Possible Causes for multifocal independent spikes Epilepsy The purpose of this article is to highlight the hallmarks of epilepsy as a disease and symptom during antiquity and especially during Ancient Greece and Rome. A thorough study of texts, medical books, and reports along with a review of the available literature in PubMed was undertaken. Observations on epilepsy date[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] West Syndrome Other patterns, such as multifocal independent spike discharges (MISD), are present in the remainder. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Myoclonic-Astatic Epilepsy In a clinical setting, the occurrence of periodic clusters and independent focal or multifocal accentuations of generalized spike-and-wave complexes in interictal EEG may [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Benign Adult Familial Myoclonic Epilepsy Neurogenetics. 2008 May;9(2):139-42. doi: 10.1007/s10048-008-0118-4. Epub 2008 Jan 30. Abstract Benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy (BAFME or FAME) is an autosomal dominant condition, characterized by shivering-like tremors of cortical origin, myoclonus, and epilepsy. Linkage to chromosomes 2p11.1-q12.2 and[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy We present a case of a boy with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) who presented with features of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). This case highlights the fact that NCSE, even though not a common occurrence in JME, should be kept in mind when a patient with previous history of seizures presents with[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy OBJECTIVES: Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) arises from paroxysmal dysfunctions of the thalamo-cortical network. One of the hallmarks of IGE is the absence of visible abnormalities on routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, recent quantitative MRI studies showed cortical-subcortical structural[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Organic Brain Syndrome Rogers MP, et al. Psychosom Med. 1986 Jul-Aug. Abstract Systemic mastocytosis is a disease characterized by an excessive accumulation of mast cells, and associated with skin lesions, flushing, diarrhea, tachycardia, and psychiatric manifestations. In order to define more clearly the psychiatric manifestations, ten[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Encephalopathy Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is an encephalopathy that can be clinically characterized by headache, altered mental status and/or seizures. Neuroimaging demonstrates usually reversible bilateral subcortical vasogenic occipital-parietal edema. Exact pathophysiology remains unclear but is commonly[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Uremic Encephalopathy BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Uremic encephalopathy is a metabolic disorder in patients with renal failure. The purpose of this study was to describe the MR imaging findings of uremic encephalopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study retrospectively reviewed MR imaging findings in 10 patients with clinically proved uremic[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Insulin Overdose We report a very rare case of acute pulmonary edema caused by hypoglycemia from insulin overdose during an attempted suicide. A 16-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes was brought to our hospital because of hypoglycemic coma. She exhibited severe hypoxia; upon intubation, bloody froth poured out of the tube.[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome The interictal EEG record was suggestive of multifocal spike-and-wave discharges in both hemispheres, particularly in the left frontocentral, right parieto-temporo-occipital [pediatricneurosciences.com] We did not include patients with interictal electrographic activity characterized by multifocal spikes, focal delta activity different to delta with maximum in the frontal [omicsonline.org] […] region, and left parieto-occipital region, with intermittent independent generalized polyspike wave discharge and intermittent 3-Hz generalized spike-and-wave discharges [pediatricneurosciences.com] Toxic Encephalopathy Neurotoxicity following paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) exposure is rare and can occur in patients with pica and mothball or toilet cake ingestion. We present a rare case of toxic encephalopathy due to PDCB mothball inhalation and ingestion and describe the rapidly progressive leukoencephalopathy seen on computed[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy Type 3 Epileptic encephalopathy with suppression-burst in electroencephalography (EEG) can evolve into a few types of epileptic syndromes. We present here an unusual case of early myoclonic encephalopathy that evolved into migrating partial seizures in infancy. A female neonate initially had erratic myoclonus movements,[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Brain Dev. 2015 Feb;37(2):265-9. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.04.002. Epub 2014 Apr 29. Author information 1 Department of Pediatrics, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan. Electronic address: pisces-koya@yacht.ocn.ne.jp. 2 Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Epilepsy with Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures (A) Slow spike-and-waves and (B) multifocal independent spike discharges in two patients with GMS and mixed tonic, tonic–clonic, and myoclonic seizures. (From Tatum WO. [neupsykey.com] Status Epilepticus multifocal. