The present study examined patterns and correlates of the recent change in a sample of anxious youth with symptom presentations consistent with the DSM-IV agoraphobia definition and/or specific phobia (SP) to consider how the recent diagnostic change [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pain

  Upon activation, the "constraint" schema elicits such symptoms as asphyxiation, chest pain, difficult breathing, motor agitation and muscular tension, while the "loneliness" schema elicits such symptoms as sensation of tachycardia, weakness of limbs, [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Chest pain. Headaches. Stomach pains. A 'knot in the stomach'. Fast breathing. You may even have a panic attack (see separate leaflet called Panic Attack and Panic Disorder ). Even thinking about going to such places can make you anxious. [web.archive.org]

  Chest pain. Headaches. Stomach pains. A 'knot in the stomach'. Fast breathing. You may even have a panic attack. Even thinking about going to such places can make you anxious. To avoid this anxiety, you tend to avoid feared places. [patient.info]

  You have sudden trouble breathing, chest pain, or a fast heartbeat. The symptoms are worse or last longer than you regularly experience when you panic. You think about hurting or killing yourself. [drugs.com]

• Weakness

  Upon activation, the "constraint" schema elicits such symptoms as asphyxiation, chest pain, difficult breathing, motor agitation and muscular tension, while the "loneliness" schema elicits such symptoms as sensation of tachycardia, weakness of limbs, [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Some people with panic disorder have a weak balance system and awareness of space. This can cause them to feel overwhelmed and disorientated in crowded places. This can cause a panic attack. [www2.hse.ie]

  Untreated HIV/AIDS can cause significant weight loss, often accompanied by diarrhea, chronic weakness and fever. Neurological complications. [mayoclinic.org]

  Common symptoms of AIDS include chills, fever, sweats, swollen lymph glands, weakness, and weight loss. People are diagnosed with AIDS when their CD4 cell count drops below 200 cells/mm or if they develop certain opportunistic illnesses. [cdc.gov]

  Weak evidence without control group Radboudumc researchers Machteld van Egmond, Maroeska Rovers, and Niels van Heerbeek are the first to compare the outcomes of two groups of patients following different treatment strategies: septoplasty and non-surgical [radboudumc.nl]

• Unconsciousness

  In one film he produced, he crashed his plane and was pulled unconscious from the wreck. [web.archive.org]

  […] strategies.[7][8][9] CBT is based on the combination of the basic principles from behavioral and cognitive psychology.[2] It is different from historical approaches to psychotherapy, such as the psychoanalytic approach where the therapist looks for the unconscious [en.wikipedia.org]

• Epilepsy

  The role of perceived epilepsy stigma. 61 Margolis SA...Nakhutina L 31419635 2019 27 Prevalence of seasonal depression in a prospective cohort study. 61 Wirz-Justice A...Angst J 30022319 2019 28 Dysfunctional cognition and self-efficacy as mediators [malacards.org]

• Dyspnea

  Once questioned in more details, the patient revealed that her dizziness occurred more frequently in the presence of anxiety spells, peaking within 10 minutes, dyspnea, palpitation, limbs parenthesis and feeling of eminent death. [scielo.br]

• Tachypnea

  This basically means that the patient's brain sends the body false signals that not enough oxygen is being received, causing the affected person to increase his or her breathing rate, also known as tachypnea, which is one of the hallmarks of an anxiety [primarycare.imedpub.com]

• Nausea

  […] is a type of anxiety disorder that causes people to avoid places and situations that might cause them to feel: trapped helpless panicked embarrassed scared People with agoraphobia often have symptoms of a panic attack, such as a rapid heartbeat and nausea [healthline.com]

  […] four or more of the following symptoms reach a peak within 10 minutes2: Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate Sweating Trembling or shaking Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering Feeling of choking Chest pain or discomfort Nausea [www1.health.gov.au]

• Choking

  […] intense fear or discomfort, in which four or more of the following symptoms reach a peak within 10 minutes2: Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate Sweating Trembling or shaking Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering Feeling of choking [www1.health.gov.au]

  […] or separated from others Feeling helpless Feeling that the body is not real Feeling that the environment is not real Having an unusual temper or agitation Staying in the house for long periods Physical symptoms can include: Chest pain or discomfort Choking [nlm.nih.gov]

  Panic attack symptoms can include: Choking Fear of being out of control Fear of dying Fear of "going crazy" Hot flashes or chills Nausea or other stomach distress Racing heart With agoraphobia, you avoid places or situations because you do not feel safe [web.archive.org]

