Acute prostatitis is a term describing an infection of the prostate, arising due to reflux of urine contaminated by various bacterial pathogens [1] [2] [3] [4]. Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, klebsiella spp., pseudomonas aeruginosa, proteus mirabilis), as well as E. faecalis and staphylococcus aureus, are the main causative agents [3] [4] [5]. The presence of indwelling catheters is perhaps the greatest risk factor for a urinary tract infection (UTI) of any kind, including prostatitis, while invasive procedures (cystoscopy, transrectal prostate biopsy) can significantly increase the risk of prostatitis [1] [3] [4]. In addition, immunosuppression and diabetes mellitus are also depicted as potential risk factors [3] [4]. The clinical presentation includes an abrupt onset of lower urinary tract symptoms (dysuria, increased urgency to urinate, increased frequency, incomplete voiding and a weak urine stream), painful ejaculation (even hematospermia), and perineal, rectal, or pelvic pain [1] [4] [5] [6]. In addition, prostatitis often causes systemic symptoms - fever, chills, and malaise [1] [4] [5]. In cases when the prostate becomes enlarged, urinary tract obstruction might occur [5] [6]. Many reports have emphasized the serious nature of prostatitis, as it may cause acute urinary retention, potential progression to a chronic infection, but also systemic dissemination and even sepsis, which could be life-threatening in the absence of appropriate therapy [1] [3] [4] [6].

• Pain

  […] syndrome (ie, discomfort or pain in the pelvic region for at least 3 mo with variable voiding and sexual symptoms and/or no demonstrable infection; by definition, the syndrome becomes chronic after 3 mo) Category IIIA – Inflammatory chronic pelvic pain [emedicine.com]

  […] flow Weak urinary stream once it starts Dribbling after you think you are finished Frequent nighttime urination Blood in the urine Pain in the genital and pelvic area Abdominal pain Back pain, especially pain in lower back Extreme pain Rectal or perineum [prostatitis.net]

  The most common form is category III, or Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. [books.google.de]

  or pelvic pain. [symptoma.com]

  Passing stools (faeces) can be painful. Symptoms of a urine infection. For example: pain when you pass urine, passing urine frequently, an urgent desire to pass urine, and sometimes having blood in your urine. [patient.info]

• Inflammation

  Middle-aged men with carcinoma could be missed during the acute phase of inflammation. PSA and TRUS monitoring are strongly recommended. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Diagnostic Related Groups The diagnosis code N41.0 is grouped in the following Diagnostic Related Group(s) (MS-DRG V35.0) 727 - INFLAMMATION OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WITH MCC 728 - INFLAMMATION OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WITHOUT MCC Convert [icdlist.com]

  Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland. Acute prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland that results in sudden onset of symptoms. [health.harvard.edu]

  However, the distribution of prostatic inflammation among the various zones is not clear. A normal prostate gland is approximately 20 g in volume, 3 cm in length, 4 cm wide, and 2 cm in depth. [emedicine.com]

  […] acute prostatitis Acute Prostatitis An uncommon (2/10,000/year) condition characterised by abrupt onset of prostate inflammation linked to coliform bacterial infection—e.g., Escherichia coli—as well as STD pathogens—e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Fever

  Patients with ESBL had higher peak fever, white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, and longer duration of fever and hospitalization. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Dysuria, increased urinary frequency, and pain in the pelvic region are main symptoms, whereas fever and systemic manifestations can be reported in more severe forms. [symptoma.com]

  Signs and symptoms include fever, lower back pain, urinary frequency, and painful urination. The urinalysis reveals the presence of white cells. [fpnotebook.com]

  Clinical findings Pain at the base of the penis, perineal and perianal, urgency, burning with urination, fever, malaise, penile discharge; other findings include chills, painful defecation and ejaculation. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Chills

  Clinical findings Pain at the base of the penis, perineal and perianal, urgency, burning with urination, fever, malaise, penile discharge; other findings include chills, painful defecation and ejaculation. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Some symptoms are unique to each condition: the acute version may involve high fever and chills, while this does not usually happen in the chronic case. [sharecare.com]

  Men with acute prostatitis often have chills, fever, fatigue, pain in the lower back and genital area, urinary frequency and urgency often at night, burning or painful urination, body aches, and a demonstrable infection of the urinary tract, as evidenced [prostatitisradicalcure.com]

  • Chills or fever. • Nausea or vomiting. • Urinary problems. Urinary symptoms can take many forms, such as needing to urinate more frequently, more urgently, or more often during the night. [issm.info]

