Scotoma: Causes & Reasons

Possible Causes for Scotoma

[…] to complete blindness Central/paracentral scotoma to complete blindness Fundus appearance Hyperemic disk Hyperemic disk Normal Vessel appearance Engorged, tortuous veins [emilytam.com]

High signal both nerves, normal L > R 12 Central scotoma Central scotoma High signal both nerves Normal Atrophy both nerves 13 Central scotoma Central scotoma High signal [doi.org]

A cecocentral scotoma may be present and, if bilateral, is almost diagnostic of toxic amblyopia. Etiologic... [mdedge.com]

Hereditary Optic Atrophy

A temporal defect and a small fenestration of centrocecal scotoma were evident in the right eye and a large fenestration of centrocecal scotoma and nasal defect were noted [iovs.arvojournals.org]

Humphrey visual field test shows cecocentral scotoma in right eye and central scotoma in left eye. [eyewiki.aao.org]

However, many patients will continue to expand the size of their central scotoma which, over a period of years, produces a more profound level of blindness. [orpha.net]

Choroiditis

A patient affected by MFC complaining central visual loss and scotoma in his left eye was fully investigated with dye-based angiographies, structural OCT and OCT-A. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The additional finding of an annular scotoma and a 360° ring on indocyanine green angiography led us to make the diagnosis of presumed AZOOR. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Ten months later, the patient returned emergently with complaints of floaters in both eyes for 2 days and a new temporal scotoma in her left eye. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Macular Degeneration

This “scotoma” is permanent. Photodynamic Therapy – Medicine, called Visudyne, is injected intravenously into your body. [retinaeyedoctor.com]

Each participant will have their scotomas mapped using a Nidek MP-1 microperimeter housed in the psychology department to give ... [centerwatch.com]

There is loss of color sense and the development of scotomas (small areas of blindness). [healingtheeye.com]

Basilar Migraine

Onset of pain may be preceded by a warning (i.e., aura), often consisting of bilateral scintillating scotomas. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Most auras are visual and are described as bright shimmering lights around objects or at the edges of the field of vision (called scintillating scotomas) or zigzag lines, [healthcommunities.com]

During this stage, about one-third of patients see flashing lights, wavy lines and blank spots in their field of vision (called scotoma) for a few minutes to a few hours before [migrelief.com]

Vitreous Floaters

However, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated shadowing on either side of the fovea, consistent with the ring-like scotoma described by the patient [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Development of glaucoma requiring glaucoma surgery, a macular hole, and postoperative scotoma, each occurred in 0.9% of cases. No cases of endophthalmitis occurred. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] spectral domain OCT (Cirrus™ HD-OCT, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) (Figure 1 d-g) demonstrated shadowing on either side of the fovea (Figure 1 g), consistent with the ring-like scotoma [bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com]

Retinitis

Three months later, his corrected VA was 20/20 with relative scotoma in Amsler grid, normal color vision, no scotoma in HVF 10-2 and unchanged SDOCT findings. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A peripheral ring scotoma (detectable by visual field testing) widens gradually, and central vision may also be affected in advanced cases. [merckmanuals.com]

A month later, his VA improved to 20/20, he had relative scotoma in Amsler grid, no scotoma in HVF (10-2), restoration of the inner segment of the photoreceptors with sharp [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Migraine Equivalent

The classic scintillating scotoma with fortification spectrum is suggestive of migraine. [aao.org]

[…] visual aura started with a flickering uncolored zig-zag line in the center of the visual field and gradually progressed toward the periphery of one hemifield, often leaving a scotoma [hmsphysiology.pbworks.com]

[…] with neurologic accompaniments of migraine classified according to the following symptoms: visual accompaniments (excluding patients who had only ordinary scintillating scotoma [medlink.com]

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Measures of retinal function, such as the electroretinogram, show that photoreceptor function is diminished generally many years before symptomic night blindness, visual-field scotomas [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Visual fields normalized except for a mid-peripheral absolute concentric scotoma. Five years after discontinuation of LLLT, a relapse was observed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Goldmann visual field tests detected mid-peripheral ring scotomas. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Migraine

