RESULTS: the Impaired gas exchange diagnosis was present in 42.6% of the children in the first assessment. Hypoxemia was the characteristic that presented the best measures of accuracy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Cervical Lymphadenopathy

   Cervical lymphadenopathy, Nasopharyngeal congestion causing nasal block & difficulty breathing.  Eustachian tube block- serous otitis media 7. [slideshare.net]

  lymphadenopathy, and cough 48 – 51 ( Table 2 47 – 50 ). [aafp.org]

  Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) : presents with persistent severe sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy and malaise; it is particularly common in teenagers and young adults. [patient.info]

• Fever

  Pooled estimates indicated that in middle-income countries children at-risk of intellectual disability were significantly more likely than their peers to have reported symptoms of ARI, diarrhoea and fever during the previous 2 weeks. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Definitions: Prevention = Interventions 1, 6 and 9 Recognise danger signs of pneumonia (rapid or difficult breathing, chest in-drawing, nasal flare and/or fever) Home-based management of cough, cold and fever Referral to health facility for high fever [wvi.org]

  Clinical features :  Fever, serous discharge, irritability.  Cervical lymphadenopathy, Nasopharyngeal congestion causing nasal block & difficulty breathing.  Eustachian tube block- serous otitis media 7. [slideshare.net]

• Malaise

  It is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache and severe malaise, non-productive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis. [schoolsandhealth.org]

  Influenza : initially presents with systemic symptoms, including fever, rigors, headaches, myalgia, malaise and anorexia. [patient.info]

  They are not effective in treating nasal congestion, sinus pressure, sore throat, headache, or malaise from infections. [studenthealth.ucsf.edu]

  These symptoms include a runny nose or stuffy nose, sore throat, fever, headache, cough, malaise, or vague feeling of illness, muscle aches, loss of appetite, and ear pain. [mpkb.org]

  Symptoms commonly include fever, shivering, chills, malaise, dry cough, loss of appetite, body aches, and nausea, typically in connection with a sudden onset of illness. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Malnutrition

  We found interaction between acute child malnutrition and average annual precipitation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Keywords: acute respiratory tract infection, pneumonia, severe malnutrition, children, Ethiopia A Letter to the Editor has been received and published for this article. [dovepress.com]

  Severe acute malnutrition is also on the rise for children under age 5, according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. [rtmagazine.com]

  Malnutrition  If malnutrition is present its high risk and case fatality rates are higher  In severely malnourished: 1) children with pneumonia, fast breathing and chest indrawing may not be evident 2)Impaired or absent response to hypoxia and a weak [slideshare.net]

• High Fever

  It is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, myalgia, headache and severe malaise, non-productive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis. [schoolsandhealth.org]

  Other symptoms include: congestion, either in the nasal sinuses or lungs runny nose cough sore throat body aches fatigue If the disease advances, there may be high fever and chills. [vikaspedia.in]

  Kids with pneumonia caused by bacteria usually become sick fairly quickly, starting with a sudden high fever and unusually fast breathing. [kidshealth.org]

  Different symptoms include: blockage, either in the nasal sinuses or lungs coughing runny nose sore throat exhaustion body pains On the off chance that the infection propels, there may be high fever and chills. [med-health.net]

  Definitions: Prevention = Interventions 1, 6 and 9 Recognise danger signs of pneumonia (rapid or difficult breathing, chest in-drawing, nasal flare and/or fever) Home-based management of cough, cold and fever Referral to health facility for high fever [wvi.org]

• Collapse

  The affected lung “collapses” like a deflated balloon. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Plasmodium vivax seems to cause complications of severe malaria, including cerebral malaria [2–5], renal failure [5], circulatory collapse [5], pulmonary dysfunctions [5, 9] liver dysfunction [4, 5], thrombocytopenia [4], and severe anaemia [5]. 2. [hindawi.com]

  Symptoms come on suddenly and include weakness, nausea, a hot dry body with a body temperature of over 41°C, dizziness, confusion, loss of coordination, fits and eventually collapse and loss of consciousness. [lonelyplanet.com]