  In addition, prostatitis often causes systemic symptoms - fever, chills, and malaise. In cases when the prostate becomes enlarged, urinary tract obstruction might occur. [symptoma.com]

• Sepsis

  Sepsis from prostatitis is very rare, but may occur in immunocompromised patients; high fever and malaise generally prompt blood cultures, which are often positive in sepsis. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Physicians must be careful when performing a prostate exam, as prostate massage is contraindicated in the case of acute prostatitis due to an increased risk of subsequent bacteremia and sepsis. [symptoma.com]

  Clinical presentation ranges from mild lower urinary tract symptoms to full sepsis. The causative organisms are usually similar to those that cause other common genitourinary infections, and include Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Pathophysiology: Mechanisms Ascending infection from infected Urethra or intraprostatic reflux (most cases) Instrumentation (transrectal Prostate biopsy, Urinary Catheterization, cystoscopy) Direct or lymphatic spread from Rectum Hematogenous spread ( Sepsis [fpnotebook.com]

  Acute bacterial prostatitis can lead to complications (e.g., acute urinary retention, prostatic abscess formation, sepsis ) that may require additional treatment, such as suprapubic catheterization or ultrasound -guided abscess drainage. [amboss.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  […] flow Weak urinary stream once it starts Dribbling after you think you are finished Frequent nighttime urination Blood in the urine Pain in the genital and pelvic area Abdominal pain Back pain, especially pain in lower back Extreme pain Rectal or perineum [prostatitis.net]

  Critical Essential Core Tested Community Questions (1) (M2.RL.4684) A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with complaints of intermittent dysuria, pain with ejaculation, mild lower abdominal pain, and difficulty voiding for the last [medbullets.com]

  Other symptoms include frequent urination, feeling of a need to urinate urgently, low back pain, burning in the penis with or without urination, pain in the rectum and scrotal area, lower abdominal pain, pain with ejaculation and fever or chills. [washington.edu]

  The signs and symptoms of Acute Bacterial Prostatitis can occur very quickly and they include: Fever with chills Nausea and vomiting Feeling tired Low back pain or lower abdominal pain Pain around the genital area Increased frequency of urination, especially [dovemed.com]

  A healthy 37-year-old man visited the emergency room due to recently developed fever, lower abdominal pain, dysuria, frequency, and perineal pain. [synapse.koreamed.org]

• Nausea

  • Nausea or vomiting. • Urinary problems. Urinary symptoms can take many forms, such as needing to urinate more frequently, more urgently, or more often during the night. [issm.info]

  Bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonococci, and many other are known to be causative agents of Acute Bacterial Prostatitis Associated signs and symptoms of the infection could include lower back pain, fever with chills, nausea [dovemed.com]

  Acute bacterial prostatitis symptoms may include: Chills Fever Nausea Vomiting Malaise (generally feeling run-down) Strong urge to urinate immediately Painful urination Difficulty urinating, including trouble starting urination and maintaining urinary [prostatitis.net]

  Patients with this condition: Have an acute urinary tract infection, and have to urinate more often (including at night); Have pain in the pelvis and genital area; Often have fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and burning when urinating. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  For the study, researchers surveyed 1,945 women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer about the severity of seven treatment side effects: nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, pain, arm swelling, shortness of breath and breast skin irritation [untvweb.com]

• Suprapubic Pain

  The present study reports the case of a 67-year-old man who was admitted to our transplant unit 3.5 months post transplantation with fever, dysuria, suprapubic pain, symptoms and signs of acute prostatitis, and elevated markers of inflammation and prostate-specific [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  He presents with concern for dysuria, increased urinary frequency, and suprapubic pain over the past week. Upon digital rectal examination, the patient’s prostate is tender and enlarged. [consultant360.com]

  Symptoms (sudden onset) Systemic symptoms Fever and chills Malaise Joint Pain ( Arthralgia ) Muscle pain (myalgia) Nausea or Vomiting Referred pain Low Back Pain Perineal pain or Rectal Pain Suprapubic Pain Irritative urinary symptoms Dysuria Urinary [fpnotebook.com]

  Lower abdominal tenderness or suprapubic pain may be present if there is concomitant bladder infection or obstruction. Costovertebral tenderness should be sought. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  The patient complains of perineal and suprapubic pain and may have associated pain or discomfort of the external genitalia. [enotes.tripod.com]

