The present report discusses the clinical indications that can support the administration of deferoxamine for iron intoxication in pregnancy and discusses the benefits and risks of its usage. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A case report of acute iron intoxication, management strategies, and a review of the literature are presented. [jhu.pure.elsevier.com]

• Prolonged Bleeding

  Liver failure may occur, causing low blood sugar, excessive or prolonged bleeding and jaundice -- yellowish eyes and skin. It is rare for people with such severe iron toxicity to survive, but those who do enter the fourth stage. [livestrong.com]

• Anemia

  Chronic Iron Overload: This can occur in patients who receive multiple transfusions for anemias caused by anything other than blood loss. Patients with congenital anemias may require numerous transfusions for many years. [usmleforum.com]

  Iron deficiency anemia, peripheral blood smear. Iron deficiency anemia, peripheral blood smear. Iron deficiency anemia, CBC, diagram. Anemia of Chronic Disease This is the most common anemia in hospitalized persons. [library.med.utah.edu]

  Iron supplements are typically used to treat anemia. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Health care practitioners often recommend patients including children to take iron supplements if they have iron deficiency anemia. Although iron supplements are beneficial, sometimes excess dose of iron can cause iron toxicity. [tandurust.com]

  Iron deficiency and anemia: Iron deficiency and anemia are not the same. People may be iron deficient without being anemic. [drhoffman.com]

• Asymptomatic

  Disposition Children though to have ingested < 40mg/kg elemental iron may be managed at home provided they remain asymptomatic Larger or symptomatic ingestions are evaluated in hospital. [kidshealthwa.com]

  A patient who has ingested less than 20 mg/kg of elemental iron and is asymptomatic can be observed. If the patient remains asymptomatic 4-8 hours after ingestion, he/she can be discharged to home. [hawaii.edu]

  Discharge criteria If If ingestion of >40mg/kg, discharge only if remains asymptomatic and serum iron concentration falling and Remember in severe iron poisoning, there is often 6-24 hour latent period when initial symptoms resolve, before overt systemic [rch.org.au]

  Antidotes Desferrioxamine chelation therapy in cases of systemic toxicity (high serum 1iron level or metabolic acidosis on ABG) (see below) Enhanced elimination nil Disposition Ingestion of >40/mg/kg in children should be assessed at hospital Those asymptomatic [lifeinthefastlane.com]

  C 2 An asymptomatic child with suspected toxin ingestion may have ingested a delayed-action medication and should be monitored for a longer period. [aafp.org]

• Gastric Lavage

  The cornerstones of effective therapy are aggressive management with emesis induction or gastric lavage, bicarbonate instillation, vigorous intravenous hydration, and chelation therapy with deferoxamine. [jhu.pure.elsevier.com]

  This drug is an adjunct to, not a substitute for, standard treatment for acute iron intoxication (e.g. inducing emesis, gastric lavage) Use: Acute iron poisoning Usual Adult Dose for Iron Poisoning - Chronic 1000 to 2000 mg, subcutaneously over 8 to [drugs.com]

  LAVAGE Gastric lavage has been used for many years to empirically remove ingested toxins from the stomach. [aafp.org]

• Fever

  In addition, excessive iron damages mitochondria and causes lipid peroxidation, manifest mainly as renal and hepatic damage.Early signs of iron poisoning include vomiting and diarrhea, fever, hyperglycemia, and leukocytosis. [usmleforum.com]

  Concentration 60 - 90 micromol/L and tablets visible on AXR or symptomatic (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, haematemesis, fever). [rch.org.au]

  Symptoms of the third stage of iron toxicity include low blood pressure, fever and seizures. Liver failure may occur, causing low blood sugar, excessive or prolonged bleeding and jaundice -- yellowish eyes and skin. [livestrong.com]

  […] hematemesis, explosive diarrhea, irritability, abdominal pain, lethargy If toxicity is severe, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension, coma, metabolic acidosis 2 Within 6–48 h Up to 24 h of apparent improvement (latent period) 3 12–48 h Shock, seizures, fever [merckmanuals.com]