  In addition, the air passages tend to collapse because of structural abnormalities in their walls. As a result, the lungs do not work efficiently and breathing becomes difficult. What causes "COPD"? Cigarette smoking is a major cause of COPD. [lcp.gov.ph]

  Inflammatory obstruction of the small airways, which leads to hyperinflation of the lungs, and collapse of segments of the lung occur. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Tachypnea

  We enrolled hospitalized patients who had temperature ≥37·3°C and at least one of: cough, sore throat, tachypnea, difficulty breathing, abnormal breath sounds on auscultation, sputum production, hemoptysis, chest pain, or chest radiograph consistent with [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

   WHO Classification and management NO PNEUMONIA COUGH NO TACHYPNEA -HOME CARE -SOOTHE THE THROAT AND RELIEVE COUGH -ADVISE MOTHER WHEN TO RETURN -FOLLOWUP IN 5 DAYS IF NOT IMPROVING PNEUMONIA -COUGH -TACHYPNEA -NO RIB OR STERNAL RETRACTION -ABLE TO [slideshare.net]

  Tachypnea and dyspnea are also signs of lower respiratory involvement. Viral infection and resulting inflammation may make an individual susceptible to concomitant or sequential infection with a bacterial agent. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Stridor

  Acute epiglottitis EXAMINATION • DO NOT EXAMINE THE THROAT • ASSESSMENT OF SEVERITY – DEGREE OF STRIDOR – RESP RATE – H.R – LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS – PULSE OXIMETRY 15. [slideshare.net]

  Look and listen for stridor. Stridor occurs when there is a narrowing of the larynx, trachea or epiglottis which interferes with air entering the lungs. 4. Look and listen for wheeze. [rnpedia.com]

  A stridor is a harsh sound which a child makes when breathing IN. [wikieducator.org]

• Dry Cough

  Symptoms commonly include fever, shivering, chills, malaise, dry cough, loss of appetite, body aches, and nausea, typically in connection with a sudden onset of illness. [en.wikipedia.org]

  The most common symptoms of uncomplicated influenza are an abrupt onset of fever, shivering, headache, muscle ache and a dry cough. Cough is often severe and protracted, but other manifestations are usually self-limited with recovery in 2-7 days. [web.archive.org]

  Upper respiratory infections in the lower part of the upper respiratory tract, such as, laryngotracheitis, are more commonly featured with dry cough and hoarseness or loss of voice. [medicinenet.com]

• Pleural Effusion

  Influenzal pharyngitis NOS Influenza with upper respiratory symptoms NOS Use Additional code for associated pleural effusion, if applicable ( J91.8 ) J11.1 ) Codes J00 Acute nasopharyngitis [common cold] J01 Acute sinusitis J02 Acute pharyngitis J03 [icd10data.com]

  Pneumonia: Complications • Empyema • Lung abscess • Pneumothorax • Pneumatocele • Pleural effusion • Delayed resolution • Respiratory failure • Metastatic septic lesions – Meningitis – Otitis media – Sinusitis – Speticemia 29. [slideshare.net]

  Pleural cavity diseases [ edit ] Pleural cavity diseases include pleural mesothelioma which are mentioned above. A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is known as a pleural effusion. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Inspiratory Stridor

  Acute LTB (Viral croup)  CLINICAL EXAMINATION – Hoarse voice – Normal to moderately inflammed pharynx – Slightly increased resp rate with prolonged inspiration and inspiratory stridor DIAGNOSIS – Mainly a clinical diagnosis – Radiograph neck :- steeple [slideshare.net]

  Clinical Manifestations Following a simple rhinitis, mild laryngotracheobronchitis manifests with: Mild to moderate fever with little or no prostration, a hoarse voice; barking cough, and inspiratory stridor. [wikieducator.org]

• Cyanosis

  Abnormal breathing presented high sensitivity, while restlessness, cyanosis, and abnormal skin color showed high specificity. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Bronchiolitis Clinical features-  Few days following URTI child presents with tachypnea and respiratory distress.  Dyspnea and Cyanosis may appear.  Prolonged expiratory phase with crepts and rhonchi B/l.  Hyperinflation : liver & spleen may be pushed [slideshare.net]

