Possible Causes for multifocal independent spikes Epilepsy The purpose of this article is to highlight the hallmarks of epilepsy as a disease and symptom during antiquity and especially during Ancient Greece and Rome. A thorough study of texts, medical books, and reports along with a review of the available literature in PubMed was undertaken. Observations on epilepsy date[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] West Syndrome Other patterns, such as multifocal independent spike discharges (MISD), are present in the remainder. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Myoclonic-Astatic Epilepsy In a clinical setting, the occurrence of periodic clusters and independent focal or multifocal accentuations of generalized spike-and-wave complexes in interictal EEG may [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Generalized Clonic or Tonic-Clonic Seizures Topic Overview Generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures are the easiest seizures to recognize. They happen most often in people with generalized epilepsy of unknown cause. A generalized tonic-clonic seizure begins with a sudden loss of consciousness. During the first 15 to 30 seconds of the seizure, the entire[…] [stlukesonline.org] Benign Adult Familial Myoclonic Epilepsy Neurogenetics. 2008 May;9(2):139-42. doi: 10.1007/s10048-008-0118-4. Epub 2008 Jan 30. Abstract Benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy (BAFME or FAME) is an autosomal dominant condition, characterized by shivering-like tremors of cortical origin, myoclonus, and epilepsy. Linkage to chromosomes 2p11.1-q12.2 and[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy We present a case of a boy with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) who presented with features of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). This case highlights the fact that NCSE, even though not a common occurrence in JME, should be kept in mind when a patient with previous history of seizures presents with[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy OBJECTIVES: Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) arises from paroxysmal dysfunctions of the thalamo-cortical network. One of the hallmarks of IGE is the absence of visible abnormalities on routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, recent quantitative MRI studies showed cortical-subcortical structural[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Organic Brain Syndrome Rogers MP, et al. Psychosom Med. 1986 Jul-Aug. Abstract Systemic mastocytosis is a disease characterized by an excessive accumulation of mast cells, and associated with skin lesions, flushing, diarrhea, tachycardia, and psychiatric manifestations. In order to define more clearly the psychiatric manifestations, ten[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Encephalopathy Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is an encephalopathy that can be clinically characterized by headache, altered mental status and/or seizures. Neuroimaging demonstrates usually reversible bilateral subcortical vasogenic occipital-parietal edema. Exact pathophysiology remains unclear but is commonly[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Juvenile Absence Epilepsy We describe a 68-year-old woman who had typical absence seizures since 14 years of age. The absences were refractory to treatment and persisted into adulthood, with no seizure-free periods until seizure control at 59 years of age. After six years of being seizure-free, she presented with an episode[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Uremic Encephalopathy BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Uremic encephalopathy is a metabolic disorder in patients with renal failure. The purpose of this study was to describe the MR imaging findings of uremic encephalopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study retrospectively reviewed MR imaging findings in 10 patients with clinically proved uremic[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Insulin Overdose We report a very rare case of acute pulmonary edema caused by hypoglycemia from insulin overdose during an attempted suicide. A 16-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes was brought to our hospital because of hypoglycemic coma. She exhibited severe hypoxia; upon intubation, bloody froth poured out of the tube.[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome The interictal EEG record was suggestive of multifocal spike-and-wave discharges in both hemispheres, particularly in the left frontocentral, right parieto-temporo-occipital [pediatricneurosciences.com] We did not include patients with interictal electrographic activity characterized by multifocal spikes, focal delta activity different to delta with maximum in the frontal [omicsonline.org] […] region, and left parieto-occipital region, with intermittent independent generalized polyspike wave discharge and intermittent 3-Hz generalized spike-and-wave discharges [pediatricneurosciences.com] Toxic Encephalopathy Neurotoxicity following paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) exposure is rare and can occur in patients with pica and mothball or toilet cake ingestion. We present a rare case of toxic encephalopathy due to PDCB mothball inhalation and ingestion and describe the rapidly progressive leukoencephalopathy seen on computed[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy Type 3 Epileptic encephalopathy with suppression-burst in electroencephalography (EEG) can evolve into a few types of epileptic syndromes. We present here an unusual case of early myoclonic encephalopathy that evolved into migrating partial seizures in infancy. A female neonate initially had erratic myoclonus movements,[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Brain Dev. 2015 Feb;37(2):265-9. