Spongiosis: Causes & Reasons

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Possible Causes for spongiosis

Leigh's Disease

In early stage neuropil is damaged by spongiosis, followed by capillary proliferation, astrogliosis, and increased numbers of macrophages. [hindawi.com]

The lesions take on different forms, including areas of demyelination, spongiosis, gliosis, necrosis, and capillary proliferation. [7] Demyelination is the loss of the myelin [en.wikipedia.org]

The lesions take on different forms, including areas of demyelination, spongiosis, gliosis, necrosis, and capillary proliferation.[7] Demyelination is the loss of the myelin [en.wikipedia.org]

Zinc-Responsive Necrolytic Acral Erythema

Histopathology mostly showed hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, prominent granular layer, spongiosis and dermal infiltrate. [ingentaconnect.com]

A lesional biopsy revealed hyperkeratosis, psoriasiform acanthosis, spongiosis, normal granular layer and minimal perivascular mononuclear infiltrate [Figure 3]. [ijdvl.com]

Psoriasis can be easily excluded clinically by the absence of silvery white scales and Auspitz sign, and histopathologically by the absence of dyskeratotic cells and spongiosis [idoj.in]

Pemphigus Vegetans

The cases of these two patients were compared with a typical case of eosinophilic spongiosis. All were controlled with dapsone therapy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] intraepidermal eosinophilic abscess cavities have been shown to be due to accumulation of eosinophils in dilated acrosyringia, but their formation from acantholysis and spongiosis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In addition to eosinophilic spongiosis, we also found suprabasal acantholysis (Figure 2). [clinmedjournals.org]

Papular Urticaria

Features that presented in more than 50% of cases included mild acanthosis, mild spongiosis, exocytosis of lymphocytes, mild subepidermal edema, extravasation of erythrocytes [scholar.sun.ac.za]

Papular urticaria with marked spongiosis and a dense inflammatory cell infiltrate cannot be reliably distinguished from arthropod bites on clinical and histopathologic grounds [scholar.sun.ac.za]

Parapsoriasis

Spongiosis was the salient histopathologic feature, with absence of fibrosis or melanophages. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Histopathologic examination reveals a mild superficial perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate associated with mild spongiosis and parakeratosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Histologic study revealed a lymphocytic perivascular infiltrate that occasionally involved the epidermis in foci, resulting in focal spongiosis, mild acanthosis, and focal [jamanetwork.com]

Erythema Annulare Centrifugum

Histopathologically, some findings were much more common in the superficial type (eg, spongiosis, parakeratosis, crusts, edema of the papillary dermis, epidermal hyperplasia [doi.org]

In addition to a superficial perivascular infiltrates, epidermal changes like parakeratosis and spongiosis are also found in the superficial form. [e-ijd.org]

Skin biopsy showed mild hyperkeratosis, mild spongiosis and sparse perivascular mononuclear cellular infiltrate in the upper dermis. [omicsonline.org]

Insect Bite

Vesicular lesions were characterized by marked spongiosis and intraepidermal spongiotic vesicles containing eosinophils, or marked subepidermal edema occasionally leading [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Figure 8 (A) Epidermal spongiosis and intraepidermal vesicular formation in acute spongiotic dermatitis. [doi.org]

Skin biopsy can be suggestive if it shows central punctum, eosinophilic spongiosis, and a wedge-shaped mixed dermal infiltrate distributed around the sweat ducts/glands. [dermnetnz.org]

Esophagitis Medicamentosa

[…] of photoallergy. 3%), Focal acanthosis in 48 cases (80%), Spongiosis in 38 cases (63. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Histology is non-specific and shows focal spongiosis and exocytosis in the epidermis with a mixed dermal inflammatory infiltrate. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

The team also observed basal cell and papillary hyperplasia and areas of spongiosis, even though the surface cells were still intact. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis

Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis of Ofuji is a recalcitrant disease typified by non-infective eosinophilic spongiosis involving the infundibular region of the hair follicle [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A biopsy specimen obtained from a skin pustule showed subcorneal eosinophilic and neutrophilic pustules in the follicular infundibulum with marked spongiosis of the follicular [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The histologic features of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis include intercellular edema (spongiosis) of the follicular epithelium and infiltration of the outer root sheath [nejm.org]

Vulvitis

Figure 2: Mucosa epithelium with neutrophilic spongiosis and an underlying band-like infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and numerous plasma cells. [omicsonline.org]

