The majority of reported cases have presented with laboratory abnormalities, most notably leukocytosis and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
In the past she had had both aortic and mitral valve replacements for rheumatic heart disease and as a result was taking digoxin, frusemide and Warfarin.
[birpublications.org]
Risk factors are atrial fibrillation, mitral valve disease, coronary heart disease, heart failure, other heart diseases, cardiac surgery, aortic aneurysm, renal artery aneurysm
[urology-textbook.com]