  In other patients the parenteral administration of iron can cause vomiting, chills, fever, headache, joint pain, and urticaria. Food Sources of Iron. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Pallor

  Clinical signs are pallor, dyspnea, edema of the head and a secondary diarrhea. organic iron poisoning see iron poisoning (below). iron overload storage of excessive iron in body tissues such as occurs in human idiopathic hemochromatosis is not recorded [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  The result is fatigue, weakness, headaches, apathy, pallor and poor resistance to cold temperatures. Since hemoglobin is the bright red pigment of the blood, the skin of a fair person who is anemic may become noticeably pale. [drhoffman.com]

• Tachypnea

  Stages of Iron Poisoning Stage Time Postingestion Description 1 Within 6 h Vomiting, hematemesis, explosive diarrhea, irritability, abdominal pain, lethargy If toxicity is severe, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension, coma, metabolic acidosis 2 Within [merckmanuals.com]

  […] hypothermia, ileus Short-acting naloxone (Narcan; brand no longer available in the United States), monitor closely for withdrawal symptoms and relapsing sedation Salicylate Aspirin products Tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, fever, disorientation, lethargy, tachypnea [aafp.org]

  […] cerebral edema, meningismus (nuchal rigidity, photophobia, headache without infection or inflammation) hypocalcemia occurs due to binding of calcium by oxalic acid and can cause prolonged QT, arrhythmias, myocardial depression second stage: 12 - 24 hours tachypnea [medbullets.com]

  […] such as vomiting, diarrhea, and/or altered mental status; presence of systemic symptoms, including subtle symptoms that can be seen in the latent phase of iron intoxication, such as tachycardia, hypotension, poor peripheral tissue perfusion, and/or tachypnea [mjhid.org]

  Pulmonary toxicity (ARDS and tachypnea) has been described following prolonged deferoxamine treatment.35 Ocular and renal toxicities have been described only in patients with thalassemia or renal failure. [healio.com]

• Vomiting

  Iron salts are directly toxic to the gastrointestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and occasionally significant blood loss. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] discomfort and vomiting but systemic toxicity is not expected. [kidshealthwa.com]

  Excess of iron may irritate the stomach mucosa giving rise to pain in abdomen, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. In case if iron irritates intestinal lining, it can lead to bleeding in stool, and blood vomits. [tandurust.com]

  Its use may be limited because of its taste, appearance, and the tendency of children to vomit after its administration. Additionally, there are some agents that do not absorb well with activated charcoal. [aafp.org]

• Diarrhea

  Although moderate amounts of iron may be irritating and may produce diarrhea, larger amounts may cause paralytic ileus. Localized concentrations of iron may then exert corrosive effects and cause segmental infarctions and perforations. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In addition, excessive iron damages mitochondria and causes lipid peroxidation, manifest mainly as renal and hepatic damage.Early signs of iron poisoning include vomiting and diarrhea, fever, hyperglycemia, and leukocytosis. [usmleforum.com]

  Ferrous chloride, a corrosive substance, causes vomiting, diarrhea, and hemorrhage when taken internally. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Excess of iron may irritate the stomach mucosa giving rise to pain in abdomen, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. In case if iron irritates intestinal lining, it can lead to bleeding in stool, and blood vomits. [tandurust.com]

  GI toxicity includes vomiting, diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, hematemesis, and melena due to direct mucosal corrosion. [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  Iron causes two major effects Local - Gastrointestinal irritation Abdominal pain Nausea and vomiting Systemic - Cellular toxicity causing multi-organ failure Systemic toxicity may occur with doses greater than 60 mg/kg and is life-threatening with doses [kidshealthwa.com]

  Iron salts are directly toxic to the gastrointestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and occasionally significant blood loss. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] repeat abdominal x-ray. [merckmanuals.com]

  Concentration 60 - 90 micromol/L and tablets visible on AXR or symptomatic (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, haematemesis, fever). [rch.org.au]

  The symptoms of iron poisoning in dogs are very similar to that of humans — vomiting, bloody diarrhea, lethargy, and abdominal pain. Symptoms can progress to tremors, cardiac distress, liver damage, and severe shock. [globalhealingcenter.com]