• Rectal Pain

  Symptoms (sudden onset) Systemic symptoms Fever and chills Malaise Joint Pain ( Arthralgia ) Muscle pain (myalgia) Nausea or Vomiting Referred pain Low Back Pain Perineal pain or Rectal Pain Suprapubic Pain Irritative urinary symptoms Dysuria Urinary [fpnotebook.com]

  The following are signs and symptoms that may be present with prostatitis: Painful, difficult and/or frequent urinating Blood in the urine Groin pain, rectal pain, abdominal pain and/or low back pain Fever and chills Malaise and body aches Urethral discharge [medicinenet.com]

  Pain of prostatic origin is poorly localized, and the patient may complain of lower abdominal, inguinal, perineal, lumbosacral, and/or rectal pain. [enotes.tripod.com]

  […] pubic bone Rectal pain Perineal pressure and pain in the scrotum and testes Leukospermia Sexual dysfunction Decreased libido Erectile dysfunction Ejaculatory dysfunction Pain during or after ejaculation General symptoms Fatigue Headache Myalgia Lethargy [antimicrobe.org]

• Back Pain

  pain revealed a destructive bone lesion in the lumbar spine. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  They include the following: Chills Fever Frequent urination Incomplete emptying of bladder Joint pain (arthralgia) Lower back pain Muscle pain (myalgia) Pain in penis, testicles, and area between the scrotum and the rectum (perineum) Painful ejaculation [healthcommunities.com]

  He has back pain and difficulty passing urine. His GP has told him he has an infection of the prostate. The patient’s medication records show that he is also taking prednisolone, 10mg daily for temporal arteritis, and Didronel PMO, one tablet daily. [pharmaceutical-journal.com]

  The signs and symptoms of Acute Bacterial Prostatitis can occur very quickly and they include: Fever with chills Nausea and vomiting Feeling tired Low back pain or lower abdominal pain Pain around the genital area Increased frequency of urination, especially [dovemed.com]

  With this condition, you might sometimes have: An urgent need to pee, often in the middle of the night Painful urination Pain after you ejaculate (release semen at orgasm ) Lower back pain Rectum pain A “heavy” feeling behind your scrotum Blood in your [webmd.com]

• Low Back Pain

  The following are signs and symptoms that may be present with prostatitis: Painful, difficult and/or frequent urinating Blood in the urine Groin pain, rectal pain, abdominal pain and/or low back pain Fever and chills Malaise and body aches Urethral discharge [medicinenet.com]

  Other symptoms include frequent urination, feeling of a need to urinate urgently, low back pain, burning in the penis with or without urination, pain in the rectum and scrotal area, lower abdominal pain, pain with ejaculation and fever or chills. [washington.edu]

  The signs and symptoms of Acute Bacterial Prostatitis can occur very quickly and they include: Fever with chills Nausea and vomiting Feeling tired Low back pain or lower abdominal pain Pain around the genital area Increased frequency of urination, especially [dovemed.com]

  Symptoms (sudden onset) Systemic symptoms Fever and chills Malaise Joint Pain ( Arthralgia ) Muscle pain (myalgia) Nausea or Vomiting Referred pain Low Back Pain Perineal pain or Rectal Pain Suprapubic Pain Irritative urinary symptoms Dysuria Urinary [fpnotebook.com]

  Patients usually have symptoms consistent with prostatitis, such as painful ejaculation or pain in the penis, testicles or scrotum. They may complain of low back pain, rectal or perineal pain, or even pain along the inner aspects of the thighs. [aafp.org]

• Arthralgia

  They include the following: Chills Fever Frequent urination Incomplete emptying of bladder Joint pain (arthralgia) Lower back pain Muscle pain (myalgia) Pain in penis, testicles, and area between the scrotum and the rectum (perineum) Painful ejaculation [healthcommunities.com]

  UTI Prostatic abscess Acute urine retention Pyelonephritis Epididymitis Sepsis Renal damage Sudden fever, chills Abdominal, groin, perineal, or lower back pain Perineal fullness Arthralgia, myalgia Urinary urgency and frequency Dysuria, nocturia Transient [quizlet.com]

  Symptoms (sudden onset) Systemic symptoms Fever and chills Malaise Joint Pain ( Arthralgia ) Muscle pain (myalgia) Nausea or Vomiting Referred pain Low Back Pain Perineal pain or Rectal Pain Suprapubic Pain Irritative urinary symptoms Dysuria Urinary [fpnotebook.com]