• Diarrhea

  You may avoid situations because of fears such as getting lost, falling, or having diarrhea and not being able to get to a bathroom. [mayoclinic.org]

  Dizziness and shaking Diarrhea Fast heartbeat Sweating Thoughts that you are losing control Trouble breathing or chest pain What increases my risk for agoraphobia? The exact cause of agoraphobia is unknown. [drugs.com]

  Panic attacks can include a wide range of severe physical symptoms, such as: chest pain a racing heart shortness of breath dizziness trembling choking sweating hot flashes chills nausea diarrhea numbness tingling sensations People with agoraphobia may [healthline.com]

• Dysphagia

  The physical symptoms of agoraphobia can be similar to those of a panic attack and may include: rapid heartbeat rapid breathing (hyperventilating) feeling hot and sweaty feeling sick chest pain difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) diarrhoea trembling dizziness [nhsdirect.wales.nhs.uk]

  Dysphagia, aspiration, reflux and other problems of the digestive system and/or globus sensation are displayed. Another possibility is unilateral tension of the head, in the region of the ear, as a result of a tense m. temporalis. [coordinatie-stemtherapie.nl]

• Chest Pain

  Upon activation, the "constraint" schema elicits such symptoms as asphyxiation, chest pain, difficult breathing, motor agitation and muscular tension, while the "loneliness" schema elicits such symptoms as sensation of tachycardia, weakness of limbs, [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  You have sudden trouble breathing, chest pain, or a fast heartbeat. The symptoms are worse or last longer than you regularly experience when you panic. You think about hurting or killing yourself. [drugs.com]

  Lang et al. [ 25 ] reported that chest pain or discomfort occurred more often in cases of PD without AG. [bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com]

  pains and shortness of breath – experiencing a tightness of the chest and feeling as though it’s a struggle to breathe Feeling hot and sweaty Heart palpitations Hyperventilating Numbness and tingling, for example tingling lips and numbness in your fingers [priorygroup.com]

  […] or discomfort, in which four or more of the following symptoms reach a peak within 10 minutes2: Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate Sweating Trembling or shaking Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering Feeling of choking Chest [www1.health.gov.au]

• Heart Disease

  BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders have been linked to an increased risk of incident coronary heart disease in which inflammation plays a key pathogenic role. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Heart disease does NOT cause panic attacks and panic attacks do NOT cause heart disease. [crufad.org]

  If chest pain is recurrent or long-lasting, a thorough medical investigation to rule out the presence of heart disease is recommended. If heart disease is not present, then subsequent chest pain caused by a heart attack is unlikely. [thiswayup.org.au]

  Physical disorders which cause reluctance to leave the home - eg, coronary heart disease. Management Treatment options include psychological and pharmacological treatments. [patient.info]

• Tachycardia

  Upon activation, the "constraint" schema elicits such symptoms as asphyxiation, chest pain, difficult breathing, motor agitation and muscular tension, while the "loneliness" schema elicits such symptoms as sensation of tachycardia, weakness of limbs, [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Other studies mention nocturnal measurements that show symptoms such as altered respiratory rate, skin potential changes, peripheral vasoconstriction and tachycardia; also apneu and snoring often go together with bruxism.. [coordinatie-stemtherapie.nl]

  Cox et al. [ 24 ] also reported that, of the DSM symptoms, fear of dying and tachycardia were the symptoms most often rated as very severe. [bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com]

• Sweating

  Symptoms of claustrophobia include sweating and chills, increased heart rate, lightheadedness, hyperventilation, sweating, numbness, a choking sensation, tightness in the chest, chest pain, difficulty breathing, an urge to use the bathroom, confusion [therecoveryvillage.com]

  I'd then struggle home with loads of bags whilst looking ultra-paranoid and dripping in sweat. Was anyone looking at me? Quite probably, I did kind of attract attention! Things can and do get better though, you must remember this. [dorsetmentalhealthforum.org.uk]

  A panic attack is a sudden period of intense fear or discomfort, in which four or more of the following symptoms reach a peak within 10 minutes2: Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate Sweating Trembling or shaking Sensations of shortness [www1.health.gov.au]

  Education Some of the physical changes caused by the fight or flight response will result in symptoms of panic disorder, such as: E Blood is redirected from gut to muscles = nausea E Sweating increases – cold sweat E Heart rate increases – palpitations [thiswayup.org.au]

