Acute cystitis with no subsequent complications causes typical symptomatology that may even be diagnosed without a visit to the doctor [9]. Symptoms include:

• Dysuria
• Frequent need of urination
• Urgency
• Hematuria, altered smell.

The presence of complications is diagnosed if other symptoms are present, such as fever and nausea, chills, abdominal or back pain and vaginal discharge.

• Recurrent Infection

  Comparing cycloserine with sulphadimidine, no significant differences in symptomatic, persistent, or recurrent infections were noted. [dx.doi.org]

  […] tract abnormalities are uncommon even in those patients with recurrent infections. [patient.info]

  Recurrent infections can be due to bacterial persistence or re-infections. [doi.org]

• Burning Pain

  Typical symptoms are a burning pain during and immediately after urination, unusually urgent or frequent urinations, low-grade fever, and lower back pain. [britannica.com]

  It was found that people who took antibiotics felt better a lot sooner: The pain and burning went away very quickly – usually within one to three days. [informedhealth.org]

  Symptoms People who have cystitis have to pass urine more often, and this can be associated with a stinging and burning pain. So not only do they have to go to the bathroom more frequently, but doing so can also be very unpleasant. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Urethral syndrome is a term coined for the presence of classic symptoms of urinary tract infection: dysuria (burning, pain, stinging, or other unpleasant sensations on urination), urgency, and frequency, without significant bacteriuria. [microbiologybook.org]

• Low Fever

  These symptoms include a frequent urge to urinate even after you have emptied your bladder, a burning sensation when urinating, strong-smelling urine, cloudy urine, sensation of pressure, bladder fullness, or pain of the lower back or abdomen, a low fever [belmarrahealth.com]

  The symptoms of a bladder infection include: Cloudy or bloody urine Strong or foul-smelling urine Low fever (not everyone will have a fever) Pain or burning with urination Pressure or cramping in the lower middle abdomen or back Strong need to urinate [medlineplus.gov]

  Top of Page Signs and Symptoms Common symptoms for a bladder infection include: Pain or burning while urinating Frequent urination Feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder Low fever (less than 101 °F) Cloudy or bloody urine Pressure [web.archive.org]

  Symptoms of cystitis can include: frequent urge to urinate urge to urinate after you’ve emptied your bladder cloudy or strong-smelling urine a low fever if in combination with a UTI blood in your urine pain during sexual intercourse sensations of pressure [healthline.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  Acute infections of the bladder occur when bacteria enter the urethra or bladder and grow out of control, causing symptoms including a burning sensation during urination, abdominal pain and bloody or cloudy urine. [livestrong.com]

  Definition / general A clinical diagnosis, usually with a triad of frequency, lower abdominal pain and dysuria (pain or burning during urination) There is usually no surgical specimen for acute cystitis, although it may be a finding in a specimen obtained [pathologyoutlines.com]

  Useful for early abdominal pain and dysentery. As an expectorant and cough. Raphanus Sativus extract (Lobak) 25 mg Hemidesmus indiscus extract 25 mg Cures indigestion. Increases appetite. Relieves fever. Treats skin diseases and ulcers or sores. [ayurvedaav-indonesia.com]

  The most common symptoms of acute cystitis include: • Burning or pain when urinating • Cloudy, bloody or odd-smelling urine • Frequent and sometimes intense urges to urinate • Lower back or abdominal pain • An inability to urinate despite the urge to [cblpath.com]

  […] in the side, back, or groin Flushed, warm, or reddened skin Mental changes or confusion (in older people, these symptoms often are the only signs of a UTI) Nausea and vomiting Very bad abdominal pain (sometimes) Most of the time, you will need to provide [nlm.nih.gov]

• Suprapubic Pain

  Signs of cystitis (Contrast with Pyelonephritis) Afebrile Suprapubic Pain No Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness VIII. [fpnotebook.com]

  Suprapubic pain Cloudy urine or hematuria Complication: Ascension of the pathogens with pyelonephritis, risk factors are vesicoureteral reflux and UTI in pregnancy. [urology-textbook.com]

  Presentation The presenting features of lower urinary tract infection include frequent urination or an urgent need to urinate, dysuria, suprapubic pain and turbid or foul smelling urine. Fever and non-specific lower back pain may be present. [doi.org]

