We present the case of a 32-year-old woman who, 10 months after abdominoperineal resection and total mesorectal excision for a locally advanced mucinous adenocarcinoma of the rectum, presented with local recurrence and metastases to the breast, spine, [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Here, we present a case of synchronous rectal SCC and adenocarcinoma. CASE REPORT A 45-year-old man presented with a 1-week history of haematochezia. His medical history was unremarkable, except a 4-kg weight loss in the past 3 months. [academic.oup.com]

• Weight Loss

  We describe a 13-year-old girl with short stature and delayed puberty who presented with hematochezia and recurrent abdominal pain for 1 year, and progressive weight loss for 6 months. Per rectal examination was suggestive of a rectal mass. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  As the cancer grows, it may spread, producing systemic symptoms that affect your whole body, such as fatigue and weight loss. [cancercenter.com]

  Pancreas : Unintended weight loss, back and stomach pain, oily or light-colored stools, and itchy skin. Colon : A sensation that the bowels are full, bloody stool, rectal bleeding, stomach pain, and unexplained weight loss. [medicalnewstoday.com]

• Fatigue

  If the lungs are affected, symptoms may include shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, coughing, pain and/or fatigue. [cancercenter.com]

  There were significant differences in favor of SC for grade 3 AE: radiation dermatitis (0% vs 5.6%, P = 0.003), proctitis (0% vs 3.7% P = 0.016), nausea (0% vs 3.1%, P = 0.029), fatigue (0% vs 3.7%, P = 0.016) and grade 3/4 diarrhea rates (1.3% vs 14.2% [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Anemia, fatigue, and at times loss of breath. Incomplete secretion of stool. Unexplained weight loss. Causes No cancer grows overnight. Carcinoma rectum is also a slow process. In its initial stage or the precancerous stage, it is known as polyps. [medanta.org]

  […] stool Stools that are narrower than usual Diarrhea, constipation, or feeling that the bowel does not empty completely General abdominal discomfort, such as frequent gas pains, bloating, fullness, and/or cramps Unexplained weight loss Constant feeling of fatigue [uvahealth.com]

  Side effects include fatigue, nausea, increased risk of infection, anemia, and peripheral neuropathy (tingling or numbness of the fingers and toes). [emedicinehealth.com]

• Pallor

  Symptoms and Types In addition to the black, tarry appearance of the feces, ferrets with melena may demonstrate some of the following: Anorexia Dehydration Weight loss Hypersalivation Vomiting Regurgitation Pallor of the mucous membranes Poor haircoat [petmd.com]

  She had marked pallor and she was obese. On per-abdomen examination, the abdomen was soft and a Pfannenstiel scar of previous surgery was seen. On per vaginal examination (PV), a fixed mass on the posterior portion of the vault was noted. [ispub.com]

  Signs Pallor Abdominal mass PR mass Jaundice Nodular liver Ascites Rectal metastasis travel along portal drainage to liver via superior rectal vein as well as systemic drainage to lung via middle inferior rectal veins. 12. [de.slideshare.net]

  The hydration status of the patient was adequate, she had mild pallor and abdominal examination was essentially normal. [wjso.biomedcentral.com]

  <ul><li>Signs </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Pallor </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Abdominal mass </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>PR mass </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Jaundice </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Nodular liver </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Ascites </li></ul></ul><ul> [slideshare.net]

• Constipation

  Common local symptoms include: Constipation Diarrhea Alternating diarrhea and constipation, or other changes in bowel habits Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool Abdominal bloating, cramps or discomfort A feeling that the bowel doesn't empty completely [cancercenter.com]

  A 36-year-old female presented with a 1-year history of constipation and bleeding per rectum. Colonoscopy revealed an ulcerated mass 2 cm above the anal verge. After multiple biopsies an abdomino-perineal resection was performed for the rectal mass. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Her complaints on application were epigastric pain, burning, and constipation. [hindawi.com]

  Constipation and increased intraabdominal pressure may provoke the development of the rectal prolapsus [6]. Yamazaki et al. stated that constipation developed as a result of sigmoid colon cancer predisposes rectal prolapsus [3]. [digestive-diseases.imedpub.com]