  Physical symptoms are like those of a panic attack, such as: breathing quickly and shallowly your heart beating quickly feeling sick in your stomach breaking out in a sweat pain in your chest. [healthnavigator.org.nz]

• Tinnitus

  Psychiatric diagnoses in patients with psycogenic dizziness or severe tinnitus. J Otolaryngol 1988;17:325-30. [ Links ] 12. ullivan M, Clark MR, Katon WJ, Fischl M, Russo J, Dob R. [scielo.br]

  […] agoraphobia can be similar to those of a panic attack and may include: rapid heartbeat rapid breathing (hyperventilating) feeling hot and sweaty feeling sick chest pain difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) diarrhoea trembling dizziness ringing in the ears (tinnitus [nhsdirect.wales.nhs.uk]

  For example, khyâl attacks in Cambodia are characterized by a mix of PA and culture-specific symptoms including tinnitus and neck soreness w/ dizziness. [courses.lumenlearning.com]

• Facial Pain

  Some people may also have: a blocked nose, which may be just one nostril, or may change from one nostril to the other nosebleeds frequent sinus infections Some people also experience more general symptoms, such as: headaches or facial pain noisy breathing [healthdirect.gov.au]

  pain postnasal drip headaches snoring whistling noise while inhaling or exhaling a tendency to sleep on one side, often the side opposite the blocked nasal passage in severe cases, sleep apnea Cases that have a significant deformity can be more severe [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Related symptoms are tooth wear, headache, neuralgic facial pains, facial asymmetry and deviating tonicity of head, neck and shoulders especially the chewing muscles. [coordinatie-stemtherapie.nl]

• Fear

  Phobia is often, but not always, compounded by a fear of social embarrassment, as the individual fears the onset of a panic attack and appearing distraught in public. Some people with agoraphobia have a fear of open spaces. [web.archive.org]

  Some of those thoughts might be: Fear of embarrassment in front of others Fear of dying or suffocating Being unable to escape in the event of a panic attack Fear of Insanity Fear of losing control Fear of attracting attention Worry about being unable [news-medical.net]

  Trying to reason with a person with agoraphobia about the likelihood of any of their fears coming true usually does not result in any change of their behavior, since the fears are irrational to start with. [psychcentral.com]

• Compulsive Disorder

  Quality of life in anxiety disorders: a comparison of obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Psychopathology. 2003 Sep-Oct. 36(5):255-62. [Medline]. [medscape.com]

  There may be genetic subtypes of both obsessive-compulsive disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks that are due to partial expression of the TS gene. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Anxiety disorders include agoraphobia and other phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and panic disorder. [yourdictionary.com]

  Other mental disorders that may fall within the spectrum of obsessive-compulsive disorder include trichotillomania (compulsive hair pulling), compulsive shoplifting, gambling, and sexual behavior disorders (Hollander, 1996). [web.archive.org]

• Claustrophobia

  Claustrophobia Individuals suffering from claustrophobia fear small, confined spaces. Their extreme levels of anxiety cause them to avoid small spaces do to fight over being confined or trapped. [therecoveryvillage.com]

  With appropriate treatment, it is possible to overcome claustrophobia or any other phobia. From other websites Content disclaimer Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

  For example many agoraphobics also fear being left alone (monophobia), dislike being in any situation where they feel trapped (exhibiting claustrophobia type tendencies) and fear travelling away from their ‘safe’ place, usually the home. [anxietyuk.org.uk]

  고소(高所)공포증(Acrophobia) 동물 공포증(Animal phobias) 폐소(閉所)공포증(Claustrophobia) 단순 공포증(Simple phobia) 제외：비망상적 불구(不具)공포증(dysmorphophobia(nondelusional)(F45.2) 질병공포증(nosophobia)(F45.2) F40.8 기타 공포 불안 장애(Other phobic anxiety disorders) F40.9 상세불명의 공포 불안 장애(Phobic [dic.impact.pe.kr]

  These include having: depression other phobias, such as claustrophobia and social phobia another type of anxiety disorder, such as generalized anxiety disorder or obsessive compulsive disorder a history of physical or sexual abuse a substance abuse problem [healthline.com]

• Low Self-Esteem

  self-esteem Sleep disturbances, including insomnia Paranoia Physical symptoms of agoraphobia: Feeling faint, dizzy, light headed or nauseous when you are in a large outdoor space or in a situation where there is a large crowd of people Chest pains and [priorygroup.com]

  These negative feelings damage self-esteem and contribute to depression, and other anxieties and fears. [web.archive.org]