  Severe Pneumonia Chest indrawing Nasal flaring Grunting ( short sounds made with the voice) Cyanosis Treatment Refer urgently to hospital Treat fever ( paracetamol), wheezing ( salbutamol) D. [rnpedia.com]

• Arthritis

  Investigational therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a critical review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1988; 17: 163–84 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 102. Balabanova RM, Barakat B. Immunomodulating therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. [doi.org]

  Experience as a site investigator for malaria therapy research base arthesunate combination in 2008 at Sikka-South East Nusa and site investigator for phase III using of Biological Agent in Rheumatoid Arthritis in 2013 at Saiful Anwar Hospital – Malang [omicsonline.org]

  Influenzae type B ) Concomitant bacteremia, pneumonia, otitis media, arthritis and other invasive infections caused by H. Influenzae type B may be present. 13. [slideshare.net]

  Signs of rheumatic fever include arthritis, fever, and valvular disease. Uncommon features include an expanding truncal exanthem (erythema marginata), subcutaneous nodules, and chorea. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Febrile infants (up to eight weeks of age) with AOM should have a full sepsis workup. [aafp.org]

• Air Bronchogram

  Pneumonia: Radiology Bacterial – Poorly demarcated alveolar opacities with air bronchograms – Lobar or segmental opacification 26. Pneumonia: Radiology Viral – Perihilar streaking, interstitial changes, -- Air trapping 27. [slideshare.net]

• Streptococcus Pneumoniae

  Urine specimens were tested for Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen. Blood culture and chest radiograph were done at the discretion of the treating physician. Between November 2007 and December 2011, 3,964 case-patients were enrolled. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This model consists population of bacterial streptococcus pneumoniae, population of inactive macrophages, and population of active macrophages. [aip.scitation.org]

  […] less than five years of age in low income countries. [12] The most common cause of pneumonia is pneumococcal bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae accounts for 2/3 of bacteremic pneumonias. [13] This is a dangerous type of lung infection with a mortality [en.wikipedia.org]

• Chlamydia

  Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected and tested by polymerase chain reaction for adenovirus, parainfluenza virus types 1,2 and 3, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A and B viruses, human metapneumovirus, Chlamydia pneumioniae, and Mycoplasma [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] pneumoniae (chlamydia) The types of URIs refer to the parts of the upper respiratory tract most involved in the infection. [healthline.com]

  Less common causes of ILI include bacteria such as Legionella, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Staphylococcus Aureus

  aureus 12 or intravenous monotherapy with ceftriaxone (Rocephin), cefotaxime (Claforan), or ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn) 13 – 15 Influenza Abrupt onset of fever, headache, myalgia, malaise Influenza vaccination for prevention; supportive care; initiation [aafp.org]

  Synergistic effect of ethanolic extract of propolis and antibiotics on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Arzneim. Forsch., 1993, 43: 607-9. Eastwood M.A. Interaction of dietary antioxidants in vivo: how fruit and vegetables prevent disease. [md-medicaldata.com]

  aureus Klebsiella pneumonia Atypical Bacterial Infections: Legionella pneumophila Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydia psittaci Parasitic infections : Respiratory cryptosporidiosis Viral infections : Adenovirus Influenza A virus Influenza [en.wikipedia.org]

  Of the 29 children who had specimens collected for bacterial culture from normally sterile sites, 12 (41.4%) were positive; Staphylococcus aureus was identified in eight (66.7%) of the 12 children. [cdc.gov]

• Candida

  Causative agents: Viral – Adenovirus, Influenza, Parainfluenza, Enterovirus, EBV etc Other – Streptocooci, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Candida Clinical Features: Fever, Headache, Nausea, Sore throat Refusal to feed in younger children Pharyngo-tonsillar Congestion [slideshare.net]

  Thrush (Oral Candidiasis) Thrush is an infection of the mouth caused by the Candida fungus. Symptoms of thrush include pain or difficulty swallowing, a feeling that food gets stuck in the throat, and fever. [medicinenet.com]

