Prepare for the USMLE Step 1 with clinical case presentations, highlighted in special boxes, that demonstrate how embryology concepts relate to clinical practice. [books.google.com]

In support of his argument is the fact that in most of the reported cases, the clavicular portion of the muscle is present while the sternocostal portion of pectoralis m ajor and minor is absent. [pubs.rsna.org]

It is characterized by a variable clinical picture, while all the potential symptoms are rarely present in a single patient. [austinpublishinggroup.com]

Stage of breast development Status of the latissimus dorsi muscle – Present or absent or hypoplastic Extraocular movements – to look for associated Mobius syndrome. [boneandspine.com]

• Surgical Procedure

  This surgical procedure is recommended for large anterior chest wall defects, and it prevents paradoxical movement. Moreover it provides for individual remodeling of the defect depending on the shape of the patient's chest. [archbronconeumol.org]

  It is a safe, reliable technique that yields excellent results in a single surgical procedure that is always done extrathoracically and is minimally invasive. [anatomikmodeling.com]

  Mild cases usually present during adolescence, when development of the contralateral muscle and/or breast accentuates the deformity. 3 Treatment options include conservative management and surgical procedures such as autologous fat injections and muscle [consultant360.com]

  Aetna considers bracing and surgical procedures to correct pectus carinatum cosmetic because this deformity does not cause physiologic disturbances from compression of the heart or lungs. [aetna.com]

• Asymmetry of the Chest

  Plain radiograph On chest radiographs, Poland syndrome is one of the classic causes for a unilateral hyperlucent hemithorax, and should be considered when other causes do not explain asymmetry of the chest. [radiopaedia.org]

  […] deformity and breast asymmetry. [12] Three main determinants influence the timing and options for reconstruction: breast development, existence of a latissimus dorsi muscle, and degree of chest wall deformity. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Degree 1: minor deformity due to hypoplasia of the greater pectoral muscle and moderate hypoplasia of the mammary gland, leading to asymmetry in the mammary glands in women and barely noticeable asymmetry in the chest of men. [journals.eco-vector.com]

  Reconstruction of breast asymmetry in Poland's chest-wall deformity using microvascular free flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99(2):429-436. Martinazzoli A, Cangemi V, Baccarini AE, et al. Poland syndrome. [aetna.com]

• Pleural Effusion

  MDCT revealed pleural effusion, compression atelectasis, minimally deplaced and fragmented fractures of the ribs II to V on the right hemithorax. [ccij-online.org]

• Heart Disease

  disease TWD Suggests: A Rolling Briefcase To Ease Muscle Soreness Carrying a heavy briefcase day after day is not good for neck, shoulder, arm, upper back and chest muscles. [thewellnessdigest.com]

  […] murmur or known heart disease is present to define the relationship of the cardiac problem to the sternal deformity; a nd A CT scan of the chest demonstrates a pectus index, derived from dividing the transverse diameter of the chest by the anterior-posterior [aetna.com]

• Alopecia

  Dermatologic anomalies include: pectoral and axillary alopecia, absence of sweat glands and anhidrosis (9). [medichub.ro]

  […] of the costosternal portion of the pectoralis major muscle, lack of the pectoralis minor muscle), hypoplasia/aplasia of breast or nipple, deficiency of subcutaneous fat, aplasia or deformity of the costal cartilages or ribs II to IV or III to V and alopecia [jcnonweb.com]

• Brachydactyly

  GENERAL EXAMINATION: - Alert, Co-operative -Head,Hair,Eyes,Ear : Normal -Oral Cavity ,Palate : Normal -Neck, Skin : Normal Rt Hand: Brachydactyly Nails: Atrophic Nails in Rt hand 9. [slideshare.net]

  Brachydactyly and hypoplasia of the hand were also present. X-ray examination of the hand disclosed absence of all the distal phalanges of all the fingers but not of the thumb, as well as absence of the right pectoralis major muscle (Fig. 2). [pubs.rsna.org]

  […] the pectoralis major muscle, a major chest muscle that normally attaches to the upper arm on one side and the breastbone (or sternum) on the other side A combination of abnormalities that occur in the hand termed as symbrachydactyly, which includes Brachydactyly [dovemed.com]

  […] presentation is variable and can include any or all of the following: the absence of the pectoralis major or minor, hypoplasia of subcutaneous tissue, hypoplasia or absence of the breast or nipple, and ipsilateral hypoplastic hand with or without syndactyly or brachydactyly [consultant360.com]

  […] distal parts or Rhizomelic micromelia Presence of a simian crease on the affected part Asymmetry of the upper limb Presence of abnormality in the GI tract Rib dumbness that is abnormal Absence of pectoral muscles Brachysyndactyly(short fused fingers( or brachydactyly [syndromespedia.com]

• Chest Deformity

  Degree 3: severe chest deformity due to aplasia of the breast, greater pectoral muscle, and other muscles of the chest. There is aplasia of the ribs and deformity of the sternum. [journals.eco-vector.com]

  The results showed a significant decrease in self-esteem among patients with chest deformities. [consultant360.com]

  Male Patients Chest deformity can be reconstructed with the latissimus dorsi muscle as early as age 13 years. Rib abnormalities if severe, need to be addressed. [boneandspine.com]

  They usually require surgical treatment for chest deformity and breast asimmetry. The surgical options and timing of the intervention depend on breast development, degree of chest wall deformity and the existence of latissmus dorsi. [medichub.ro]

  As for the chest deformity, customized silicone prosthesis is simply and securely used. [mjdrdypu.org]