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.04.002. Epub 2014 Apr 29. Author information 1 Department of Pediatrics, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan. Electronic address: pisces-koya@yacht.ocn.ne.jp. 2 Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Epilepsy with Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures (A) Slow spike-and-waves and (B) multifocal independent spike discharges in two patients with GMS and mixed tonic, tonic–clonic, and myoclonic seizures. (From Tatum WO. [neupsykey.com] Status Epilepticus multifocal. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com] Name of the pattern: Periodic discharges, rhythmic delta activity or spike‐and‐wave/sharp‐and‐wave plus subtypes. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com] 27, 30-32 we propose the following terminology to describe EEG patterns in SE: Location: generalized (including bilateral synchronous patterns), lateralized, bilateral independent [onlinelibrary.wiley.com] Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Type 3 Patient 7 had focal bifrontal-central spike and slow wave discharges (Fig. 4B), independent left then right frontal central spike and slow wave discharges, and multifocal [academic.oup.com] Patient 4 had independent occipital, parietal, and temporal spike and wave complexes as well as focal vertex spikes during photic stimulation. [academic.oup.com] […] slow spike and wave complexes. [academic.oup.com] Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Type 7 Patient 7 had focal bifrontal-central spike and slow wave discharges (Fig. 4B), independent left then right frontal central spike and slow wave discharges, and multifocal [academic.oup.com] Patient 4 had independent occipital, parietal, and temporal spike and wave complexes as well as focal vertex spikes during photic stimulation. [academic.oup.com] […] slow spike and wave complexes. [academic.oup.com] Panayiotopoulos Syndrome CONCLUSIONS: In PS all cerebral locations are able to spontaneously and independently generate and propagate interictal spikes, indicating that PS is a multifocal epileptic [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency An electroencephalogram (EEG) revealed multifocal independent spike-and-sharp-wave discharges. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Familial Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Six siblings, including 4 cases of myoclonic epilepsy, their parents and 2 grandmothers were subjected to systematic investigation, and the patients were followed-up. The genetic studies revealed in the mother's family a patient with Lafora bodies demonstrated at autopsy. No chromosome abnormalities were found nor[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Miller Dieker Syndrome Electroencephalography indicated frequent multifocal independent spikes, sharp waves, and early features of evolving hypsarrhythmia. [ssajm.org] Profound Intellectual Disability Multifocal independent spikes and polyspikes were eventually noted after the onset of epilepsy. [jmg.bmj.com] Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis These may be synchronous with or independent of myoclonic jerks. MRI can reveal multifocal white-matter lesions. [epilepsy.com] In addition there were multiple independent spikes and sharp waves. MRI showed high signal in the periventricular white matter. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] The EEG often shows widespread cortical dysfunction with a burst-suppression pattern of high-amplitude slow-wave or spike -and-slow-wave complexes occurring at a rate of every [epilepsy.com] Hemimegalencephaly […] unilateral or bilateral high-amplitude spikes and spike-wave complexes. [scielo.br] Interictal bilateral discharges may be generalized or independent. In the first months of life, unilateral suppression burst pattern or hypsarrhythmia may be present. [scielo.br] Electroencephalographic abnormalities usually involve the affected hemisphere, with an asymmetric amplitude of the normal, age-related rhythms; slow, rhythmic or fast activity and multifocal [scielo.br] TBC1D24-Related Disorders In the initial stages of the disease, interictal record revealed regional or multiregional epileptiform discharges with formation of multifocal independent spike foci (MISF [intechopen.com] Porencephaly The epileptic paroxysms showed multifocal independent spikes, which were not always localized in the defect or cleft sites at the last examination. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Microcephaly with Spastic Quadriplegia Multifocal independent spikes and polyspikes were eventually noted after the onset of epilepsy. [jmg.bmj.com] spike Multiple independent spike foci MRI Brain Microcephaly, smooth thin cerebral cortex, simplified gyral pattern, global brain atrophy, delayed myelination, hypoplastic [bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com] […] discharge • Disorganized background In hyperekplexia cases • Hypsarrhythmia • Suppression burst Abnormal background activity bilaterally, low amplitude and frequent interictal multifocal [bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com]