• Hematochezia

  We describe a 13-year-old girl with short stature and delayed puberty who presented with hematochezia and recurrent abdominal pain for 1 year, and progressive weight loss for 6 months. Per rectal examination was suggestive of a rectal mass. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Herein, we report a case of an 82-year-old female who presented with a 2-month history of worsening abdominal pain, hematochezia, and bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy with right-sided purulent discharge. [karger.com]

  The presence of hematochezia is six-times greater in a LGIB than with a UGIB.[5] Occasionally, a person with a LGIB will not present with any signs of internal bleeding, especially if there is a chronic bleed with ongoing low levels of blood loss. [en.wikipedia.org]

  The patient applied because of rectal prolapsus and hematochezia to our hospital’s emergency unit and as the examination revealed a prolapsed rectal tumor, an urgent Computerized Tomography (CT) was performed. [digestive-diseases.imedpub.com]

  Iron deficiency anemia Melena Diarrhea Left-sided carcinomas (10%): transverse and descending colon Changes in bowel habits (size, consistency, frequency) Blood-streaked stools Colicky abdominal pain due to obstruction Rectum (50%) and sigmoid (30%) Hematochezia [amboss.com]

• Blood in Stool

  Some changes in bowels habits that may be considered colon cancer signs include: Change in frequency of bowel movements Constipation Change in consistency of stool (loose or watery stools) Blood in stools (either as bright red spots or dark tar-like stools [cancercenter.com]

  Blood in the stool, even blood that cannot be seen by the naked eye (occult blood—see Stool Occult Blood Tests ), can be a sign of cancer. Usually, the stool is tested every year. [msdmanuals.com]

  Mayo Clinic's approach to rectal cancer care Symptoms Common symptoms include: A change in your bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation or more-frequent bowel movements Dark or red blood in stool Mucus in stool Narrow stool Abdominal pain Painful [mayoclinic.org]

  Fecal occult blood test: A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) finds blood in your stool that you may not see with the naked eye or confirms that it is actually blood in the stool that you may have seen. [verywellhealth.com]

  stools Colicky abdominal pain due to obstruction Rectum (50%) and sigmoid (30%) Hematochezia ↓ Stool caliber (pencil-shaped stool) Rectal pain Tenesmus Flatulence with involuntary stool loss Symptoms according to stage of disease Colorectal cancer must [amboss.com]

• Fecal Incontinence

  WHAT IS FECAL INCONTINENCE? Fecal incontinence (also called anal or bowel incontinence) is the impaired ability to control the passage of gas or stool. This is a common problem, but often not discussed due to embarrassment. [fascrs.org]

• Insect Bite

  There was no history of any new drug intake, insect bite or seafood consumption in the days preceding this rash. [jpgmonline.com]

Following pathology confirmation of colorectal cancer as biopsied endoscopically, a metastatic workup is undertaken. [bccancer.bc.ca]

CT scan Part of routine workup of patients Useful in identifying enlarged pelvic lymph-nodes and metastasis outside the pelvis than the extent or stage of primary tumor Limited utility in small primary cancer Sensitivity 50-80% Specificity 30-80% Ability [de.slideshare.net]

Patients with biopsy proven rectal cancer were included in this study after a workup consisting of sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy and a contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis. [jgo.amegroups.com]

The image below depicts the staging and workup of rectal cancer. Diagnostics. Staging and workup of rectal cancer patients. Signs and symptoms Bleeding is the most common symptom of rectal cancer, occurring in 60% of patients. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Multiple Colonic Polyps

  Although endoscopically diagnosed with multiple colonic polyps, presumed to be hamartomas, and an invasive rectal adenocarcinoma, postoperative pathology findings confirmed the rectal cancer and showed multiple colonic adenomas. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Rectal Ulcer

  Lisa KJ, Lin YJ, Orkun BA (1997) The best operation for rectal prolapse. Surg Clin North Am 77: 49-70. Karanjia ND, Rutter KRP (1994) Solitary rectal ulcer and rectal prolapse. Curr Pract Surg 6: 59-64. [digestive-diseases.imedpub.com]

• Fibrinoid Necrosis

  Pathological urinary findings have been seen in 35% and 42% in the Mayo Clinic study and Mackel and Jordon study respectively.[6] Histological features of LCV include leucocytoclasis, neutrophils in the vessel wall, fibrinoid necrosis and extravasation [jpgmonline.com]