• Nausea

  Heart failure can cause swelling of the legs, shortness of breath, trouble exercising, fatigue, fast or irregular heartbeat and nausea. [livestrong.com]

  Most iron toxicity involves the intestinal tract, ranging from nausea and vomiting to diarrhea and hematemesis. [thefreelibrary.com]

  Toxidromes/Toxic Symptoms and Antidotes Type of poisoning Agents Toxidromes/toxic symptoms Antidotes Acetaminophen Acetaminophen Abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, elevated aspartate transaminase level (greater than 1,000 IU per L after 24 hours), jaundice [aafp.org]

  Concentration 60 - 90 micromol/L and tablets visible on AXR or symptomatic (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, haematemesis, fever). [rch.org.au]

  Excess of iron may irritate the stomach mucosa giving rise to pain in abdomen, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. In case if iron irritates intestinal lining, it can lead to bleeding in stool, and blood vomits. [tandurust.com]

• Hematemesis

  Stages of Iron Poisoning Stage Time Postingestion Description 1 Within 6 h Vomiting, hematemesis, explosive diarrhea, irritability, abdominal pain, lethargy If toxicity is severe, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension, coma, metabolic acidosis 2 Within [merckmanuals.com]

  Severe vomiting associated with hematemesis are suggestive of intoxication. [actagastro.org]

  Most iron toxicity involves the intestinal tract, ranging from nausea and vomiting to diarrhea and hematemesis. [thefreelibrary.com]

  GI toxicity includes vomiting, diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, hematemesis, and melena due to direct mucosal corrosion. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Ingested iron can have an extremely corrosive effect on the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, which can manifest as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hematemesis, and diarrhea; patients may become hypovolemic because of significant fluid and blood loss. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Hypotension

  This free iron can damage blood vessels and produce vasodilation with increased vascular permeability, leading to hypotension and metabolic acidosis. [usmleforum.com]

  The child has significant symptoms of altered conscious state, hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnoea, or worsening symptoms irrespective of ingested dose or serum iron concentration. [rch.org.au]

  Rarely, blood loss may be sufficient to cause hypotension. Severe poisoning is characterised by impairment of consciousness, convulsions and metabolic acidosis. The second phase, 6 to 12 hours after ingestion, is one of remission of features. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] occurs, may be titrated up to 40mg/kg/h in severe toxicity cardiac monitoring is mandatory reconstitute the 500 mg powder with 5 mls sterile water and dilute to 100 mls with 5% glucose or normal saline Adverse effects hypersensitivity hypotension (with [lifeinthefastlane.com]

  The infant had evidence of serious toxicity in the form of hypotension, metabolic acidosis and excessive irritability. Her serum iron levels were 360 µg/dl, which was well above the normal range for her age. [casereports.bmj.com]

• Tachycardia

  The child has significant symptoms of altered conscious state, hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnoea, or worsening symptoms irrespective of ingested dose or serum iron concentration. [rch.org.au]

  pyridostigmine Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, bronchorrea, wheezing, bradycardia, vomiting Atropine/pralidoxime (not available in the United States) Cholinergic, nicotinic Black widow spider bites, carbamates, insecticides, nicotine Tachycardia [aafp.org]

  Stages of Iron Poisoning Stage Time Postingestion Description 1 Within 6 h Vomiting, hematemesis, explosive diarrhea, irritability, abdominal pain, lethargy If toxicity is severe, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension, coma, metabolic acidosis 2 Within [merckmanuals.com]

  […] respiratory depression Otherwise let the patient "sleep off" the benzodiazepines Glucagon β-blockers IM glucagon best to reverse beta-blocker overdose β-blockers (propranolol, esmolol) Theophylline OD symptoms are due to β 2 activation: hypotension, tachycardia [medbullets.com]

  […] concentration greater than 500 µg/dL (90 µmol/L); persistent serious symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and/or altered mental status; presence of systemic symptoms, including subtle symptoms that can be seen in the latent phase of iron intoxication, such as tachycardia [mjhid.org]

