The present study examined patterns and correlates of the recent change in a sample of anxious youth with symptom presentations consistent with the DSM-IV agoraphobia definition and/or specific phobia (SP) to consider how the recent diagnostic change [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Dyspnea

  Once questioned in more details, the patient revealed that her dizziness occurred more frequently in the presence of anxiety spells, peaking within 10 minutes, dyspnea, palpitation, limbs parenthesis and feeling of eminent death. [scielo.br]

• Nausea

  […] is a type of anxiety disorder that causes people to avoid places and situations that might cause them to feel: trapped helpless panicked embarrassed scared People with agoraphobia often have symptoms of a panic attack, such as a rapid heartbeat and nausea [healthline.com]

  For other people it’s nausea, so I’ll have them spin around in a chair.” [childmind.org]

• Choking

  […] intense fear or discomfort, in which four or more of the following symptoms reach a peak within 10 minutes2: Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate Sweating Trembling or shaking Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering Feeling of choking [www1.health.gov.au]

  […] or separated from others Feeling helpless Feeling that the body is not real Feeling that the environment is not real Having an unusual temper or agitation Staying in the house for long periods Physical symptoms can include: Chest pain or discomfort Choking [nlm.nih.gov]

  Panic attack symptoms can include: Choking Fear of being out of control Fear of dying Fear of "going crazy" Hot flashes or chills Nausea or other stomach distress Racing heart With agoraphobia, you avoid places or situations because you do not feel safe [web.archive.org]

  […] and signs of agoraphobia may include: anxiety in response to being away from an environment that is seen as ‘safe’ symptoms of significant anxiety and sometimes a panic attack such as breathlessness, sweating, dizziness, fast heart rate, sensation of choking [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

• Diarrhea

  […] associated with agoraphobia may include symptoms of a panic attack, such as: Rapid heart rate Excessive sweating Trouble breathing Feeling shaky, numb, or tingling Chest pain or pressure Lightheadedness or dizziness Sudden flushing or chills Upset stomach or diarrhea [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  Symptoms may include: Fast, pounding heart Sweating, trembling, shaking Breathing problems Feeling hot or cold Nausea or diarrhea Chest pain Problems swallowing Dizziness or feeling faint Fear of dying A lot of these symptoms are the same for other medical [webmd.com]

  Untreated HIV/AIDS can cause significant weight loss, often accompanied by diarrhea, chronic weakness and fever. Neurological complications. [mayoclinic.org]

  Dizziness and shaking Diarrhea Fast heartbeat Sweating Thoughts that you are losing control Trouble breathing or chest pain What increases my risk for agoraphobia? The exact cause of agoraphobia is unknown. [drugs.com]

• Dysphagia

  The physical symptoms of agoraphobia can be similar to those of a panic attack and may include: rapid heartbeat rapid breathing (hyperventilating) feeling hot and sweaty feeling sick chest pain difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) diarrhoea trembling dizziness [nhsdirect.wales.nhs.uk]

  Dysphagia, aspiration, reflux and other problems of the digestive system and/or globus sensation are displayed. Another possibility is unilateral tension of the head, in the region of the ear, as a result of a tense m. temporalis. [coordinatie-stemtherapie.nl]

• Chest Pain

  Upon activation, the "constraint" schema elicits such symptoms as asphyxiation, chest pain, difficult breathing, motor agitation and muscular tension, while the "loneliness" schema elicits such symptoms as sensation of tachycardia, weakness of limbs, [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  You have sudden trouble breathing, chest pain, or a fast heartbeat. The symptoms are worse or last longer than you regularly experience when you panic. You think about hurting or killing yourself. [drugs.com]

  Lang et al. [ 25 ] reported that chest pain or discomfort occurred more often in cases of PD without AG. [bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com]

  pains and shortness of breath – experiencing a tightness of the chest and feeling as though it’s a struggle to breathe Feeling hot and sweaty Heart palpitations Hyperventilating Numbness and tingling, for example tingling lips and numbness in your fingers [priorygroup.com]