Photopsia, fortification spectra, and the slow propagation of a scintillating scotoma across the visual field are typical diagnostic features of the visual aura of migraine [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The experiments described here were performed when the phenomena which characterize the onset of an attack, namely, scotomas, blurring of vision, paresthesias and aphasia, [dx.doi.org]

Retinal Hemorrhage

Mathura, Jr., M.D. 3 Citing Articles A 50-year-old man presented with blurry vision and scotomas in his right eye immediately after a 2-week hiking trip in the Andes at an [nejm.org]

Blindness / Vision loss / Visual impairment Anopsia Hemianopsia binasal bitemporal homonymous Quadrantanopia subjective Asthenopia Hemeralopia Photophobia Scintillating scotoma [en.wikipedia.org]

A peripheral ring scotoma (detectable by visual field testing) widens gradually, and central vision may also be affected in advanced cases. [msdmanuals.com]

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Visual symptoms: Visual obscurations, persistent blurring, or scotomas are reported by 30 to 70 % of patients. [symptoma.com]

In addition, the monocular visual disturbances, called scotoma, and any loss of vision experienced must last less than an hour and be reversible and confirmed by a doctor's [livestrong.com]

Transient reduction of vision ('greying out') on bending or stooping, halo or a short episode of visual Catherine wheel flashes, persistent blurring, scotoma or horizontal [patient.info]

Occipital Lobe Tumor

Scotoma The Peristriate region of the occipital lobe is involved in visuospatial processing, discrimination of movement and color discrimination. [braininjury-explanation.com]

[…] visual migraine aura consisting of shimmering lights followed by a dark spot or partial loss of vision that may move across the visual field scotoma island-like gap or blind [strokecenter.org]

[…] location at the back of the brain, although any significant trauma to the brain could produce subtle changes to our visual-perceptual system, such as visual field defects and scotomas [braininjury-explanation.com]

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

VF was still affected with significant improvement and with residual scotoma left. [evrs.eu]

He continued to note a scotoma in his right eye, which had improved since the initial visit. [cureus.com]

Respiratory (nasal congestion, nosebleed, breathing difficulty) Dermatological (rash, angioedema, urticaria, pruritus, brittle fingernails) Ear and eye related (earache, scotoma [doi.org]

Temporal Arteritis

Visual disturbances include diplopia, scotomas, ptosis, blurred vision, and loss of vision (which is an ominous sign). [merckmanuals.com]

The affected eye will often show an altitudinal visual field defect, but arcuate and cecocentral scotoma’s have also been reported. [reviewofoptometry.com]

Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Central blind spots (scotomas) usually occur late in the disease and can sometimes become severe. Symptoms are usually bilateral. [msdmanuals.com]

As the disease progresses, central blind spots (scotomas) usually occur and can sometimes severely impair vision. Most people retain enough vision to read and drive. [msdmanuals.com]

The first symptom is usually visual distortion, such as a central blind spot (scotoma) or curving of straight lines (metamorphopsia). [msdmanuals.com]

Geographic Atrophy

The scotomas grow in area over time causing more central vision loss. [fightingblindness.org]

Patients with advanced GA have great difficulty in reading due to the paracentral scotomas. [spherixglobalinsights.com]

A person with geographic atrophy will see a central scotoma, a blind spot directly in their center of vision. [associatedretinaconsultants.com]

Glaucoma

nasal steps, altitudinal scotomas, focal defects e.g. paracentral scotomas (2) optic disc changes - localised or generalised thinning of the neuroretinal rim, enlargement [gpnotebook.co.uk]

These areas of defect are known as scotomas. [visionaware.org]

Some studies also indicate that poor blood flow within the eye is associated with blind spots (scotomas) that develop within the visual field, similar to those that occur [allaboutvision.com]

Ophthalmoplegic Migraine

Visual migraines result from cortical spreading depression and are also commonly termed scintillating scotoma. [en.wikipedia.org]

We explain that scotomas are blind spots in the field of vision. [en.triandgo.com]