  Symptoms of urgency, frequency, urinary burning, and suprapubic pain drive most women to the ED in search of a cure. No women will eschew an ED visit after the first episodes of bright red urine or the stinging and burning of dysuria. [journals.lww.com]

  The following factors have been established from clinical studies ( 7, 8 ): • Dysuria, pollakisuria, nycturia (↑) • Present or increased incontinence (↑) • Macrohematuria (↑) • Suprapubic pain (↑) • “Offensive” smell, turbid urine (↑) • Prior infections [dx.doi.org]

• Acute Abdomen

  Patients with abdominal pain or tenderness are evaluated for other causes of an acute abdomen. Most adults do not require assessment for structural abnormalities unless the following occur: The patient has ≥ 2 episodes of pyelonephritis. [merckmanuals.com]

• Muscle Spasm

  In spinal injured patients, relevant symptoms should be unexplained by other inter‐current pathology and include: fever, autonomic dysreflexia, increased frequency of muscle spasms or spasticity, failure of usual control of urinary incontinence and new [dx.doi.org]

• Sweating

  Pain or burning with urination Pressure or cramping in the lower abdomen or back Strong need to urinate often, even right after the bladder has been emptied If the infection spreads to your kidneys, symptoms may include: Chills and shaking or night sweats [nlm.nih.gov]

  Warning signs for a kidney infection include flank or lower back pain, high fever (101 °F or above), nausea or vomiting, mental status changes, chills, or night sweats. [web.archive.org]

  Allowing your genital area to be exposed to air helps to cut down on sweating and moisture build up that can contribute to the growth of unwanted bacteria.[24] 6 Avoid some feminine products. [wikihow.com]

• Feeling of Relaxation

  It's got enough of a scent to make you feel calm, relaxed, and in the mood for love, but not enough to knock you out. It's all about the aromatherapy effect here!. We also have kids. So i was also worried about how to hid it from them. [riset.unisma.ac.id]

• Dysuria

  Identifiers of acute uncomplicated cystitis are frequency and dysuria in an immunocompetent woman of childbearing age who has no comorbidities or urologic abnormalities. Physical examination is typically normal or positive for suprapubic tenderness. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Definition / general A clinical diagnosis, usually with a triad of frequency, lower abdominal pain and dysuria (pain or burning during urination) There is usually no surgical specimen for acute cystitis, although it may be a finding in a specimen obtained [pathologyoutlines.com]

  Signs and Symptoms Irritable bladder symptoms: dysuria, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, sometimes urge incontinence. [urology-textbook.com]

  They should be evaluated for noninfectious causes of dysuria. [merckmanuals.com]

• Hematuria

  hematuria N3031Trigonitis with hematuria N3080Other cystitis without hematuria N3081Other cystitis with hematuria N3090Cystitis, unspecified without hematuria N3091Cystitis, unspecified with hematuria N340Urethral abscess N342Other urethritis N343Urethral [cms.gov]

  N30.1 Interstitial cystitis (chronic) N30.10 …… without hematuria N30.2 Other chronic cystitis N30.20 …… without hematuria N30.30 …… without hematuria Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM [icd10data.com]

  Convert to ICD-10-CM : 595.0 converts approximately to: 2015/16 ICD-10-CM N30.00 Acute cystitis without hematuria Or: 2015/16 ICD-10-CM N30.01 Acute cystitis with hematuria Approximate Synonyms Acute cystitis (bladder infection) in pregnancy, before birth [icd9data.com]

  Signs of a bladder infection are pyuria, bacteriuria, hematuria or a positive nitrite test. [urology-textbook.com]

  Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Features • Hematuria: most common finding (50%) • Typical triad (hematuria, flank pain, palpable abdominal mass) found only in 10% • Nonspecific symptoms common, often found accidentally (“internist’s tumor”) • Paraneoplastic [slideshare.net]

• Urinary Incontinence

  Burkhard, EAU Guidelines on Assessment and Nonsurgical Management of Urinary Incontinence, European Urology, (2018). [oadoi.org]

  Some common ones are Cystitis - inflammation of the bladder, often from an infection Urinary incontinence - loss of bladder control Overactive bladder - a condition in which the bladder squeezes urine out at the wrong time Interstitial cystitis - a chronic [icdlist.com]