  Symptoms can be quite variable, but many men experience irritative voiding symptoms, possibly with pain in the back, testes, epididymis or penis, low-grade fever, arthralgias and myalgias. [aafp.org]

  Dysuria, arthralgia, myalgia, unexplained fatigue, abdominal pain, constant burning pain in the penis, and frequency may all be present. [simple.wikipedia.org]

• Burning Sensation

  This enlargement usually causes considerable pain, a feeling of pressure in the area of the perineum and a burning sensation during urination. [altaklinik.com]

  Prostatitis Symptoms and Treatment Acute bacterial prostatitis symptoms include: Spiking fever Chills Muscle pain Burning sensation with urination Pelvic or perineal pain Cloudy urine Patients with chronic prostatitis usually experience burning with urination [uofmhealth.org]

  Painful urination: specifically a burning sensation Urinary urgency: experiencing an urge to urinate immediately Urinary hesitancy: dribbling or difficulty starting the urine stream Urinary frequency: needing to urinate more often than usual Nocturia: [verywell.com]

  They can include: Pain or burning sensation when urinating (dysuria) Difficulty urinating, such as dribbling or hesitant urination Frequent urination, particularly at night (nocturia) Urgent need to urinate Cloudy urine Blood in the urine Pain in the [mayoclinic.org]

• Pelvic Pain

  pain syndrome (ie, discomfort or pain in the pelvic region for at least 3 mo with variable voiding and sexual symptoms and/or no demonstrable infection; by definition, the syndrome becomes chronic after 3 mo) Category IIIA – Inflammatory chronic pelvic [emedicine.com]

  The most common form is category III, or Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. [books.google.de]

  Pollen extract for chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urol Clin North Am 2011;38:285–92. Shoskes DA, Nickel JC. Quercetin for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urol Clin North Am 2011;38:279–84. [racgp.org.au]

  Use of pelvic floor ultrasound to assess pelvic floor muscle function in Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome in men. J Sex Med. 2011 Nov;8(11):3173–80 Doggweiler R, Stewart AF. Pelvic Floor Therapies in Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. [prostatecanceruk.org]

• Dysuria

  Dysuria, increased urinary frequency, and pain in the pelvic region are main symptoms, whereas fever and systemic manifestations can be reported in more severe forms. [symptoma.com]

  The present study reports the case of a 67-year-old man who was admitted to our transplant unit 3.5 months post transplantation with fever, dysuria, suprapubic pain, symptoms and signs of acute prostatitis, and elevated markers of inflammation and prostate-specific [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] following: Chills Fever Frequent urination Incomplete emptying of bladder Joint pain (arthralgia) Lower back pain Muscle pain (myalgia) Pain in penis, testicles, and area between the scrotum and the rectum (perineum) Painful ejaculation Painful urination (dysuria [healthcommunities.com]

  Critical Essential Core Tested Community Questions (1) (M2.RL.4684) A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with complaints of intermittent dysuria, pain with ejaculation, mild lower abdominal pain, and difficulty voiding for the last [medbullets.com]

  Citation metadata Abstract : A 23-year-old African native male patient presented with fever, lumbalgia and dysuria after returning from a trip to Togo. [go.gale.com]

• Urinary Retention

  Abstract Abdominal abscess resulting from a perforated diverticulitis has never been reported as a cause of acute urinary retention. Our patient is the first case to be reported. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Men with acute prostatitis complicated by urinary retention are best managed with a suprapubic catheter or intermittent catheterization. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Some people can develop problems so that they are unable to pass urine and the urine builds up in the bladder (this is called urinary retention). See the separate leaflet called Urinary Retention. High temperature (fever). General aches and pains. [patient.info]

  Complications of acute prostatitis include: acute urinary retention secondary to prostatic oedema, chronic prostatitis, prostatic abscess, bacteraemia, epididymitis and pyelonephritis Notes: in England, resistance of E. coli (the main causative organism [gpnotebook.co.uk]

• Painful Ejaculation

  They include the following: Chills Fever Frequent urination Incomplete emptying of bladder Joint pain (arthralgia) Lower back pain Muscle pain (myalgia) Pain in penis, testicles, and area between the scrotum and the rectum (perineum) Painful ejaculation [healthcommunities.com]

  or pelvic pain. [symptoma.com]

  difficult or painful urination, or painful ejaculation, see your doctor. [mayoclinic.org]

  pain (area between the anus and scrotum) Blood in the semen Painful ejaculation Cloudy urine Your acute bacterial prostatitis treatment can be successful if you start treatment soon after symptoms appear and you complete the treatment course you are [prostatitis.net]

  painful ejaculation blood in your semen discomfort during bowel movements pain above your pubic bone pain in your genitals, testicles, or rectum Any bacteria that causes UTIs can cause prostatitis. [healthline.com]