• Hypertension

   Hypertension Renal Failure Inflammatory symptoms 9. FATAL DOSE The therapeutic dose for iron deficiency anaemia is 3–6 mg/kg/day. Toxic effects begin to occur at doses above 10–20 mg/kg of elemental iron. [slideshare.net]

  Hypertension By raising sodium, iron can contribute to water retention, leading to an abnormal increase in blood pressure. Also, iron toxicity can lower calcium, magnesium and zinc levels. [arltma.com]

  Sandostatin) Sympathomimetic Amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, ephedrine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (also called Ecstasy), phenylpropanolamine (no longer available in the United States), theophylline, diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil) Tachycardia, hypertension [aafp.org]

  Clinical case presentation A 36-year-old male patient with hypertension, DBT 2 and depression currently being treated arrives at the emergency room after suffering from sensory deterioration in a public space. [actagastro.org]

  His past medical history is significant for hypertension and diabetes. His current medications include aspirin, lisinopril, metformin, and atorvastatin. [medbullets.com]

• Jaundice

  Late symptoms of acute stage consist of low blood pressure, epileptic seizure, liver failure, low blood sugar, jaundice, and intestinal obstruction. The late symptoms may develop in 6 hours to 2 days after its excess consumption. [tandurust.com]

  Liver failure may occur, causing low blood sugar, excessive or prolonged bleeding and jaundice -- yellowish eyes and skin. It is rare for people with such severe iron toxicity to survive, but those who do enter the fourth stage. [livestrong.com]

  […] lethargy If toxicity is severe, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension, coma, metabolic acidosis 2 Within 6–48 h Up to 24 h of apparent improvement (latent period) 3 12–48 h Shock, seizures, fever, coagulopathy, metabolic acidosis 4 2–5 days Liver failure, jaundice [merckmanuals.com]

  […] symptoms (sense of recovery) Phase 3 - Cardiogenic shock and acidosis 24-48 hours Hypotension Anion gap metabolic acidosis Shock (may develop from Phase 1) Potential multi-system failure Coma Phase 4 - Hepatic necrosis 2-5 days Acute hepatic failure Jaundice [kidshealthwa.com]

  Toxidromes/Toxic Symptoms and Antidotes Type of poisoning Agents Toxidromes/toxic symptoms Antidotes Acetaminophen Acetaminophen Abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, elevated aspartate transaminase level (greater than 1,000 IU per L after 24 hours), jaundice [aafp.org]

• Seizure

  Later signs include hypotension, metabolic acidosis, lethargy, seizures, and coma. Hyperbilirubinemia and elevated liver enzymes suggest liver injury, while proteinuria and appearance of tubular cells in urine suggest renal injury. [usmleforum.com]

  Late symptoms of acute stage consist of low blood pressure, epileptic seizure, liver failure, low blood sugar, jaundice, and intestinal obstruction. The late symptoms may develop in 6 hours to 2 days after its excess consumption. [tandurust.com]

  Symptoms of the third stage of iron toxicity include low blood pressure, fever and seizures. Liver failure may occur, causing low blood sugar, excessive or prolonged bleeding and jaundice -- yellowish eyes and skin. [livestrong.com]

  Vomiting, hematemesis, explosive diarrhea, irritability, abdominal pain, lethargy If toxicity is severe, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension, coma, metabolic acidosis 2 Within 6–48 h Up to 24 h of apparent improvement (latent period) 3 12–48 h Shock, seizures [merckmanuals.com]

  (not available in the United States) Cyanide Cyanide Syncope, cyanosis, hypotension, psychosis Sodium nitrite 3%, sodium thiosulfate 25% Ethylene glycol, methanol Antifreeze, rubbing alcohol Central nervous system depression, respiratory depression, seizures [aafp.org]

• Lethargy

  Later signs include hypotension, metabolic acidosis, lethargy, seizures, and coma. Hyperbilirubinemia and elevated liver enzymes suggest liver injury, while proteinuria and appearance of tubular cells in urine suggest renal injury. [usmleforum.com]

  Irritability and lethargy may also occur. If the toxicity is severe, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure and rapid breathing may develop. [livestrong.com]