  […] in urgency urinary incontinence. [doi.org]

• Urinary Urgency

  감염내과/요로감염 2019. 10. 4. 23:34 Acute cystitis Dysuria, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, suprapubic pain은 급성방광염의 전형적인 임상 증상입니다. Fever, chills, rigors, 전신질환의 증상은 급성방광염과는 맞지 않으며 신우신염이나 UTI 합병증 가능성이 있습니다. [tistorysjloveu2.tistory.com]

  Clinical Presentation of Acute Cystitis Patients with acute cystitis complain of irritative lower urinary tract symptoms i.e. burning micturition (dysuria), urinary urgency, and frequency. [lecturio.com]

  Signs and Symptoms Irritable bladder symptoms: dysuria, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, sometimes urge incontinence. [urology-textbook.com]

  Classic symptoms include dysuria, frequent voiding of small volumes, and urinary urgency. Hematuria and suprapubic discomfort are less common. [cdc.gov]

  The disorder is characterized by urinary urgency, frequency, dysuria, suprapubic discomfort and, in some patients, a low-grade fever. Gross hematuria may also be evident. [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Urinary Retention

  […] catheters (Medical Encyclopedia) Urinary Retention - NIH (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) [ Read More ] Urine and Urination Your kidneys make urine by filtering wastes and extra water from your blood. [icdlist.com]

  retention, which needs further workup Differential Diagnosis: Acute Cystitis Men Urethritis and prostatitis, again usually distinguished by physical exam Cystitis in men is rare and usually means pathologic process such as stone, prostatitis or urinary [quizlet.com]

  Information from six trials suggested that fewer people needed to be re‐catheterised for urinary retention if a suprapubic catheter was used instead of a urethral one. [dx.doi.org]

  […] tract infections, which may lead to Acute Cystitis Urinary retention, when an individual is unable to drain-off urine completely from the bladder, due to a variety of causes. [dovemed.com]

The diagnosis of acute cystitis is accomplished primarily via the patient's symptom reporting and a dipstick testing. Patients are expected to report dysuria, urgency and frequent urination, whereas the physical examination reveals no abnormal findings, apart from 15% of the cases, which present with tenderness in the suprapubic area [10]. A dipstick testing is the first choice to confirm a suspected uncomplicated cystitis and should reveal leukocyte esterase and nitrites. The usual procedure involves urine collected after washing of the urogenital area and specifically urine from the middle of the stream; however, studies have shown that even if the procedure is not followed, i.e. in emergency cases, there is no contamination that would render the results falsely positive [11].

Further assessment with a urine culture and imaging is not necessary and is reserved from patients who suffer from recurrent cystitis, those who do not respond to treatment and for patients with a suspected complicated acute cystitis.  

• Pyuria

  Empirical antibiotic treatment of acute cystitis in women without testing for pyuria promotes unnecessary antibiotic use. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Non-infectious causes of pyuria (sterile pyuria) are discussed below. The nitrite test is used to screen for significant bacteriuria. [microbiologybook.org]

  Acute urethral syndrome, which occurs in women, is a syndrome involving dysuria, frequency, and pyuria (dysuria-pyuria syndrome), which thus resembles cystitis. [merckmanuals.com]

The treatment of acute, uncomplicated cystitis in women of any age is usually empirical. Possible antibiotic choices include [12]:

• Nitrofurantoin monohydrate. It should not be administered if the patient is suspected to suffer from complications such as pyelonephritis or if the patient exhibits creatinine clearance less than 60 mL per min.
• TMP-SMX (Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). If the patient has already been treated with the agent, its use is not recommended, unless the bacterial strain responsible for the cystitis is known to be sensitive to TMP-SMX. Trimethoprim may be used as an equivalent drug [13].
• Fosfomycin. Should not be administered if the patient is suspected to suffer from pyelonephritis.
• Fluoroquinolones. They are used when the aforementioned antibiotics are contraindicated but should be reserved for severer infections.
• Pivmecillinam. An antibiotic of the penicillin class, it is less effective than fluoroquinolones or TMP-SMX but it has low rates of resistance [14].