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com] Name of the pattern: Periodic discharges, rhythmic delta activity or spike‐and‐wave/sharp‐and‐wave plus subtypes. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com] 27, 30-32 we propose the following terminology to describe EEG patterns in SE: Location: generalized (including bilateral synchronous patterns), lateralized, bilateral independent [onlinelibrary.wiley.com] Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Type 3 Patient 7 had focal bifrontal-central spike and slow wave discharges (Fig. 4B), independent left then right frontal central spike and slow wave discharges, and multifocal [academic.oup.com] Patient 4 had independent occipital, parietal, and temporal spike and wave complexes as well as focal vertex spikes during photic stimulation. [academic.oup.com] […] slow spike and wave complexes. [academic.oup.com] Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Type 7 Patient 7 had focal bifrontal-central spike and slow wave discharges (Fig. 4B), independent left then right frontal central spike and slow wave discharges, and multifocal [academic.oup.com] Patient 4 had independent occipital, parietal, and temporal spike and wave complexes as well as focal vertex spikes during photic stimulation. [academic.oup.com] […] slow spike and wave complexes. [academic.oup.com] Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency An electroencephalogram (EEG) revealed multifocal independent spike-and-sharp-wave discharges. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Juvenile Absence Epilepsy What is juvenile absence epilepsy like? Seizures in juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) can be of two main types. Absence seizures are seen in all cases. In an absence seizure, the young person will stare and is either unresponsive or has impaired responsiveness. Their eyes may roll up briefly or the eyelids may flutter.[…] [epilepsy.com] Familial Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy Six siblings, including 4 cases of myoclonic epilepsy, their parents and 2 grandmothers were subjected to systematic investigation, and the patients were followed-up. The genetic studies revealed in the mother's family a patient with Lafora bodies demonstrated at autopsy. No chromosome abnormalities were found nor[…] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Miller-Dieker Syndrome Electroencephalography indicated frequent multifocal independent spikes, sharp waves, and early features of evolving hypsarrhythmia. [ssajm.org] Profound Intellectual Disability Multifocal independent spikes and polyspikes were eventually noted after the onset of epilepsy. [jmg.bmj.com] Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis These may be synchronous with or independent of myoclonic jerks. MRI can reveal multifocal white-matter lesions. [epilepsy.com] In addition there were multiple independent spikes and sharp waves. MRI showed high signal in the periventricular white matter. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] The EEG often shows widespread cortical dysfunction with a burst-suppression pattern of high-amplitude slow-wave or spike -and-slow-wave complexes occurring at a rate of every [epilepsy.com] Hemimegalencephaly […] unilateral or bilateral high-amplitude spikes and spike-wave complexes. [scielo.br] Interictal bilateral discharges may be generalized or independent. In the first months of life, unilateral suppression burst pattern or hypsarrhythmia may be present. [scielo.br] Electroencephalographic abnormalities usually involve the affected hemisphere, with an asymmetric amplitude of the normal, age-related rhythms; slow, rhythmic or fast activity and multifocal [scielo.br] TBC1D24-Related Disorders In the initial stages of the disease, interictal record revealed regional or multiregional epileptiform discharges with formation of multifocal independent spike foci (MISF [intechopen.com] Porencephaly The epileptic paroxysms showed multifocal independent spikes, which were not always localized in the defect or cleft sites at the last examination. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Microcephaly with Spastic Quadriplegia Multifocal independent spikes and polyspikes were eventually noted after the onset of epilepsy. [jmg.bmj.com] spike Multiple independent spike foci MRI Brain Microcephaly, smooth thin cerebral cortex, simplified gyral pattern, global brain atrophy, delayed myelination, hypoplastic [bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com] […] discharge • Disorganized background In hyperekplexia cases • Hypsarrhythmia • Suppression burst Abnormal background activity bilaterally, low amplitude and frequent interictal multifocal [bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com] Cerebellar Hypoplasia and Atrophy Multifocal independent spikes and polyspikes were eventually noted after the onset of epilepsy. [jmg.bmj.com] Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 1B Multifocal independent spikes and polyspikes were eventually noted after the onset of epilepsy. [jmg.bmj.com]