Microscopic Features: Squamous epithelium with: [2] Spongiosis. Lack of stratum granulosum and stratum corneum layers. "Lozenge"-shaped (diamond-like shape). [librepathology.org]

Zoon vulvitis histopathological examination before treatment shows a epidermal thinning, presence of distinctive lozenge-shaped keratinocytes with sparse dyskeratosis and spongiosis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pityriasis Circinata

Intraepidermal cytoid body may be present Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis occasionally documented Also lymphohistiocytic infiltrate around vessels of superficial plexus and slight spongiosis [pathologyoutlines.com]

Focal parakeratosis in mounds, hyperplasia, and focal spongiosis are observed in the epidermis. [statpearls.com]

The epidermis may show exocytosis of lymphocytes, variable spongiosis, mild acanthosis, and a thinned granular layer. [statpearls.com]

Chronic Actinic Dermatitis

[…] months' duration; (2) decreased phototest results; and (3) when available, histologic changes of a dermal infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages, with or without epidermal spongiosis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Skin biopsies demonstrated eczematous features including parakeratosis, acanthosis, spongiosis, and prominent dermal fibroplasia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Dermatitis Vegetans

Archives of Dermatology 123(3): 393, 396-7, 1987 Pemphigus vegetans (Hallopeau) with eosinophilic spongiosis--successful retinoid therapy. [eurekamag.com]

Five patterns of spongiosis : 1. Neutrophilic spongiosis (where there are neutrophils within foci of spongiosis) Example- Pustular Psoriasis 2. [histopathology-india.net]

In both cases, histology revealed eosinophilic spongiosis with eosinophilic microabscesses and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. Direct immunofluorescence was negative. [link.springer.com]

Pityriasis Alba

Histologic evaluation of biopsy specimens of PA showed consistent spongiosis, follicular spongiosis, focal parakeratosis and acanthosis in the epidermis together with a superficial [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] variant of seborrheic dermatitis or atopic dermatitis Possibly caused by Pityrosporum infection Histologic Features: Hyperkeratosis with patchy parakeratosis Mild acanthosis Spongiosis [dermpedia.org]

Cutaneous Pseudolymphoma

[…] erythematous macule of the size of a guinea over the left cheek, is presented in a 7-year-old girl, the diagnosis of which was complimented by lymphocytic exocytosis with spongiosis [ijpd.in]

•Acanthosis •Minimal spongiosis •Epidermotropic lymphocytes 14. [de.slideshare.net]

Hyperkeratosis with parakeratosis, acanthosis, spongiosis and exocytosis with Pautrier-like micro-abscesses in the epidermis. [medicaljournals.se]

Mycosis

Epidermotropism without spongiosis 2. [jaoa.org]

The incidence of LCM in MF is not entirely unexpected because spongiosis may be present in MF; a study of early (patch) MF showed 4% of MF had marked spongiosis.12 Notably [archivesofpathology.org]

Absent to minimal spongiosis (helpful in the differential diagnosis with eczematous disorders, which may be indistinguishable from MF at this stage) Plaque stage: Dense band-like [dermpedia.org]

Dermatitis

Histologically, spongiosis and exocytosis are much more marked in ACD than in pompholyx. [hindawi.com]

Biopsy of the right neck showed spongiosis, mild uneven psoriasiform hyperplasia, and a superficial perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes with eosinophils (H&E, original [mdedge.com]

Histologically, lymphocytes extravasate into the dermis and then migrate into the epidermis, triggering intercellular epidermal edema (spongiosis), hyperproliferation, thickening [merckmanuals.com]

Miliaria

[…] within stratum corneu Miliaria rubra: intraepidermal spongiotic vesicle In both variants, lesion is centered around an intraepidermal eccrine sweat duct Miliaria profunda: spongiosis [pathologyoutlines.com]

[…] of ductal blockage Pathogenesis Sweat goes into the epidermis and upper dermis causing inflammation around the pores Clinical Pruritic or prickly small papules Histology Spongiosis [dermpathdiagnostics.com]

Miliaria rubra displays epidermal spongiosis with parakeratosis and vesicles in the epidermis communicating with the eccrine duct. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Plasma Cell Gingivitis

"Lozenge" keratinocytes, "watery" spongiosis, and exocytosis were seen in the epidermis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

“Lozenge” keratinocytes, “watery” spongiosis, and exocytosis were seen in the epidermis. [mdedge.com]

The histopathologic appearance is characterized by diffuse, sub-epithelial plasma cell inflammatory infiltration into the connective tissue. [3] The epithelium shows spongiosis [en.wikipedia.org]