There are various criteria that a physician should bear in mind before making the choice of an appropriate antibiotic treatment. Antimicrobials are chosen based on studies concerning local resistance prevalence, cost, previous treatments, hypersensitivity and the ability to adhere to a treatment plan. Fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and pivmecillinam are unable to reach a therapeutic concentration in the kidneys and are therefore rejected when a patient is suspected to be suffering from pyelonephritis.

Acute cystitis is a frequent urinary tract infection with excellent prognosis after appropriate antibiotic treatment is administered [8].

Acute cystitis is an infection of the lower urinary tract. The most common pathogens are:

• E. coli. It is responsible for up to 90% of bladder infections.
• Klebsiella spp.
• Proteus spp.
• Staphylococcus saprophyticus
• Enterococcus faecalis
• Candida albicans
• Any gram negative bacterium that exhibits resistance to a multitude of drugs, which is found in the hospital setting. Each facility has its own specific pathogens that display an increased antimicrobial resistance [3]; the exact prevalence is important for the planning of the treatment.

In addition to the pathogens responsible for most cases of acute cystitis, various other circumstances increase the possibility of a patient sustaining such an infection. Catheterization is a standard risk factor for the development of cystitis, as they constitute fertile ground for the adhesion of pathogens [4]. A catheter can also be the means through which bacteria originally infect the cyst. Other risk factors include spermicide and diaphragm used as a contraceptive measure, as well as sexual activity. Another factor that has been proposed as increasing the possibility of a urinary tract infection is a gynecological pelvic exam, which can contribute to a bladder infection even in seven weeks after the test [5]. Pregnancy, senior age or congenital structural defects of the urinary tract also render an individual more susceptible to infection.

Renal transplantation is also a risk factor for the development of a UTI. Subsequent immunosuppression and the vesicoureteral reflex are the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to such a manifestation. Patients who have undergone a renal transplantation run a higher risk of infection with Corynebacterium urealyticum for the 2-month period following the surgery.

With regard to acute cystitis caused by candidiasis, risk factors include urinary catheters, antibiotics and diabetes mellitus.

Acute cystitis frequently affects female patients and particularly younger women who are sexually active. The incidence has been calculated as amounting to approximately 1 infection per year amongst those women [6]. Spermicide use for contraceptive purposes, a medical history of prior UTIs and recent sexual activity all contribute to the infection. Apart from younger women, however, women who have already experienced menopause are also at a risk for cystitis, although the incidence is much lower in this particular subgroup, when compared to younger female patients.

Acute cystitis involves the presence of bacterial load within the bladder, which causes infection accompanied by typical symptomatology. The urinary tract contains no bacteria in healthy individuals. In some cases, various pathogens may be present in the region of the cyst; they invade the mucosa of the cyst and establish a bladder infection.

There are 3 pathophysiological mechanisms which lead to a urinary tract infection and, more specifically, an acute cystitis. Pathogens may enter the cyst from the urethra, following an ascending route or they may be translocated into the bladder from the perineal region. These two mechanisms are the most prominent; a third route of bladder microbial infestation is the hematogenous dissemination type. This mechanism is less often observed and involves pathogens entering the cyst via the blood.

Women tend to be affected by acute cystitis more often than men do. This is attributed to the female urethra, which is shorter in length, allowing for the entrance of microorganisms. Once the pathogens have entered the cyst and attached themselves to the epithelium, they reproduce rapidly; the highest bacterial load has been observed 2 days before the onset of symptomatology [7].

A plethora of pathogens can be potential culprits for a urinary tract infection, but the ones most commonly isolated are gram negative bacteria of the fecal flora. Apart from their being naturally found in the perineal area, which is in close proximity to the urethra, those bacterial strains have specific properties that enable them to establish acute cystitis. Particular structures, such as fimbriae and proteins of the external membrane in E.coli strains, enable the bacteria to attach themselves to glycolipids of the cyst's epithelium, thus causing an acute infection. Other characteristics that promote bacterial adhesion in the urinary tract epithelium include hemolysins, cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) protein and polysaccharides ; pathogens containing these products are more likely to initiate a urinary tract infection than others. Finally there are also other bacterial traits that render some strains more capable of establishing acute cystitis: Proteus mirabilis possesses genes that are activated whenever the microorganism is attached to a solid surface, such as a catheter. This activation leads to mass mobilization of the bacteria which travel towards the cyst, following the catheter's route.