• Prostatic Disease

  Rubin S I (1990) Managing dogs with bacterial prostatic disease. Vet Med 85 (4), 387-394 VetMedResource. [vetstream.com]

  Synonyms Acute prostatitis Index to Diseases and Injuries References found for the code N41.0 in the Index to Diseases and Injuries: Prostatitis (congestive) (suppurative) (with cystitis) - N41.9 acute - N41.0 Information for Patients Prostate Diseases [icdlist.com]

  The cohort included 64 patients with prostate cancer, 31 with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis diseases, and 31 healthy people with none of these conditions. [in.news.yahoo.com]

  Saw palmetto decreases symptoms of enlarged prostate, Tribulus terrestris increases male fertility, libido and sexual response, Magnesium restores blood supply in prostate and Epilobium parviflorum helps prevent and treat prostate diseases. [bbcrecordlondon.com]

  Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis causes no symptoms and is discovered incidentally during evaluation for other prostate diseases when WBCs are present in the urine. [msdmanuals.com]

A thorough clinical workup by the physician can provide sufficient clues to make an initial diagnosis. Firstly, a detailed patient history, including the onset of symptoms, their characteristics, as well as the assessment of risk factors (catheterization, immunosuppression), should be obtained [1] [2]. More specific findings of prostatitis, however, are identified during the physical examination. A properly conducted digital rectal exam will reveal an enlarged prostate that is tender on palpation, one of the key features of prostatitis [2] [5] [6]. Physicians must be careful when performing a prostate exam, as prostate massage is contraindicated in the case of acute prostatitis due to an increased risk of subsequent bacteremia and sepsis [1] [2]. As soon as clinical criteria suggest an infection of the urinary tract, laboratory studies (a complete blood count with basic biochemical parameters and serum inflammatory markers), together with urinalysis, urine cultures (of midstream urine), and blood cultures if systemic signs are present, are the next step [1] [2] [3] [5]. If the diagnosis remains inconclusive, or if patients do not respond to antibiotic therapy, imaging studies such as transrectal prostatic ultrasonography (TRUS), pelvic ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT) can be implemented [2]. The use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is not recommended, as it is often elevated due to the inflammatory changes in the prostate [2], which could mislead the physicians toward other diagnoses.

• Pyuria

  The patient had pyuria and mild fever during admission. Laboratory findings showed elevation of the serum prostate specific antigen (95.69 ng/ml). Blood culture yielded Klebsiella pneumoniae. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] obstruction) lower back pain Physical exam fever chills digital rectal exam enlarged prostate very tender on exam may indicate acute prostatitis less tender on exam may indicate chronic prostatitis Studies Urine studies for bacterial infection urinalysis pyuria [medbullets.com]

  A urinalysis is performed, the results of which reveal pyuria and the presence of nitrite-positive bacteria. Based on these findings, you make a diagnosis of acute bacterial prostatitis, and you would like to initiate antibiotic therapy. [consultant360.com]

  Benign prostatic hypertrophy and overactive bladder may also present with lower urinary tract symptoms, but are generally without signs of infection like fever or pyuria. D. Physical Examination Findings. [clinicaladvisor.com]

BACKGROUND: There is currently a lack of consensus for the diagnosis, investigations and treatments of acute bacterial prostatitis (AP). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment[edit] Antibiotics are the first line of treatment in acute prostatitis. [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] week treatment duration. [consultant360.com]

(Outcomes/Resolutions) A prompt diagnosis and treatment of Acute Bacterial Prostatitis can lead to an excellent prognosis; in such cases, complications can also be averted If left untreated, the infection can lead to the following: Abscess formation [dovemed.com]

Prognosis : generally good - may recur, become chronic Prostate disease or form abscesses Prostate: abscessation. NB : Brucella canis Brucella canis has been isolated (rare) from prostatic infections. [vetstream.com]

With appropriate treatment, the prognosis of acute prostatitis with and without abscess would not differ.” The investigators noted that prostatic abscesses often are found in patients who do not improve with initial therapy. [renalandurologynews.com]