  Physical symptoms associated with agoraphobia may include symptoms of a panic attack, such as: Rapid heart rate Excessive sweating Trouble breathing Feeling shaky, numb, or tingling Chest pain or pressure Lightheadedness or dizziness Sudden flushing or [my.clevelandclinic.org]

• Tachycardia

  Upon activation, the "constraint" schema elicits such symptoms as asphyxiation, chest pain, difficult breathing, motor agitation and muscular tension, while the "loneliness" schema elicits such symptoms as sensation of tachycardia, weakness of limbs, [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Cox et al. [ 24 ] also reported that, of the DSM symptoms, fear of dying and tachycardia were the symptoms most often rated as very severe. [bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com]

  Other studies mention nocturnal measurements that show symptoms such as altered respiratory rate, skin potential changes, peripheral vasoconstriction and tachycardia; also apneu and snoring often go together with bruxism.. [coordinatie-stemtherapie.nl]

• Tinnitus

  Psychiatric diagnoses in patients with psycogenic dizziness or severe tinnitus. J Otolaryngol 1988;17:325-30. [ Links ] 12. ullivan M, Clark MR, Katon WJ, Fischl M, Russo J, Dob R. [scielo.br]

  […] agoraphobia can be similar to those of a panic attack and may include: rapid heartbeat rapid breathing (hyperventilating) feeling hot and sweaty feeling sick chest pain difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) diarrhoea trembling dizziness ringing in the ears (tinnitus [nhsdirect.wales.nhs.uk]

  For example, khyâl attacks in Cambodia are characterized by a mix of PA and culture-specific symptoms including tinnitus and neck soreness w/ dizziness. [courses.lumenlearning.com]

  CBT combined with hypnosis and distraction reduces self-reported pain in children.[56] Cochrane reviews have found no evidence that CBT is effective for tinnitus, although there appears to be an effect on management of associated depression and quality [en.wikipedia.org]

• Fear

  Phobia is often, but not always, compounded by a fear of social embarrassment, as the individual fears the onset of a panic attack and appearing distraught in public. Some people with agoraphobia have a fear of open spaces. [web.archive.org]

  Trying to reason with a person with agoraphobia about the likelihood of any of their fears coming true usually does not result in any change of their behavior, since the fears are irrational to start with. [psychcentral.com]

  Many people think that agoraphobia means a fear of public places and open spaces. However, this is just part of it. If you have agoraphobia you tend to have a number of fears of various places and situations. [patient.info]

• Low Self-Esteem

  self-esteem Sleep disturbances, including insomnia Paranoia Physical symptoms of agoraphobia: Feeling faint, dizzy, light headed or nauseous when you are in a large outdoor space or in a situation where there is a large crowd of people Chest pains and [priorygroup.com]

  These negative feelings damage self-esteem and contribute to depression, and other anxieties and fears. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

• Hot Flushes

  For instance, people with a panic disorder can have anxiety attacks, for example chest pain, trembling, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, sweating or hot flushes. They are afraid of losing control of themselves, going mad or dying. [psychenet.de]

  I started to have panic attacks at the age of 18, characterised by palpitations, hyperventilation, uncontrollable shaking, nausea, hot flushes, and a feeling of doom so profound that I was absolutely convinced that death was imminent. [metro.co.uk]

  flushes Diagnosis If you are referred to a Psychologist or Psychiatrist, it is likely that you will be assessed via an in-depth interview, and a questionnaire such as the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule. [dorsetmentalhealthforum.org.uk]

  flushes fear of dying fear of going crazy or losing control Panic attacks occur across all the anxiety disorders, usually triggered by a feared situation or object, or by an anxious thought or worry. [stjoes.ca]