Acute cystitis is not only established when a bacterial strain capable of infection is present in the cyst. The defensive mechanisms of the urinary tract itself play an equally important role. Frequent urination is a simple and effective measure which helps to "flush" the cyst of any pathogens that may be present within, thus diminishing the cyst's bacterial load. Vaginal lactobacilli also prevent from bacterial colonization in women who have not yet entered the menopausal period; the disruption of the vaginal flora, induced by almost all antibiotics, may frequently lead to acute cystitis. Another factor that protects the urinary tract from infection is IgA immunoglobulin: ABH blood antigen non-secretors are more susceptible to cystitis compared to secretors. Finally, urine acidity, osmolality and urea additionally help to eradicate bacteria that are found in the bladder.

Given the aforementioned mechanisms, risk factors for the development of acute cystitis are:

• Failure to urinate frequently
• Catheter use
• Sexual intercourse
• Obstruction of the urinary tract
• Vesicoureteral reflux

The basic pathophysiology of acute cystitis can be summarized to an increased bacterial virulence and decreased defensive mechanisms of any individual.

There are many suggestions that can considerably reduce a woman's chance of developing acute cystitis and include:

• Urination before and after sexual intercourse
• Wiping from the front to the back to avoid dispersion of fecal bacteria
• Frequent urination
• Avoidance of spermicide
• Non-barrier contraception

In general, a patient receives antibiotic treatment when they report cystitis-related symptoms. Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is recommended only in pregnant individuals, in order to prevent complications such as pyelonephritis, which cause a preterm labor or even pregnancy termination.

Prophylactic antibiotics, taken every day or after sexual intercourse, are also a recommendation for women who experience recurrent urinary tract infections. Proposed antimicrobials include TMP-SMX, nitrofurantoin and methenamine; the latter is reserved for short-term prophylactic treatment [15]. The consumption of cranberry juice can also be encouraged although there is no scientific data to support its beneficial effect.

Infections can occur to any segment of the urinary tract. Acute cystitis is the most common type of urinary tract infection (UTI) [1] and affects the lower part of the tract, as opposed to the kidneys, which constitute the upper urinary tract.

Women are particularly susceptible to UTIs, due to anatomical differences in contradistinction to men; almost 1 out of 5 women will be affected by an infection of the urinary bladder at least once in their life.

Infections are caused by various bacteria and primarily by the gram negative Escherichia coli. Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus faecalis are the next most common pathogens leading to an UTI. Acute cystitis with no complications is diagnosed with a careful clinical examination and urinalysis, which should display a significant pathogen load in the urine alongside typical symptomatology reported by the patient [2]. Treatment is carried out with antibiotics. First-choice antibiotics against acute cystitis are drugs that target gram negative pathogens, since most cases of cystitis are a result of infection with bacterial strains of microorganisms normally found in the human digestive tract and, subsequently, in excrement.

Acute cystitis is an infection of the bladder caused by various bacteria. Since the urinary tract normally contains no flora, namely bacteria that are located there and serve a purpose, when microorganisms enter the region of the bladder they are expected to cause a reaction. Bladder infections are most commonly caused by bacteria of the fecal flora. Those ascend to the bladder through the urethra, either during sexual intercourse or while wiping oneself in the toilet. Other possible causes for a bladder infection are a weakened immune system, keeping urine in the bladder for too long before urinating, the use of spermicide and a wrong-placed diaphragm. Diabetes is also a risk factor for the development of acute cystitis, as are poor hygiene habits, catheters, pregnancy and immobility. Women are

A bladder infection is simple to diagnose, as the patients present with a typical triad of symptoms: pain during urination, urgency to urinate and the need to urinate abnormally frequently. Blood may be seen in the urine, alongside a different smell. A dipstick testing is quick, noninvasive and fast and is safe to diagnose acute cystitis in an individual. Patients who do not respond to treatment or suffer from recurring infections may need to undergo further assessment in order to establish the diagnosis.

After acute cystitis is diagnosed, it is treated with antibiotics that a physician will prescribe without a culture. Choices include TMP-SMX, nitrofurantoin, beta lactames and other agents. A doctor will ask you for any prior hypersensitivity occurrences, whether you have recently been treated with any of the proposed antibiotics and will proceed to the administration of the medication. The prognosis is excellent. 

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