Presentation
psychiatrical
Agitation
- They key to treating these patients is good supportive care with benzodiazepines as needed for agitation.[thepoisonreview.com]
- This is followed by psychomotor agitation with euphoria or depression, anxiety, illusions, auditory and visual hallucinations.[uconnemig.wordpress.com]
- Clinical findings Patient becomes drowsy 20 to 90 minutes after ingestion, then manic/agitated; in children, seizures may occur.[medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
- Origin: USA, NC Distribution: Throughout NC Poison Part: Mushroom Poison Delivery Mode: Ingestion Symptoms: Patient appears to be intoxicated, hallucinations, drowsiness, vomiting, nausea, stomach pains, diarrhea, muscle spasms, hypotension, agitation[plants.ces.ncsu.edu]
- In cases of serious poisoning it causes a delirium , similar in effect to anticholinergic poisoning it is characterised by bouts of marked agitation with confusion, hallucinations, and irritability followed by periods of central nervous system depression[thepoisondiaries.tumblr.com]
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cardiovascular
Tachycardia
- Physical examination revealed tachycardia (pulse 127/min) along with mitosis and warm, dry skin.[thepoisonreview.com]
- Fever, hematuria, tachycardia, hypotension, rapid volume depletion, and fluid and electrolyte imbalance also may be present.[research.vet.upenn.edu]
- There are generally not marked changes in vital signs, but tachycardia and bradycardia have occasionally been reported.[uconnemig.wordpress.com]
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musculoskeletal
Muscle Twitch
- Its symptoms after oral intake are described by Richard Schultzes and Albert Hofmann as confusion, disoreantation in situation and time perception, disturbance of visual function and hearing, muscle twitching, weariness, fatigue and sleep.[magic-mushrooms.net]
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gastrointestinal
Abdominal Pain
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain typically occur a few hours after ingestion.[helsenorge.no]
- She presented to the ED the following day due to fatigue and abdominal pain.[uconnemig.wordpress.com]
- They begin as sudden, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.[research.vet.upenn.edu]
- If symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain begin 5 hours or more after ingestion, mushrooms that can cause potentially life-threatening or severe toxicity (eg, A phalloides or Cortinarius spp) should be considered (see Presentation).[emedicine.medscape.com]
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neurologic
Confusion
- At least some of the confusion comes from varying definitions and uses of the terms "toxic" and "poisonous".[erowid.org]
- Even trained mycologists may confuse toxic varieties with nonpoisonous or edible ones.[research.vet.upenn.edu]
- Symptoms of ibotenic/muscimol poisoning (isoxazol poisoning) The initial symptoms of ibotenic acid poisoning are drowsiness, nausea and occasionally vomiting, usually followed an hour later with a group of central nervous system symptoms: confusion, mild[mykoweb.com]
- Some varieties of A. muscaria can be confused with poisonous ones.[psychonautwiki.org]
- In California, a number of immigrants have confused it with the edible paddy straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea , which is harvested in Asia.[slate.com]
Agitation
- They key to treating these patients is good supportive care with benzodiazepines as needed for agitation.[thepoisonreview.com]
- This is followed by psychomotor agitation with euphoria or depression, anxiety, illusions, auditory and visual hallucinations.[uconnemig.wordpress.com]
- Clinical findings Patient becomes drowsy 20 to 90 minutes after ingestion, then manic/agitated; in children, seizures may occur.[medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
- Origin: USA, NC Distribution: Throughout NC Poison Part: Mushroom Poison Delivery Mode: Ingestion Symptoms: Patient appears to be intoxicated, hallucinations, drowsiness, vomiting, nausea, stomach pains, diarrhea, muscle spasms, hypotension, agitation[plants.ces.ncsu.edu]
- In cases of serious poisoning it causes a delirium , similar in effect to anticholinergic poisoning it is characterised by bouts of marked agitation with confusion, hallucinations, and irritability followed by periods of central nervous system depression[thepoisondiaries.tumblr.com]
Ataxia
- The first symptoms typically occur 30 minutes to 2 hours post-ingestion, with dizziness, ataxia, and sedation.[uconnemig.wordpress.com]