• HLA-A2

  Adenocarcinoma Of The Rectum Terminated NCT00081224 Phase 2 capecitabine;celecoxib 48 A Trial Of Vaccination With The Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Peptide Cap 1-6D With Montanide ISA 51 Adjuvant Or Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) In HLA-A2 [malacards.org]

The increased use of multimodal therapy for the treatment of Stage II and III disease continues. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This local treatment may be accompanied by systemic (whole-body) treatment such as chemotherapy. When cancer is more extensive and surgery is not possible, systemic therapy is the primary approach to treatment. [michaelsmission.org]

The potential benefits of receiving cancer treatment must be carefully balanced with the potential risks of receiving cancer treatment. The following is a general overview of the treatment of Stage I rectal cancer. [texasoncology.com]

These stages are a lot like those for colon cancer, but because the tumor is much lower in the large intestine, treatment options may vary. Surgery to remove the cancer is almost always the first treatment. [webmd.com]

When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. [bowelcanceraustralia.org]

The prognosis of IIIA approaches that of IIB etc. This is not yet in widespread use). The advent of the newer chemotherapy agents has made a significant impact on rectal cancer prognosis. [myvmc.com]

If you have colorectal cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctor’s best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. [cancer.ca]

This article describes a patient with a large squamous carcinoma of the anus along with a large adenocarcinoma of the rectum, and also discusses a current review of the etiology and treatment of squamous carcinoma of the anus. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] the anal canal (not rectal adenocarcinomas with downward spread) Terminology Also known as perianal adenocarcinoma or perianal gland adenocarcinoma Epidemiology 5% of anorectal malignancies Usually diagnosed in the seventh decade; more common in men Etiology [pathologyoutlines.com]

[…] and chronic cough may also play a role in the etiology [2]. [digestive-diseases.imedpub.com]

Though its etiology and pathogenesis remains unclear, it has been associated with chronic inflammation and infections. [karger.com]

Etiology Predisposing factors Colorectal adenomas (see colonic polyps) Family history Hereditary syndromes Familial adenomatous polyposis: 100% risk by age 40 Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC): 80% progress to CRC. [amboss.com]

LIMITATIONS: The study was limited by its retrospective nature and the information available in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Službeni glasnik RS, br. 1106914 Abreu, M.H., Matos, E., Pocas, F.C., Rocha, R., Pinto, J. (2011) Rectal Cancer Epidemiology. u: [ur.] Rectal Cancer - A Multidisciplinary Approach to Management. Dr. [scindeks.ceon.rs]

5][6] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

Increasing incidence of rectal cancer in patients aged younger than 40 years: an analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database. Cancer 2010; 116: 4354-9. 4. [jpma.org.pk]

Definition / general Rare adenocarcinoma that primarily involves the anal canal (not rectal adenocarcinomas with downward spread) Terminology Also known as perianal adenocarcinoma or perianal gland adenocarcinoma Epidemiology 5% of anorectal malignancies [pathologyoutlines.com]

Collision tumors have an idiopathic pathophysiology and in fact "accidental meeting" is accepted by many authors. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The kidney: Physiology and pathophysiology, New York: Ravan Press, 1491-1525 [ PM ] [ EČ ][ GS ] Kraut, J.A., Madias, N.E. (2010) Metabolic acidosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Nature reviews. [scindeks.ceon.rs]

Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 126. National Cancer Institute website. [owensborohealthse3.adam.com]

Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 126. Lawler M, Johnston B, Van Schaeybroeck S, et al. Colorectal cancer. [medlineplus.gov]

[…] undergoing colorectal surgery despite routine efforts to prevent them. [centerwatch.com]

CAN RECTAL CANCER BE PREVENTED? Rectal cancer is preventable. Nearly all rectal cancer develops from rectal polyps, which are benign growths on the rectal wall. [fascrs.org]

The mucin, in turn, creates a barrier that may, in fact, prevent chemotherapy medications from effectively penetrating cancer cells. In short, the chemo may not be able to get where it needs to be. [verywellhealth.com]

Prevention If there is a family history of developing such cancer, one should get regular screening tests to protect themselves from the disease. Other prevention measures include: Quitting smoking. Limiting alcohol consumption. [medanta.org]