Smoking: Causes & Reasons

Possible Causes for Smoking

NRT should be used to aid cessation in all smokers with COPD, regardless of disease severity and number of cigarettes smoked [ 20 ]. [doi.org]

This is why smoking cessation should be the top priority in the treatment of COPD. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

smoking cessation agent, i.e. [doi.org]

Malignant Neoplasm of the Lung

Lung cancer in people who have never smoked is more common than most people think, and on the rise Historically strong, and correct, messaging on smoking and lung cancer has [rsm.ac.uk]

Sam, 37, said he is determined to keep raising awareness of lung cancer, as people misconceive that it's a smoker's illness, whereas Debbie never smoked. [dailymail.co.uk]

When you inhale cigarette smoke, which is full of cancer-causing substances (carcinogens), changes in the lung tissue begin almost immediately. [mayoclinic.org]

Unstable Angina

Abstract The aim of our study was to better understand processes of ongoing smoking or smoking cessation (quitting) following hospitalisation for myocardial infarction or [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We report a rare case of unstable angina in a young Japanese female who had a history of cigarette smoking and contraceptive use. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

35% had diabetes mellitus (DM), 22% had previous Myocardial infarction (MI), 3% had pulmonary Hypertension, 3% had uncontrolled hyperlipidemia, 40% had positive history of smoking [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Neoplasm of the Urinary Bladder

The latter need no longer be present nor need there be exposure to co-carcinogen(s), such as is associated with excess alcohol intake or cigarette smoke inhalation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

There is a linear relationship between smoking and risk, and quitting smoking reduces the risk. Passive smoking has not been proven to be involved. [checkorphan.org]

Beyond the male gender, race, and older age, cigarette smoking remains the most significant risk factor for bladder cancer. [verywell.com]

Multiple Sclerosis

64 ) Cigarette smoking and the progression of multiple sclerosis, Brain, 2005, vol. 128 Pt 6 (pg. 1461 - 5 ) Cigarette smoking and incidence of multiple sclerosis, Am J Epidemiol [academic.oup.com]

A decade after stopping smoking, there is no longer an association between smoking and MS risk [ 11 ]. [dx.doi.org]

Smoking history Patients were asked about smoking status and, if they were smokers, number of cigarette smoked per day at their first clinic visit at the time of the first [academic.oup.com]

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

[…] others; - Wear gloves before handling objects or areas contaminated by secretions or excretions; - Exercise regularly, maintain adequate rest and a balanced diet; avoid smoking [ift.edu.mo]

[…] confirmed cases of a SARS-like virus. [53] The delays in obtaining data and absence of basic information (which would usefully include: sex, age, other medical conditions and smoking [en.wikipedia.org]

He had no history of cardiopulmonary or renal disease, was receiving no long-term medications, and did not smoke. [doi.org]

Bronchitis

Pulmonary function in relation to cigarette smoking and smoking cessation. MRFIT Research Group. [doi.org]

For a given analysis (e.g. of current cigarette smoking), several definitions of RR may be acceptable (e.g. cigarette smoking, or cigarette only smoking), so, for studies [dx.doi.org]

Effects of cigarette smoking and short-term smoking cessation on airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine. [doi.org]

Acute Bronchitis

Pulmonary function in relation to cigarette smoking and smoking cessation. MRFIT Research Group. [doi.org]

For a given analysis (e.g. of current cigarette smoking), several definitions of RR may be acceptable (e.g. cigarette smoking, or cigarette only smoking), so, for studies [doi.org]

Effects of cigarette smoking and short-term smoking cessation on airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine. [doi.org]

Viral Upper Respiratory Infection

Preventive steps include: avoiding cigarette smoke avoiding crowded and enclosed spaces avoiding sharing drinking glasses and utensils cleaning and disinfecting areas that [medicalnewstoday.com]

He admits to smoking 1 ½ pack per day since age 18, although he has not smoked at all in the last 3 days. He notes he had a similar illness about 6 months ago. [medicine.uiowa.edu]

Reducing airway irritants (smoking, secondhand smoke, indoor and outdoor air pollution, cold, dry air ) that provoke coughing. [inogen.com]