  Review: Low self-esteem and internalizing disorders in young people - a systematic review. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2017;22(1):4-15. doi:10.1111/camh.12204 Preti A, Piras M, Cossu G, et al. [verywellmind.com]

• Depersonalization

  Cases of six people are described, all of whom reported first experiencing depersonalization while using marijuana, and subsequently experiencing depersonalization while not using the drug. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  De-realization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself) 10. Fear of losing control or going crazy 11. Fear of dying 12. Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensation) 13. [courses.lumenlearning.com]

• Hot Flushes

  For instance, people with a panic disorder can have anxiety attacks, for example chest pain, trembling, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, sweating or hot flushes. They are afraid of losing control of themselves, going mad or dying. [psychenet.de]

  I started to have panic attacks at the age of 18, characterised by palpitations, hyperventilation, uncontrollable shaking, nausea, hot flushes, and a feeling of doom so profound that I was absolutely convinced that death was imminent. [metro.co.uk]

  flushes Diagnosis If you are referred to a Psychologist or Psychiatrist, it is likely that you will be assessed via an in-depth interview, and a questionnaire such as the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule. [dorsetmentalhealthforum.org.uk]

  flushes fear of dying fear of going crazy or losing control Panic attacks occur across all the anxiety disorders, usually triggered by a feared situation or object, or by an anxious thought or worry. [stjoes.ca]

• Dizziness

  Many dizzy patients, without a known organic cause, considered as having idiopathic dizziness, may have a psychiatric disorder. Besides, even organic dizziness may cause or exacerbate latent psychiatric alterations. [scielo.br]

  Patients with panic-related dizziness were reported to have higher rates of vertigo and agoraphobic behavior when compared to those patients who had only panic or dizziness alone. [bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com]

  Similarly, it was hypothesized that HV might represent a physical "loneliness" probe, since it can elicit such symptoms as dizziness, paraesthesias, stiff muscles, cold hands or feet and trembling, reminiscent of a "collapsing type" symptomatology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  It results in dizziness, light-headedness, breathlessness, palpitations, and tingling in the hands and feet. [thiswayup.org.au]

• Agitation

  Upon activation, the "constraint" schema elicits such symptoms as asphyxiation, chest pain, difficult breathing, motor agitation and muscular tension, while the "loneliness" schema elicits such symptoms as sensation of tachycardia, weakness of limbs, [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Many of us might become agitated when we have to take public transportation or navigate a busy grocery store, but some people experience extreme fear or worry when they encounter public spaces that may be hard to escape. [psycom.net]

  […] escape might be hard Being afraid of losing control in a public place Depending on others Feeling detached or separated from others Feeling helpless Feeling that the body is not real Feeling that the environment is not real Having an unusual temper or agitation [nlm.nih.gov]

• Tingling

  for example tingling lips and numbness in your fingers and toes Difficulty swallowing Trembling and shaking Diarrhoea Lack or increase of appetite, resulting in weight loss or gain Social symptoms of agoraphobia: Withdrawing from friends and family, [priorygroup.com]

  Chest pain or discomfort Nausea or abdominal distress Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint Derealisation (feeling 'unreal') or depersonalisation (feeling detached from yourself) Fear of losing control or going crazy Fear of dying Numbness or tingling [www1.health.gov.au]

  Panic attacks produce physical sensations including rapid heartbeat, trouble breathing, dizziness, tingling, sweating, chills, and nausea. Key Studies The Napa State Hospital's Department of Psychiatry studied the behavior of "Mrs. [thoughtco.com]

  It results in dizziness, light-headedness, breathlessness, palpitations, and tingling in the hands and feet. [thiswayup.org.au]

  A panic attack usually includes four or more of the following: Intense fear Rapid heartbeat Pounding or racing feeling in the chest Chest pain Shortness of breath Shaking Sweating Blushing Lightheadedness Hot flashes or chills Numbness or tingling Nausea [winchesterhospital.org]

• Tremor

  Shaking (tremor). Sweating. Dry mouth. Feeling sick (nauseated). Chest pain. Headaches. Stomach pains. A 'knot in the stomach'. Fast breathing. You may even have a panic attack (see separate leaflet called Panic Attack and Panic Disorder ). [web.archive.org]

  Shaking (tremor). Sweating. Dry mouth. Feeling sick (nauseated). Chest pain. Headaches. Stomach pains. A 'knot in the stomach'. Fast breathing. You may even have a panic attack. Even thinking about going to such places can make you anxious. [patient.info]