• Hand Deformity

  Abnormality affecting both sides may also be witnessed in very rare cases (bilateral condition) In short, hand deformity and underdevelopment of the chest, on the same side of the body are the main manifestations of Poland Syndrome. [dovemed.com]

  Poland noted the chest wall deformity, and this was illustrated in his article; the hand was also dissected and preserved for posterity in Guy's Hospital museum where it remains today. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Poland did not outline the breast hypoplasia or hand deformities in his original description. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Myopathy

  Mol-Cell-Biol. 2001 Mar; 21(5): 1682-7 Finsterer,-J; Stollberger,-C Cardiac involvement in primary myopathies. [malattierare.regione.veneto.it]

  The boy was referred to a neurological clinic for suspected myopathy. The boy’s parents reported that the strength of his hands was normal and that there was no limitation in daily activities. [ispub.com]

• Small Hand

  Spectrum of abnormalities includes: aplasia or hypoplasia of pectoralis major (most common) pectoralis minor ipsilateral 2 nd to 5 th ribs ipsilateral breast or nipple upper limb abnormalities small hand and brachysyndactyly 6 simian crease of affected [radiopaedia.org]

• Hypertelorism

  The syndrome is characterized by Widely spaced eyes or ocular hypertelorism Broad nose and small mouth Cleft palate Micrognathia – small jaw Facial nerve paralysis in some cases Absent or cone-shaped front incisors Asymmetric abnormalities of the fingers [boneandspine.com]

  […] may be associated. 6 Apert’s syndrome is an autosomal-dominant disorder with clinical findings of severe developmental disturbances of the craniofacial region, including bilateral coronal synostosis associated with midface hypoplasia, exophthalmia, hypertelorism [aafp.org]

  Paradoxical movement of the right hemithorax and hypertelorism were also observed. He reported retrosternal pain on deep inspiration, fatigue and mild dyspnea on exertion. Cardiopulmonary auscultation revealed a non-displaced apex beat. [archbronconeumol.org]

• Pierre Robin Syndrome

  Although rare, an association with Möbius syndrome has been described (thus Poland-Möbius syndrome ) 3,5 as well as with morning glory syndrome 5 and Pierre-Robin syndrome 5. [radiopaedia.org]

• Pleural Effusion

  MDCT revealed pleural effusion, compression atelectasis, minimally deplaced and fragmented fractures of the ribs II to V on the right hemithorax. [ccij-online.org]

Variable anomalies in Poland’s syndrome cause that there is no uniform treatment schedule. The aim of this study is to present different types of hand anomalies in patients with Poland’s syndrome and own experience of its treatment. [austinpublishinggroup.com]

Treatment of Poland Syndrome Many patients may not seek he treatment. The treatment of Poland Syndrome would depend on the specific symptoms. Generally, the patients present for treatment of the chest deformity and breast asymmetry. [boneandspine.com]

There are various opinions on the timing to start treatment of patients with Poland syndrome. [journals.eco-vector.com]

General Practice Notebook General Practice Notebook The information provided herein should not be used for diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. [gpnotebook.co.uk]

The prognosis is very good with appropriate surgical intervention and physical therapy. [dovemed.com]

Prognosis Prognosis is good for children who undergo surgical reconstruction of the chest wall. Prognosis is also good if early and proper treatment is done. [syndromespedia.com]

Treatment and prognosis The condition is benign and depending on the degree of involvement of the upper extremity may be asymptomatic. Cosmetic reconstructive surgery may be considered (e.g. breast implant). [radiopaedia.org]

Discussion Various theories have been advanced concerning the etiology of pectoral muscle defects. It is congenital, yet heredity apparently does not play an important role. Lewis (5) attributes the anomaly to an embryologic defect. [pubs.rsna.org]

Discussion The exact etiology of Poland's sequence is unknown. The male-female ratio is 3:1. In 75% of cases, right side is affected. [ijdvl.com]

The etiology of this syndrome is obscure, although two pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed. [aafp.org]

The exact etiology of PS is unknown. Embryologically, at 6 th week of gestation, the pectoral mass splits into a clavicular head and a costal head. [jcnonweb.com]

Etiology: Sporadic interruption of the early embryonic blood supply in the subclavian arteries ... Several familial cases have been described ... BREASTS AND NIPPLES, ABSENCE OF Victor A. [ibis-birthdefects.org]

This is mainly due to its ability to achieve previously unachievable quality of reconstruction with minimal scarring. [14] Epidemiology [ edit ] Poland syndrome affects males three times as often as females and affects the right side of the body twice [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] of serratus, external oblique, pectoralis minor, latissimus dorsi, [1] infraspinatus, and supraspinatus muscles Total absence of anterolateral ribs and herniation of lung Symphalangism with syndactyly and hypoplasia or aplasia of the middle phalanges Epidemiology [emedicine.medscape.com]

This surgical procedure is recommended for large anterior chest wall defects, and it prevents paradoxical movement. Moreover it provides for individual remodeling of the defect depending on the shape of the patient's chest. [archbronconeumol.org]

This herniation can lead to a flail chest, and this must be prevented by repairing the chest wall. A chest wall repair would stabilize the chest and prevent any herniation. [syndromespedia.com]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Intersex (Medical Encyclopedia) [ Read More ] [icdlist.com]

Please find comprehensive information on Poland Syndrome regarding definition, distribution, risk factors, causes, signs & symptoms, diagnosis, complications, treatment, prevention, prognosis, and additional useful information HERE. [dovemed.com]

The disturbance of the blood supply is due to thrombus or embolus, which prevent the blood to arrive at the developing tissue. [mjdrdypu.org]