Focal dystonias [ edit ] These most common dystonias are typically classified as follows: Name Location Description Anismus muscles of the rectum Causes painful defecation, constipation ; may be complicated by encopresis. [wikivisually.com]

Having published over300 papers and co-edited 4 books on PD and restless legs syndrome, Prof. [books.google.com]

It may become difficult to find a comfortable position for arms and legs with even the minor exertions associated with holding arms crossed causing significant pain similar to restless leg syndrome. [wikivisually.com]

Oculogyric crisis muscles of eyes and head An extreme and sustained (usually) upward deviation of the eyes often with convergence causing diplopia (double vision). [wikivisually.com]

However, for most, their effects are limited and side-effects like mental confusion, sedation, mood swings, and short-term memory loss occur. [ citation needed ] Parkinsonian drugs Dopamine agonists : One type of dystonia, dopamine-responsive dystonia [wikivisually.com]

Meningitis and encephalitis caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal infections of the brain have been associated with dystonia. The main mechanism is inflammation of the blood vessels, causing restriction of blood flow to the basal ganglia. [wikivisually.com]

[…] and bones) Soft nuchal mass/ Ligamentous damage Arteriovenous fistula at the craniocervical junction (or elongated vertebral artery loop and dilatation of vertebral artery) Space occupying lesion causing neck deviation Compression of accessory nerve, meningeal [docplayer.net]

Other motor symptoms are possible including lip smacking. [13] Early symptoms may include loss of precision muscle coordination (sometimes first manifested in declining penmanship, frequent small injuries to the hands, and dropped items), cramping pain [wikivisually.com]

The clinical complexity of dystonia was then fully recognized. [44] See also [ edit ] Extrapyramidal symptoms Hypertonia Sydenham's chorea Ulegyria (brain condition with dystonia symptoms) References [ edit ] a b "Dystonias Fact Sheet - National Institute [wikivisually.com]

Even in the absence of traditional "cerebellar signs" in most dystonia patients, there are more subtle indications of cerebellar dysfunction. [wikivisually.com]

concentrating, blurred vision, digestive problems, and short temper. [wikivisually.com]