• Dizziness

  Many dizzy patients, without a known organic cause, considered as having idiopathic dizziness, may have a psychiatric disorder. Besides, even organic dizziness may cause or exacerbate latent psychiatric alterations. [scielo.br]

  Patients with panic-related dizziness were reported to have higher rates of vertigo and agoraphobic behavior when compared to those patients who had only panic or dizziness alone. [bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com]

  Similarly, it was hypothesized that HV might represent a physical "loneliness" probe, since it can elicit such symptoms as dizziness, paraesthesias, stiff muscles, cold hands or feet and trembling, reminiscent of a "collapsing type" symptomatology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  It results in dizziness, light-headedness, breathlessness, palpitations, and tingling in the hands and feet. [thiswayup.org.au]

  Agoraphobia is characterized by an intense fear or anxiety that occurs when someone is faced with a situation that is difficult or embarrassing to leave, or where help would be unavailable if they were to experience panic-like symptoms (e.g., becoming dizzy [gracepointwellness.org]

• Agitation

  Upon activation, the "constraint" schema elicits such symptoms as asphyxiation, chest pain, difficult breathing, motor agitation and muscular tension, while the "loneliness" schema elicits such symptoms as sensation of tachycardia, weakness of limbs, [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Many of us might become agitated when we have to take public transportation or navigate a busy grocery store, but some people experience extreme fear or worry when they encounter public spaces that may be hard to escape. [psycom.net]

  […] escape might be hard Being afraid of losing control in a public place Depending on others Feeling detached or separated from others Feeling helpless Feeling that the body is not real Feeling that the environment is not real Having an unusual temper or agitation [nlm.nih.gov]

• Tingling

  for example tingling lips and numbness in your fingers and toes Difficulty swallowing Trembling and shaking Diarrhoea Lack or increase of appetite, resulting in weight loss or gain Social symptoms of agoraphobia: Withdrawing from friends and family, [priorygroup.com]

  Physical symptoms associated with agoraphobia may include symptoms of a panic attack, such as: Rapid heart rate Excessive sweating Trouble breathing Feeling shaky, numb, or tingling Chest pain or pressure Lightheadedness or dizziness Sudden flushing or [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  Chest pain or discomfort Nausea or abdominal distress Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint Derealisation (feeling 'unreal') or depersonalisation (feeling detached from yourself) Fear of losing control or going crazy Fear of dying Numbness or tingling [www1.health.gov.au]

  Panic attacks produce physical sensations including rapid heartbeat, trouble breathing, dizziness, tingling, sweating, chills, and nausea. Key Studies The Napa State Hospital's Department of Psychiatry studied the behavior of "Mrs. [thoughtco.com]

  It results in dizziness, light-headedness, breathlessness, palpitations, and tingling in the hands and feet. [thiswayup.org.au]

• Tremor

  Shaking (tremor). Sweating. Dry mouth. Feeling sick (nauseated). Chest pain. Headaches. Stomach pains. A 'knot in the stomach'. Fast breathing. You may even have a panic attack (see separate leaflet called Panic Attack and Panic Disorder ). [web.archive.org]

  Shaking (tremor). Sweating. Dry mouth. Feeling sick (nauseated). Chest pain. Headaches. Stomach pains. A 'knot in the stomach'. Fast breathing. You may even have a panic attack. Even thinking about going to such places can make you anxious. [patient.info]

  These include shortness of breath; tightness in her chest; palpitation ; sweaty hands; tremors and sudden jolts of fear of dying. [primarycare.imedpub.com]

• Vertigo

  The patient denied vertigo, nausea, vomits, ear symptoms or other comorbidities. She reported use of cinarizine 75mg/day without improvement. [scielo.br]

  Patients with panic-related dizziness were reported to have higher rates of vertigo and agoraphobic behavior when compared to those patients who had only panic or dizziness alone. [bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com]

OBJECTIVE: The mechanisms of action underlying treatment are inadequately understood. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Management Treatment options include psychological and pharmacological treatments. [patient.info]