Upper Respiratory Infection

Cigarette smoking can substantially increase the risk for upper respiratory infection in young men. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Cigarette smoking can substantially increase the risk for upper respiratory infection in young men. FULL TEXT [annals.org]

Reported presence of all allergy variables (PORs ranging from 2.11 to 2.45) was more strongly associated with URI-TW than either smoking or other exposures. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Gingivitis

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease pathogenesis has been associated with smoking. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

OBJECTIVE: The present study assessed the effect of smoking on clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters in an experimental gingivitis model. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Risk factors for the disease include, poor plaque removal, cigarette smoking and stress. It is advisable to visit your dentist immediately if these symptoms are present. [diabetes.co.uk]

Sinusitis

On epidemiologic grounds, some association has been found between CRS prevalence and air pollution, active cigarette smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, perennial allergic [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Top of Page Antibiotics Will Not Help if… When sinusitis is caused by a virus or irritation in the air (like cigarette smoke), antibiotics will not help it get better. [web.archive.org]

Ongoing allergies and environmental irritants (eg: cigarette smoke) may be a causative factor. [southerncross.co.nz]

Urinary Stress Incontinence

Smoking: having a chronic cough puts pressure on the pelvic floor and makes SUI worse. Stop smoking and see your GP for help dealing with the cough. [netdoctor.co.uk]

[…] both men and women include obesity, chronically raised intraabdominal pressure as found in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), urethral injury, pelvic surgery and smoking [symptoma.com]

Treatment Conservative treatment General principles of treatment of urinary incontinence Kegel exercises Lifestyle changes (e.g., weight loss, avoiding alcohol and caffeine, smoking [amboss.com]

Tonsillitis

Don't smoke and keep your child away from secondhand smoke. Keep your child up to date on their vaccines. [stlouischildrens.org]

[…] sore throats, colds or other upper respiratory infections Don't smoke, and keep your child away from secondhand smoke Keep your child up to date on his or her vaccines Diagnosis [childrensnational.org]

smoke or air pollution Stomach acids in the throat Which children are at risk for pharyngitis and tonsillitis? [childrensnational.org]

Periodontitis

Nicotine, the major component of cigarette smoke, may weaken host defenses to the bacterial invasion induced by plaque. [doi.org]

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for several diseases, and recent evidence strongly suggests an adverse effect on periodontal health. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

United States adult population that is attributable to cigarette smoking. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Metabolic Syndrome

Smoking and alcohol consumption are the other factors which lead to an increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Quitting smoking! If you smoke, quit. Smoking can increase your chances of developing high blood pressure. [netwellness.org]

Don’t smoke If you smoke, your doctor can help you make a plan to stop and give you advice on how to avoid starting again. If you don’t smoke, don’t start! [familydoctor.org]

Essential Hypertension

Environmental exposure to cigarette smoke was evaluated using a questionnaire. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

GMDR analysis indicated a potential gene-gene interaction between rs1126742 and rs3890011 and a gene-environment interaction between rs1126742 and smoking. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Stop smoking Smoking doesn't directly cause high blood pressure, but it puts you at much higher risk of a heart attack and stroke. [nhs.uk]

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Among people not using medications against reflux symptoms, there was an association between waterpipe smoking and severe [odds ratio (OR) = 1.18; 95% confidence interval [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Quit smoking. [nyulangone.org]

Cigarette smoking has been associated with symptomatic GERD. [doi.org]

Pharyngitis

Avoid smoke and other air pollutants. Smoke irritates a sore throat. At least while you're sick, stop smoking and avoid all fumes from household cleaners and paint. [web.archive.org]

Maternal smoking was more common among PFAPA syndrome patients than controls (23 vs. 14%; P = 0.005). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Sore throats can also be caused by: hay fever cigarette smoking or secondhand smoke breathing heavily polluted air or chemical fumes swallowing sharp foods that hurt the lining [wsupgdocs.org]

Esophagitis

Don't smoke. Smoking can increase stomach acid. The air you swallow while smoking may also increase the pressure in your belly. [kpjampang.com]

Lifestyle Changes for Reflux Esophagitis Avoid trigger foods that might increase your acid reflux Maintain a healthy weight Quit smoking Avoid lying down after eating [waldorfendo.com]

Smoking also increases the risk for cancer of the esophagus. Do things to help your mood and emotions. [kpjampang.com]