Acute prostatitis T1: peripheral zone iso- or hypointense to transition zone T2: hyperintense T1 C+ (Gd) diffusely enhancing 6 Treatment and prognosis Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment for bacterial prostatitis. [radiopaedia.org]

Lack of clinical response to antibiotics should raise the suspicion of an abscess and prompt an imaging study such as a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS).[7] Prognosis[edit] Full recovery without sequelae is usual. [en.wikipedia.org]

The potential role of asymptomatic category IV chronic prostatitis in the etiology of prostate cancer may be delineated further with future research. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome, evidence behind individual therapies and ancillary topics such as erectile dysfunction, infertility, the link between chronic prostatitis and prostate cancer, male interstitial cystitis and the potential etiologic [books.google.de]

Etiology Pathogenesis Bacterial prostatitis : Gram-negative bacteria, particularly E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae Enterococci and other gram-positive cocci Mycobacterial or viral infections are rare. [amboss.com]

Pathogenesis Etiology Bacteria, eg Escherischii coli Escherichia coli - most common. Fungal - rare. Predisposing factors General Bacterial urinary tract infection. Urinary catheterization (high urinary bacterial numbers). Immunodeficiency. [vetstream.com]

The term prostatitis describes a wide spectrum of conditions with variable etiologies, prognoses and treatments. [aafp.org]

[…] ie, no white blood cells in semen and/or expressed prostatic secretions) Category IV – Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (ie, evidence of inflammation in biopsy samples, semen and/or expressed prostatic secretions, but no symptoms) Historical and epidemiologic [emedicine.com]

[…] cases) : primarily affects men 40–60 years of age References: [1] [2] [3] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

"[Epidemiology and treatment of acute prostatitis after prostatic biopsy]". Prog. Urol. (in French). 17 (5): 960–3. doi:10.1016/S1166-7087(07)92397-0. PMID 17969797. ^ Goldman, Lee (2011). Goldman's Cecil Medicine (24th ed.). [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] can be due to chronic pelvic pain (90% of chronic prostatitis) > 3 months of pain in the absence of other identifiable causes noninfectious etiology but often unknown can be due to trauma, psychological stress, and increased prostate tissue pressure Epidemiology [medbullets.com]

Future research into using inflammatory markers (eg, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2) and using PCR to identify the presence of bacteria may further refine the pathophysiology of prostatitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology Ascending bacterial infection from urinary tract - most common. Ascending infection from gonadal infection - less common. Blood borne. [vetstream.com]

Pathophysiology: Mechanisms Ascending infection from infected Urethra or intraprostatic reflux (most cases) Instrumentation (transrectal Prostate biopsy, Urinary Catheterization, cystoscopy) Direct or lymphatic spread from Rectum Hematogenous spread [fpnotebook.com]

The NIH revised classification of prostatitis deals with pathophysiology and biological diagnosis, but the clinical features of AP are briefly described as "signs of acute UTI" [ 1 ]. [bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com]

Acute Bacterial Prostatitis infection may be prevented by: Avoiding injury to the genital area Intake of plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration Engaging in safe sex practices Undertaking a prompt treatment of any urinary infections What is the Prognosis [dovemed.com]

However, prompt treatment with selected antibiotics along with dietary and lifestyle changes usually eliminates the infection and can help prevent it from returning. [prostatitis.net]

Not all types of prostatitis can be prevented. Practice safe sex behaviors. Chronic prostatitis - bacterial; Acute prostatitis Ferri FF. Prostatitis. In: Ferri FF, ed. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:1077-1077. [nlm.nih.gov]

Prevention You may be able to prevent prostatitis. Practice good hygiene, and keep your penis clean. Drink enough fluids to cause regular urination. Seek early treatment of a possible urinary tract infection. [healthlinkbc.ca]

1. Coker TJ, Dierfeldt DM. Acute Bacterial Prostatitis: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2016;93(2):114-20.
2. Nickel JC. Prostatitis. Can Urol Assoc J. 2011;5(5):306-315.
3. Grabe M, Bartoletti R, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, et al. Guidelines on Urological Infections. European Association of Urology. 2015.
4. Dickson G. Prostatitis--diagnosis and treatment. Aust Fam Physician. 2013;42(4):216-219.
5. Videčnik Zorman J, Matičič M, Jeverica S, Smrkolj T. Diagnosis and treatment of bacterial prostatitis. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2015;24(2):25-29.
6. Krieger JN, Nyberg L Jr, Nickel JC. NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA 1999; 282:236.