Expectations (prognosis) Most patients can get better with medications or behavioral therapy. However, without early and effective help, the disorder may become more difficult to treat. [web.archive.org]

Resources for more information include: Anxiety and Depression Association of America -- adaa.org Outlook (Prognosis) Most people can get better with medicines and CBT. Without early and effective help, the disorder may become harder to treat. [ufhealth.org]

A. (2013) Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical outcomes and prognosis of 330 patients at a tertiary care center. European Journal of Endocrinology, 169(6): 891-899 [ CR ] [ EČ ][ GS ] Berruti, A., Baudin, E., Gelderblom, H., Haak, H. [scindeks.ceon.rs]

Prognosis Some patients may improve; however, relapses are common. One in three patients have underlying depression and one in five will attempt suicide. [patient.info]

Its etiology is not clear and different schools of thought have given different explanations for its causation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiologies of nasal symptoms: An overview. Feldweg, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. [verywellhealth.com]

Etiology Genetic and family studies have found that both biology and environment are strong contributors to the development of both PD and AG. Twin studies have revealed that there is a genetic link to the development of PD. [courses.lumenlearning.com]

Association Practice Guidelines (April 2000) indicated that, among psychotherapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy had the best-documented efficacy for treatment of major depressive disorder.[94][page needed] One etiological [en.wikipedia.org]

The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. [2] Goodwin, R. [barendspsychology.com]

Another possibility is that the epidemiological findings are not valid. [jamanetwork.com]

Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders. Epidemiology and Psychopharmacology 136:142, 2007. Goodwin RD, Stein DJ. Anxiety disorders and drug dependence: evidence on sequence and specificity among adults. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;67(3):167-73. [hopkinsguides.com]

3/49/3856/abstract/8 NHS Choices, Treating agoraphobia, https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Agoraphobia/Pages/Treatment.aspx Further Reading All Agoraphobia Content Agoraphobia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment Agoraphobia Epidemiology Agoraphobia Theories [news-medical.net]

BACKGROUND: Age of onset is an important epidemiological indicator in characterizing disorders׳ subtypes according to demographic, clinical and psychosocial determinants. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Fava GA, Mangelli L: Subclinical symptoms of panic disorder: new insights into pathophysiology and treatment. Psychother Psychosom. 1999, 68: 281-289. 10.1159/000012345. 3. [bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com]

Pathophysiology and drug treatment. Drugs. 1995 Mar. 49(3):328-44. [Medline]. Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Kobak KA, Katzelnick DJ, Serlin RC. Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analysis. [medscape.com]

Subclinical symptoms of panic disorder: new insights into pathophysiology and treatment. Psychother Psychosom. (1999) 68:281–9. PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar 17. [frontiersin.org]

"A Translational Neuroscience Approach to Understanding the Development of Social Anxiety Disorder and Its Pathophysiology". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 171 (11): 1162–1173. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14040449. PMC 4342310. [en.wikipedia.org]

Prevention Early treatment of panic disorder can often prevent agoraphobia. Images References American Psychiatric Association. Anxiety disorders. In: American Psychiatric Association, ed. [ufhealth.org]

They work by preventing your symptoms or making them less severe. You must take these medicines every day. DO NOT stop taking them or change the dosage without talking with your provider. [nlm.nih.gov]

Prevention Early treatment of panic disorder can often prevent agoraphobia. References Taylor CT, Pollack MH, LeBeau RT, Simon NM. Anxiety disorders: panic, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety. [web.archive.org]

Avoiding public places does not prevent panic attacks. On the contrary, it can strengthen your attacks and cause you to isolate yourself. [quebec.ca]

Agoraphobia can also lead to or be associated with: Depression Alcohol or drug abuse Other mental health disorders, including other anxiety disorders or personality disorders Prevention There's no sure way to prevent agoraphobia. [mayoclinic.org]