Oral Candidiasis

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine if smoking is an independent predictor of oral candidiasis (OC) among HIV-1 infected persons. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The presence of the candida organism was found to be significantly associated with the use of dentures, cigarette smoking, and poor glycemic control. 24 Bartholomew et al. [dentalcare.com]

Local and systemic factors such as uninterrupted daily use of a prosthesis by patients, smoking habit, as well as high glucose intake may contribute to the development of [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Substance Abuse

Abstract Toward the goal of understanding African American women who smoke crack cocaine and the family context in which their drug use occurs, this descriptive investigation [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Rohypnol see Club Drugs Safe Opioid Use Smokeless Tobacco Smoking Smoking and Youth Smoking Cessation see Quitting Smoking Smoking in Pregnancy see Pregnancy and Substance [nlm.nih.gov]

[…] see Smoking and Youth Teenage Drinking see Underage Drinking Tobacco Smoking see Smoking Tobacco, Smokeless see Smokeless Tobacco Underage Drinking Vaping see E-Cigarettes [nlm.nih.gov]

Raynaud Syndrome

To treat your symptoms, doctors will have you: Dress warmly and avoid the cold If you smoke, stop smoking If you get symptoms when excited, do biofeedback therapy or take [msdmanuals.com]

The risk factors for developing the disorder include: Existing connective tissue or autoimmune disease Cigarette smoking Alcohol use Helicobacter pylori infection, a bacterium [health.ucdavis.edu]

Symptoms happen more when you're cold and if you smoke. Emotional stress triggers symptoms in some people. [msdmanuals.com]

Raynaud Disease

Cigarette smoking contains nicotine, which is known to cause vasospasm. [podiatrynetwork.com]

The condition is aggravated my smoking. [ahni.com]

Obesity

Changes after quitting cigarette smoking. Circulation 1980 ;61: 716 - 723 22. Noppa H, Bengtsson C. [content.nejm.org]

Metabolic effects of cigarette smoking. J Appl Physiol 1992 ;72: 401 - 409 5. Perkins KA. Weight gain following smoking cessation. [content.nejm.org]

Cigarette Smoking and Tobacco Use We grouped the respondents into five categories according to their reported use of tobacco products. [content.nejm.org]

Hypertension

The researchers say this shows that the heart effects of marijuana may be even greater than the heart risks already established for cigarette smoking. [menshealth.com]

Two other new recommendations refer to smoking cessation: (1) tobacco use status should be updated regularly and advice to quit smoking should be provided; and (2) advice [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Children from poorer socioeconomic positions, those whose mothers experience pregnancy-induced hypertension, those whose mothers smoke throughout pregnancy, those with low [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Osteoporosis

Possible mechanisms by which smoking affects bone mass are reviewed. [doi.org]

Cigarette smoking. Smoking is bad for bones as well as the heart and lungs. Alcohol intake. [niams.nih.gov]

Quit smoking and cut your alcohol intake Research shows that both smoking and regularly drinking too much alcohol can lead to bone loss and increases risk of a broken bone [ageuk.org.uk]

Bronchial Asthma

Cigarette smoking impairs the therapeutic response to oral corticosteroids in chronic asthma. [dx.doi.org]

The purpose of this review is to describe the current understanding of the prevalence and adverse effects of cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) in asthmatics in [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Asthma and cigarette smoking. Eur Respir J 2004 ; 24 : 822 –33. Lange P, Parner J, Vestbo J, et al. [dx.doi.org]

Gastritis

Treating gastritis Treating gastritis begins with stopping or removing the cause, such as drinking too much alcohol or smoking. [health.harvard.edu]

Also, this side effect is dependent on the dose. smoking Smoking is considered to be a risk factor for gastropathy. some types of chemotherapy medications Autoimmune This [ada.com]

If you smoke, it is best to quit. What are the complications of gastritis? Chronic gastritis hurts your stomach lining. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

Pulmonary Emphysema

Abstract Cigarette smoking causes emphysema, a fatal disease involving extensive structural and functional damage of the lung. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

COPD is caused by chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and/or other environmental pollutants that are believed to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that gradually disrupt [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We examined the role of TLR4 in regulating cigarette smoke (CS)-induced autophagy, apoptosis, and emphysema. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]