  Stages of Iron Poisoning Stage Time Postingestion Description 1 Within 6 h Vomiting, hematemesis, explosive diarrhea, irritability, abdominal pain, lethargy If toxicity is severe, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension, coma, metabolic acidosis 2 Within [merckmanuals.com]

  People with iron poisoning can have the following symptoms: Severe vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain Dehydration and lethargy if not treated adequately In a child, bloody vomit or stool Often, after supportive care, the gastrointestinal symptoms appear [webmd.com]

  Central nervous system and cardiovascular effects (i.e., lethargy, hypotension, and shock) may also be present. Most patients with mild to moderate toxicity do not progress past this stage, and symptoms resolve within 4-6 hours. [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Irritability

  Although moderate amounts of iron may be irritating and may produce diarrhea, larger amounts may cause paralytic ileus. Localized concentrations of iron may then exert corrosive effects and cause segmental infarctions and perforations. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Excess of iron may irritate the stomach mucosa giving rise to pain in abdomen, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. In case if iron irritates intestinal lining, it can lead to bleeding in stool, and blood vomits. [tandurust.com]

  Nervousness and Irritability Iron raises sodium, which can lower calcium, magnesium and zinc levels. This frequently leads to nervousness and irritability. [arltma.com]

  The infant had evidence of serious toxicity in the form of hypotension, metabolic acidosis and excessive irritability. Her serum iron levels were 360 µg/dl, which was well above the normal range for her age. [casereports.bmj.com]

• Stupor

  He is stuporous and does not respond to questions appropriately, often yelling and falling down. On exam, the patient has visual impairment and cannot read the Snellen chart correctly. Figure A shows his retina on ophthalmologic exam. [medbullets.com]

• Apathy

  The result is fatigue, weakness, headaches, apathy, pallor and poor resistance to cold temperatures. Since hemoglobin is the bright red pigment of the blood, the skin of a fair person who is anemic may become noticeably pale. [drhoffman.com]

• Hyperglycemia

  He had hyperglycemia and leukocytosis. Lavage was performed with a solution containing deferoxamine and sodium bicarbonate, and deferoxamine was given by continuous i.v. infusion for 48 hours. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In addition, excessive iron damages mitochondria and causes lipid peroxidation, manifest mainly as renal and hepatic damage.Early signs of iron poisoning include vomiting and diarrhea, fever, hyperglycemia, and leukocytosis. [usmleforum.com]

  Blood test: HCT: 59, Hb 20, leukocytosis, hypertransaminasemia, hyperglycemia, acid-base status indicating normochloremic metabolic acidosis. [actagastro.org]

  Leukocytosis, hyperglycemia, vomiting, and positive X-rays are not indicators of severity of iron overdose in adults. Am J Emerg Med 1996;14:454-455. 3. Velez LI, Delaney KA. Chapter 151 - Heavy Metals. In: Marx JA (ed). [hawaii.edu]

  Otherwise let the patient "sleep off" the benzodiazepines Glucagon β-blockers IM glucagon best to reverse beta-blocker overdose β-blockers (propranolol, esmolol) Theophylline OD symptoms are due to β 2 activation: hypotension, tachycardia, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia [medbullets.com]

• Hypoglycemia

  Symptoms of hypoglycemia (e.g., cool, clammy skin; altered mental status; diaphoresis), with or without a glucose reading of less than 80 mg per dL (4.4 mmol per L), may be rapidly reversed with intravenous dextrose. [aafp.org]

  […] severe, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension, coma, metabolic acidosis 2 Within 6–48 h Up to 24 h of apparent improvement (latent period) 3 12–48 h Shock, seizures, fever, coagulopathy, metabolic acidosis 4 2–5 days Liver failure, jaundice, coagulopathy, hypoglycemia [merckmanuals.com]

  Stable injectable pharmaceutical formulation for folic acid and leucovorin salts and method Pflueger et al. 2000 Role of Adenosine in Contrast Media—Induced Acute Renal Failure in Diabetes Mellitus Suh et al. 2005 Pyruvate administered after severe hypoglycemia [google.st]