Scintillating scotoma was consistently absent. This attack lasted for about a week and recurred every few months. [webview.isho.jp]

Posterior Cerebral Artery Thrombosis

Additionally, a migraine is characterized by a moving, scintillating scotoma, not a fixed, bilateral, homonymous field cut. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] studies also noted the predominance of visual symptoms and signs.1,2,7,10,11,15,20 The visual field defect frequently was a hemianopia or quadrantanopia, or, less frequently, scotomas [jamanetwork.com]

Retinal Detachment

RESULTS: A 41-year-old woman was referred with a 2-week history of decreased vision and scotoma in the left eye. She was in her sixth month of pregnancy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] melanoma of the choroid References:[1][2][3][4][5][6] Pathophysiology Clinical features Prodromal symptoms Floaters Flash of light (photopsia) Localized retinal detachment: scotoma [amboss.com]

[…] idiopathic, trauma, aging, tumors, inflammation; in premature infants, RD is caused by retinopathy of prematurity Clinical Progressive loss of visual field, often accompanied by scotomas [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Digitalis Toxicity

[…] delirium, confusion, disorientation) Visual changes are varied and may include chromatopsia (alterations in color vision), diplopia, photophobia, decreased visual acuity, scotomas [ucsfmed.wordpress.com]

Essential Thrombocythemia

MIAs were frequently preceded or followed by ocular ischemic events of blurred vision, scotomas, transient flashing of the eyes, and sudden transient partial blindness preceded [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] paresthesias and episodic transient ischemic attacks; transient neurologic symptoms include the following: Unsteadiness Dysarthria Dysphoria Vertigo Dizziness Migraine Syncope Scotoma [emedicine.medscape.com]

Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Ocular: Impairment of central vision; central scotoma; atrophic macular degeneration surrounded by retinal hemorrhages, resulting in mountlike lesion; exudative and atrophic [esanatos.com]

Scotoma size and reading speed in patients with subfoveal occult choroidal neovascularization in age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2003;110(1):65‐9. [cochranelibrary.com]

Masking: Participant: yes (sham procedure, but the authors stated that patients were aware of the scotoma due to the laser scar); [information provided by the authors]. [cochranelibrary.com]

Pituitary Neoplasm

The classic presentation of the visual deficit is a bitemporal hemianopsia, but central scotomas and generalized blurring of vision are sometimes the complaint. [med.virginia.edu]

Chronic Alcoholism

The anatomical basis of the caecocentral scotoma: new observations and a review. [scielo.br]

Transient Ischemic Attack

4 8 7 5 6 11 Confusion‡ 4 13 3 0 2 20 Convulsion 0 7 13 0 2 20 “Jerks,” face or hand 0 3 17 0 0 22 Vertigo 2 6 12 1 7 14 Urinary incontinence 5 6 9 1 0 21 Scintillating scotoma [doi.org]

Multiple Sclerosis

In NMO patients, 33% of patients showed both central scotoma and non-central scotoma, and 13% of patients showed non-central scotoma every time. [dx.doi.org]

Optic neuritis causes loss of vision (ranging from scotomas to blindness), eye pain during eye movement, and sometimes abnormal visual fields, a swollen optic disk, or a partial [msdmanuals.com]

Results All MS patients experienced central scotoma, with 90% of them showing central scotoma with every ON relapse. [dx.doi.org]

Cataract

Common problems of the visual field include scotoma (area of reduced vision), hemianopia (half of visual field lost), homonymous hemianopsia and bitemporal hemianopia. [en.wikipedia.org]

The problem may be confirmed with wavefront analysis. there may a type of peripheral ring scotoma (section of vision missing), an optical problem from edge of the lens implant [goodhopeeyeclinic.org.uk]

Ocular Toxoplasmosis

Confrontation visual fields revealed a central relative scotoma in the right eye and were full in the left eye. Extraocular movements were full in both eyes. [retinalphysician.com]

Scotomas are directly related to the size and location of retinochoroidal scars during the inactive stage of the parasite. [karger.com]