

Histopathology of leukoplakia can disclose hyperkeratosis with dysplasia or carcinoma or hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis without dysplasia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Fitzsimmons-McLachlan-Gilbert Syndrome

Preferred Name Spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis syndrome Synonyms Fitzsimmons McLachlan Gilbert syndrome Definitions This syndrome [bioportal.bioontology.org]

"Keratosis pilaris: a common follicular hyperkeratosis". Cutis. 82 (3): 177–80. PMID 18856156. ^ Mosby's Dental Dictionary ^ Tyldesley WR, Field A, Longman L (2003). [en.wikipedia.org]

2 Four brothers with mental retardation, spastic paraplegia and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. [malacards.org]

Alcoholic Neuropathy

Abstract Purpose of review The concept of alcoholic neuropathy has been obscured because of an often undetected or overestimated influence of thiamine deficiency. We describe clinicopathologic features of alcoholic neuropathy, taking the effect of thiamine status into consideration, and recent progress[…] [dx.doi.org]

Buschke-Lowenstein Tumor

Histologic findings revealed massive epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and viral cytopathic effects, features that are consistent with condyloma. [nejm.org]

Keratin cysts [Figure 4], are present consistent with SK Penile lesion: Section shows papillomatosis with hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. [ijstd.org]

Further characteristics of BLT are hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, papillomatosis, acanthosis, and koilocytosis. The tumor may show infiltration by lymphocytes. [symptoma.com]

Bazex Syndrome

The patient's skin disease was more remarkable for its hyperpigmentation than its hyperkeratosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Squames / scales Pathophysiology genetic disorders / keratinocyte genetic disorders / palmoplantar keratoderma Symptoms Burning, Diagnosis hyperkeratosis palmaris et plantaris [dermquest.com]

The biopsy from the ear revealed hyperkeratosis and interface dermatitis with mixed perivascular inflammatory infiltrate [Figure - 5]. [ijdvl.com]

Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis

[…] metastasise or penetrate deeper tissues.6 In patients with EV, hypo- or hyperpigmented macules resembling pityriasis versicolor, verruca plana-like lesions, and seborrhoeic keratosis-like [emjreviews.com]

A punch biopsy was taken from the lesion over the right forearm which showed hyperkeratotic (basket-weave hyperkeratosis) and acanthotic epidermis. [ijpd.in]

Histological analysis of the wart lesions showed epidermis with hyperkeratosis, regular acanthosis, hypergranulosis, and cells with abundant basophilic cytoplasm. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Verruca Vulgaris

[…] halo, nucleus small and hyperchromatic (virtually diagnostic when present), +/-binucleation LM DDx Squamous cell carcinoma, hypertrophic actinic keratosis, actinic keratosis [librepathology.org]

Actinic keratosis with superimposed lichen simplex chronicus.[3] Seborrheic keratosis - may have focal clear cell changes. Condyloma acuminatum - genital region. [librepathology.org]

Differential diagnosis Verruca vulgaris: Seborrheic keratosis: Variable combinations of hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, acanthosis Horn pseudocysts No hypergranulosis, koilocytes [pathologyoutlines.com]

Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis

We observed invagination of basket-weave hyperkeratosis through the epidermis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The histologic findings include papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis, and minimal or no acanthosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Histopathologically, hyperkeratosis, decreased granular layer, irregular papillomatosis, and hypermelanosis of the basal layer were present. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Zinc-Responsive Necrolytic Acral Erythema

Histopathology mostly showed hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, prominent granular layer, spongiosis and dermal infiltrate. [ingentaconnect.com]

A lesional biopsy revealed hyperkeratosis, psoriasiform acanthosis, spongiosis, normal granular layer and minimal perivascular mononuclear infiltrate [Figure 3]. [ijdvl.com]

[…] well-demarcated scaling erythematous papules and plaques with secondary lichenification and later hyperpigmentation. 3 Histologically, NAE is characterized by acanthosis, hyperkeratosis [jddonline.com]

Palmoplantar Keratosis

Solar keratosis related: a rare variant of solar keratosis Follicular: nevoid follicular epidermolytic hyperkeratosis Mucosal: epidermolytic leukoplakia Terminology Other [pathologyoutlines.com]

Palmoplantar keratosis can be a feature of a range of different syndromes and can be associated with periodontal destruction, benign oral keratosis or cancer of the oesophagus [dental-update.co.uk]

We present a case of focal acral hyperkeratosis in a 9‐year‐old girl. [doi.org]

Keratosis Pilaris

Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a common inherited disorder of follicular hyperkeratosis It is characterized by small, folliculocentric keratotic papules that may have surrounding [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

BACKGROUND: Keratosis pilaris atrophicans defines a group of cutaneous disorders characterized by follicular hyperkeratosis and scarring. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Histology contributes little (hyperkeratosis of the pilar ostia) and the condition does not have an impact on laboratory test results. [therapeutique-dermatologique.org]

Diffuse Palmoplantar Keratoderma

These findings suggested an association between internal malignancy and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

On examination, diffuse hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles was observed (Figure 1 a, b) However, there was no extension of this hyperkeratosis to the dorsal aspects of [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Fig. 2 Hyperkeratosis sparing the arches of feet. [indianpediatrics.net]

Papillon Lefevre Disease

Diagnosis confirmation Palmoplantar keratodermas without periodontosis are also seen in Mal de Meleda, Howel Evans Syndrome,Vohwinkhels syndrome, Greither’s syndrome,Keratosis [dermatologyadvisor.com]

Another form of disease associated with palmoplantar keratosis and severe aggressive periodontitis has been named Haim-Munk syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Howel-Evans syndrome, keratosis punctata, keratoderma hereditarium mutilans (Vohwinkel's syndrome) and Greither's syndrome. [e-ijd.org]

Hidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia

Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is a rare genodermatosis with clinical hallmarks of alopecia, nail dystrophy, and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Also, skin emollients, keratolytics, and other therapies may be used for the hyperkeratosis. [symptoma.com]

Medical treatment includes use of emollients and topical keratolytics (urea or lactic acid based) for softening of the nail plates and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, topical [dermatologyadvisor.com]

Vulvar Dystrophy

Severe hyperkeratosis. Hyperkeratosis = stratum corneum thickened. Fibrosis of the superficial dermis with loss of adnexal structures - key feature. [librepathology.org]

Eczematous inflammation or hyperkeratosis may be present. Prevalence: Common, 40% to 45% of non-neoplastic epithelial disorders. [clinicalgate.com]

Fifteen patients had lichen sclerosus with various degrees of hyperkeratosis, while one had human papillomavirus-associated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and another had [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Subungual Fibroma

The clinical features may be asymmetrical, but not always, and include onycholysis, subungual hyperkeratosis (which is often crumbly), and sometimes interdigital infection [pcds.org.uk]

As it progressively develops, it may lift the nail plate, ulcerate or induce subungual hyperkeratosis. [firattipdergisi.com]

Histological changes consist of dense angiofibrotic tissue, sometimes with neuroglial tissue at the centre, and hyperkeratosis at the tip. [rrnursingschool.biz]