  Fungi: Candida albicans is common in immunosuppressed children. Most cases of tonsillitis are caused by viruses. Bacterial tonsillitis and bacterial pharyngitis are rare in children before 2-3 years of age. [wikieducator.org]

• Pleural Effusion

  Influenzal pharyngitis NOS Influenza with upper respiratory symptoms NOS Use Additional code for associated pleural effusion, if applicable ( J91.8 ) J11.1 ) Codes J00 Acute nasopharyngitis [common cold] J01 Acute sinusitis J02 Acute pharyngitis J03 [icd10data.com]

  Pneumonia: Complications • Empyema • Lung abscess • Pneumothorax • Pneumatocele • Pleural effusion • Delayed resolution • Respiratory failure • Metastatic septic lesions – Meningitis – Otitis media – Sinusitis – Speticemia 29. [slideshare.net]

  Pleural cavity diseases [ edit ] Pleural cavity diseases include pleural mesothelioma which are mentioned above. A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is known as a pleural effusion. [en.wikipedia.org]

We found that the mean annual ARI episode rate among GERD patients reduced by 11.4%, from 4.39 before PPI treatment, to 3.89 following treatment (mean change = -0.5 visit, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (-0.64, -0.36)). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

OTHER OPTIONS  CEFUROXIME OR CEFOTAXIME  CHOLRAMPHENICOL  Treatment Duration :-7-10 DAYS Rifampicin prophylaxis to close contacts 17. [slideshare.net]

Diagnostic Findings and Appropriate Treatments for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Condition Key diagnostic findings Treatment Acute bronchitis and tracheitis Cough, possible phlegm production Symptomatic treatment; antibiotics are not recommended [aafp.org]

The identification of indicators associated with a poor clinical prognosis allows nurses to intervene early and to maximise the possibility of a good outcome. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Lung function tests have shown to be useful as diagnostic tools and for prognosis purposes. Pulse oximetry, also known as pulse ox, may be used to check how much oxygen gets into the lungs. [vikaspedia.in]

Rhinosinusitis The prognosis is generally favorable for acute rhinosinusitis, and many cases appear to resolve even without antibiotic therapy. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prognosis In the majority, the common cold is a mild, self-limiting illness. The common cold usually lasts around a week in adults and 10-14 days in children. In 90% of children, symptoms have resolved by 15 days [ 4 ]. [patient.info]

The viral etiology, as well as the presence of multiple viral infections, was determined. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain demographic and clinical information. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Assess the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the diverse etiologies of febrile respiratory illness in children and adults in Southern Sri Lanka. 1d. Validate a clinical predictor for common etiologies of febrile illness. [globalhealth.duke.edu]

For this analysis, SEF is the proportion of SARI cases that might theoretically be eliminated if the etiology were eliminated (assuming a primary role for that etiologic pathogen in causing pneumonia). [bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com]

Through collaboration with USU, studies using novel diagnostic platforms for determining ARI etiology are also being conducted. [idcrp.org]

These findings provide a benchmark for future epidemiology and prevention strategies for HAdV. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Cerebral salt wasting: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2010;21(2):339-52. doi: 10.1016/j.nec.2009.10.011. [PubMed: 20380974]. 14. Dholke H, Campos A, Reddy C, Panigrahi M. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome. [pedinfect.com]

Cause [ edit ] In terms of pathophysiology, rhinovirus infection resembles the immune response. The viruses do not cause damage to the cells of the upper respiratory tract, but rather cause changes in the tight junctions of epithelial cells. [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] incidence of pneumonia in a developing country is 10 times higher than that in the United States (McCracken, 2000) ARI related mortality is higher during infancy and particularly the neonatal period where more than half of the deaths occur (USAID 2008) Pathophysiology [bu.digication.com]

[email protected] 2 Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. [email protected] 3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Although this may not ease one's symptoms, it will prevent the spreading of infectious diseases. Avoid touching one's face, especially eyes and mouth, to prevent introducing germs into one's system. Related resources ARI in children [vikaspedia.in]