Vichinsky, “Deferoxamine Treatment during Pregnancy: Is It Harmful?” American Journal of Hematology, Vol. 60, No. 1, 1999, pp. 24-26. [ 8 ] T. Tran, J. R. Wax, C. [scirp.org]

Information is given regarding availability of the drug for clinical use in the treatment of acute iron poisoning.Clinical FeaturesThe clinical features of iron intoxication are summarized in Table 1. [nejm.org]

Therefore, treatment of severe acute iron poisoning should be initiated before complete hepatic failure. Decontamination treatment and intravenous infusion of deferoxamine should be promptly administered in cases with severe acute iron poisoning. [ci.nii.ac.jp]

Abstract Treatment of severe iron overdose in two children is described, and the pathophysiology of iron toxicity and management of acute iron poisonings are reviewed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In one series of patients who presented with cardiomyopathy associated with hemochromatosis, therapeutic phlebotomy improved the prognosis in 70%; untreated patients had a worsening of their condition and mean survival of only one year. [library.med.utah.edu]

Acute item poisoning: assessment of severity and prognosis. J Pediatr. 1970;77:117-119. 30. Bentur Y, St Louis P, Klein J, et al. Misinterpretation of iron-binding capacity in the presence of deferoxamine. J Pediatr. 1991;118:139-141. 31. [healio.com]

The poorer prognosis associated with hepatic involvement in iron poisoning compared with acetaminophen poisoning may be due to different histologic patterns of injury. (3) Acetaminophen poisoning is associated with a more centrilobular involvement in [thefreelibrary.com]

Iron poisoning: a literature-based review of epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Pediatric emergency care. 27(10):978-85. 2011. [ pubmed ] Chyka PA, Butler AY. Assessment of acute iron poisoning by laboratory and clinical observations. [lifeinthefastlane.com]

Different iron preparations (salts) contain different amounts of elemental iron, as follows: Fumarate - 33% Sulfate - 20% Gluconate - 12% Epidemiology United States The 2017 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' (AAPCC) [emedicine.medscape.com]

Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance --- United States, 2002. CDC MMWR [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5326a2.htm. Harold E. Hoffman, MD, FRCPC, FACOEM. [labtestsonline.it]

This article reviews the epidemiology of acute iron poisoning in children, the various formulations of iron, the toxic dose of iron, the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of iron poisoning, and recent changes in evaluating and treating the patient [healio.com]

Epidemiology of pediatric poison exposures: an analysis of 2003 poison control center data. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2005;6(2):68–75. 7. Osterhoudt K. The toxic toddler: drugs that can kill in small doses. Contemp Pediatr. 2000;3:73–88. 8. [aafp.org]

The clinical history and microscopic findings are consistent with the hypothesis of a direct action of absorbed iron on vascular walls as the pathophysiologic mechanism for the toxic effects of iron on the gastrointestinal tract. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

ACCIDENTAL poisoning by iron compounds continues to be a common pediatric problem. 1 2 3 This brief review includes the current thoughts on the pathophysiology of iron poisoning, the results of treatment with a new chelating agent, deferoxamine, in 6 [nejm.org]

Pathophysiology Iron toxicity can be classified as corrosive or cellular. [emedicine.medscape.com]

This article reviews the epidemiology of acute iron poisoning in children, the various formulations of iron, the toxic dose of iron, the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of iron poisoning, and recent changes in evaluating and treating the patient [healio.com]

CDC Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, CDC Recommendations for Lead Poisoning Prevention in Newly Arrived Refugee Children. [labtestsonline.it]

Patient 1 had severe iron intoxication, while aggressive treatment prevented severe toxicity in patient 2. Acute iron toxicity includes effects on the GI tract and the cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatic, and central nervous systems. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Measures to prevent toxic ingestions (e.g., child-resistant packages and warning labels) were present in at least four cases described in this report. [cdc.gov]

Prevention Clean out the cereals at the bottom of the storage bins. Excessive oxidation of fats in the sow feed is the most common cause of low vitamin E status. [thepigsite.com]