Acrodermatitis Continua of Hallopeau

Spongiosis with neutrophilic infiltration and microabscess formation were prominent. The dermis showed perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate (Figure 2A and 2B). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Photomicrograph showing hyperplastic squamous epithelium with focal mild spongiosis and parakeratosis associated with scaly crust formation containing numerous neutrophils [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A skin punch biopsy was taken and revealed psoriasiform hyperplasia, parakeratosis containing numerous neutrophils (Munro-like microabscesses), and focal spongiosis with absent [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Bloch Sulzberger Syndrome

Anatomopathological exam: Intraepidermal vesicles (H&E, 40x) Anatomopathological exam: Spongiosis and numerous eosinophils inside of the intraepidermal vesicle (H&E, 100x) [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] of lower right limb A) Vesicular-Bullous lesions on posterior face of lower left limb B) Lesions on lateral face of lower right limb The anatomopathological exam revealed spongiosis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome

The histopathologic findings are nonspecific and include focal parakeratosis, mild spongiosis, superficial perivascular infiltrate, papillary dermal edema, and extravasated [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

All biopsy specimens showed minimal epidermal spongiosis with marked papillary dermal edema. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Contact Dermatitis

(impetiginization) Clinical images Images hosted on other servers: Linear demarcation due to textile dyes Due to hair dye Microscopic (histologic) description Extensive spongiosis [pathologyoutlines.com]

Histologically, spongiosis and exocytosis are much more marked in ACD than in pompholyx. [hindawi.com]

Histopathology Contact irritant dermatitis presents with mild spongiosis, epidermal cell necrosis, and neutrophilic infiltration of the epidermis, while in allergic contact [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Melhem-Fahl Syndrome

Myoshi type Muscular dystrophy limb-girdle with beta-sarcoglycan deficiency Muscular dystrophy limb-girdle with delta-sarcoglyan deficiency Muscular dystrophy white matter spongiosis [mindmappedia.com]

Esophagitis

[…] in the esophageal squamous mucosa (termed Peripapillary Lymphocytosis), 2) little to no i ntraepithelial granulocytes within these areas of focus and 3) the presence of spongiosis [omicsonline.org]

[…] in 2006 as a novel subset of chronic esophagitis. [52] Histologically, it is characterized by dense intraepithelial lymphocytosis in the peripapillary region along with spongiosis [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] on a combination of histologic findings as diagnostic of reflux esophagitis, namely hyperplasia of the basal cell layer and the papillae, eosinophils, and more recently spongiosis [journals.lww.com]

Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy

The histologic findings are nonspecific and may include spongiosis, a lymphohistiocytic perivascular infiltrate, papillary edema, and occasional eosinophils. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Results of skin biopsy, if performed, reveal nonspecific changes with some inflammation and infiltrates around the vasculature, spongiosis and the presence of eosinophils. [aocd.org]

Keratolytic Winter Erythema

Skin biopsy reveals an epidermal spongiosis with clefting in the stratum corneum, followed by regrowth. [orpha.net]

Pemphigus

Histopathological examination demonstrated spongiosis and intraepidermal vesicles in the mid or subcorneal epidermis in some biopsy specimen, with neutrophil and eosinophil [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Histopathological examination revealed subepidermal bullae and eosinophilic spongiosis. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated linear IgA deposits at the epidermal BMZ. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] affected with a discrete acantholytic bullae containing rounded, acantholytic keratinocytes and few inflammatory cells Stratum corneum may be denuded Often eosinophilic spongiosis [pathologyoutlines.com]

Hydroa Vacciniforme-Like Lymphoma

Shave biopsy shows epidermal spongiosis, vesiculation and necrosis accompanied by an atypical lymphoid infiltrate and scattered neutrophils and eosinophils Lymphocytic infiltrate [pathologyoutlines.com]

There is acanthosis, spongiosis and a superficial dermal perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate. [e-immunohistochemistry.info]

Histology of hydroa vacciniforme In hydroa vacciniforme, sections show epidermal spongiosis, vesiculation and necrosis overlying a dense dermal infiltrate (figure 1). [dermnetnz.org]

2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria

Nonetheless, demyelination and spongiosis surrounded this structure. [doi.org]

The postmortem neuropathological findings showed spongiosis and cystic cavitations in subcortical white matter, with minimal abnormalities of the basal ganglia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathological examination of the brain in the oldest patient, who died at the age of 30 years, showed bilateral and diffuse spongiosis with notable cystic cavitations of the [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]