  These include shortness of breath; tightness in her chest; palpitation ; sweaty hands; tremors and sudden jolts of fear of dying. [primarycare.imedpub.com]

• Vertigo

  The patient denied vertigo, nausea, vomits, ear symptoms or other comorbidities. She reported use of cinarizine 75mg/day without improvement. [scielo.br]

  Patients with panic-related dizziness were reported to have higher rates of vertigo and agoraphobic behavior when compared to those patients who had only panic or dizziness alone. [bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com]

OBJECTIVE: Although exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment option for panic disorder with agoraphobia, the neural substrates of treatment response remain unknown. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Expectations (prognosis) Most patients can get better with medications or behavioral therapy. However, without early and effective help, the disorder may become more difficult to treat. [web.archive.org]

Resources for more information include: Anxiety and Depression Association of America -- adaa.org Outlook (Prognosis) Most people can get better with medicines and CBT. Without early and effective help, the disorder may become harder to treat. [ufhealth.org]

A. (2013) Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical outcomes and prognosis of 330 patients at a tertiary care center. European Journal of Endocrinology, 169(6): 891-899 [ CR ] [ EČ ][ GS ] Berruti, A., Baudin, E., Gelderblom, H., Haak, H. [scindeks.ceon.rs]

Prognosis Some patients may improve; however, relapses are common. One in three patients have underlying depression and one in five will attempt suicide. [patient.info]

Its etiology is not clear and different schools of thought have given different explanations for its causation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiologies of nasal symptoms: An overview. Feldweg, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. [verywellhealth.com]

Etiology Genetic and family studies have found that both biology and environment are strong contributors to the development of both PD and AG. Twin studies have revealed that there is a genetic link to the development of PD. [courses.lumenlearning.com]

Association Practice Guidelines (April 2000) indicated that, among psychotherapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy had the best-documented efficacy for treatment of major depressive disorder.[94][page needed] One etiological [en.wikipedia.org]

The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. [2] Goodwin, R. [barendspsychology.com]

Another possibility is that the epidemiological findings are not valid. [jamanetwork.com]

3/49/3856/abstract/8 NHS Choices, Treating agoraphobia, https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Agoraphobia/Pages/Treatment.aspx Further Reading All Agoraphobia Content Agoraphobia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment Agoraphobia Epidemiology Agoraphobia Theories [news-medical.net]

The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67(3): 363-374, 2006. Hofmann, S.G., and D.E. Hinton. [medicinenet.com]

Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders. Epidemiology and Psychopharmacology 136:142, 2007. Goodwin RD, Stein DJ. Anxiety disorders and drug dependence: evidence on sequence and specificity among adults. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;67(3):167-73. [hopkinsguides.com]

CONCLUSIONS: There may be a pathophysiological relationship between the GHR and lipid profiles that interact with each other in PD. In fact, this relationship was more marked in PD with agoraphobia than in PD without agoraphobia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Fava GA, Mangelli L: Subclinical symptoms of panic disorder: new insights into pathophysiology and treatment. Psychother Psychosom. 1999, 68: 281-289. 10.1159/000012345. 3. [bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com]

Pathophysiology and drug treatment. Drugs. 1995 Mar. 49(3):328-44. [Medline]. Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Kobak KA, Katzelnick DJ, Serlin RC. Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analysis. [medscape.com]

Subclinical symptoms of panic disorder: new insights into pathophysiology and treatment. Psychother Psychosom. (1999) 68:281–9. PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar 17. [frontiersin.org]

"A Translational Neuroscience Approach to Understanding the Development of Social Anxiety Disorder and Its Pathophysiology". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 171 (11): 1162–1173. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14040449. PMC 4342310. [en.wikipedia.org]

Prevention Early treatment of panic disorder can often prevent agoraphobia. Images References American Psychiatric Association. Anxiety disorders. In: American Psychiatric Association, ed. [ufhealth.org]

Avoiding public places does not prevent panic attacks. On the contrary, it can strengthen your attacks and cause you to isolate yourself. [quebec.ca]

They work by preventing your symptoms or making them less severe. You must take these medicines every day. DO NOT stop taking them or change the dosage without talking with your provider. [nlm.nih.gov]

Prevention Early treatment of panic disorder can often prevent agoraphobia. References Taylor CT, Pollack MH, LeBeau RT, Simon NM. Anxiety disorders: panic, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety. [web.archive.org]