- Psilocybin spp psilocybin-mediated onset in minutes: anxiety, mydriasis, ataxia, tacycardia, dyskinesia, hallucinations, delirium Disulfram-like; e.g.[lifeinthefastlane.com]
- […] and the amount ingested per body weight, effects can range from nausea and twitching to drowsiness, cholinergic crisis -like effects (low blood pressure , sweating and salivation ), auditory and visual distortions, mood changes, euphoria , relaxation, ataxia[thepoisondiaries.tumblr.com]
- In a review of 1 case of Amanita muscaria poisoning and 8 cases of Amanita pantherina poisoning, all in children from age 11 months up, symptoms began 30-180 minutes after ingestion. (106a) The dominant presenting features were ataxia, obtundation and[mykoweb.com]
- Also in Poland, 2 women ate 5 fried caps of A pantherina (later confirmed) and developed nausea, stomachache, diarrhea, and vomiting within 2 hours. [18] They subsequently developed ataxia, waxing and waning obtundation, altered perceptions, hyperkinetic[emedicine.medscape.com]
Excitement
- Fly Agaric raises blood pressure and excites the central nervous system and is therefore dangerous.[thepoisondiaries.tumblr.com]
- The combination of these opposing pathophysiologic effects results in an oscillation between lethargy and excited behavior, which may swing back and forth several times during the clinical course.[uconnemig.wordpress.com]
- Muscarine binds with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors leading to the excitation of neurons bearing these receptors.[eol.org]
Tremor
- The fungus that causes grass staggers (tremors, stumbling and muscle spasms) in stock animals is an endophyte – it grows within the grass without harming it.[teara.govt.nz]
- Poisoning is rare, but ingesting a larger amount can cause muscle tremors and other symptoms requiring hospital treatment.[helsenorge.no]
- Gyromitra spp gyromitrin-mediated symptoms CNS symptoms: headache, ataxia, fatigue, nystagmus, tremor, bertigo, seizures (rare) 2-3 days: delayed hepatotoxicity (rare) 1-3 days after hepatotoxicity: hemolysis and methemoglobinaemia Immunohaemolytic, e.g[lifeinthefastlane.com]
Hyperreflexia
- Amanita muscaria and panterina 30min-2h: delirium, dysphoria, drowsiness, haullcinations, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, seizures Epileptogenic, e.g.[lifeinthefastlane.com]
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Entire body system
Fever
- In susceptible people, this irritating pollen causes hay fever.[novascotia.ca]
- Fever, hematuria, tachycardia, hypotension, rapid volume depletion, and fluid and electrolyte imbalance also may be present.[research.vet.upenn.edu]
- Carbuncles sometimes occur with a fever.[livingnaturally.com]
- There is usually, also distinct fever and either hemoglobinuria or methemoglobinuria, and evidence of irritation of the kidney is shown by the presence of albumen, or partial suppression of the urine.[henriettes-herb.com]
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Prognosis
Complications
Fever
- In susceptible people, this irritating pollen causes hay fever.[novascotia.ca]
- Fever, hematuria, tachycardia, hypotension, rapid volume depletion, and fluid and electrolyte imbalance also may be present.[research.vet.upenn.edu]
- Carbuncles sometimes occur with a fever.[livingnaturally.com]
- There is usually, also distinct fever and either hemoglobinuria or methemoglobinuria, and evidence of irritation of the kidney is shown by the presence of albumen, or partial suppression of the urine.[henriettes-herb.com]
Mushroom Poisoning
- Synopsis Chapters: Amanita Muscaria, Amanita Phalloides, Mushroom Poisoning, Galerina Marginata, Amanita[amazon.in]
- TITLE : Mushroom poisoning: Report of three cases with one death.[accessdata.fda.gov]
- .… Read More poison In mushroom poisoning …most commonly cause poisoning are Amanita muscaria, A. phalloides, and the four white Amanita species called destroying angels.[britannica.com]
- Origin: USA, NC Distribution: Throughout NC Poison Part: Mushroom Poison Delivery Mode: Ingestion Symptoms: Patient appears to be intoxicated, hallucinations, drowsiness, vomiting, nausea, stomach pains, diarrhea, muscle spasms, hypotension, agitation[plants.ces.ncsu.edu]
- In 1998 in the United States, 9,839 cases of mushroom poisoning were reported by poison centers.[faculty.washington.edu]
Hallucinations
- Visual and auditory hallucinations occurred in four of them, whereas a 18-year-old girl lost consciousness.[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Manifestations of A muscaria poisoning include: weakness, altered mental status, dizziness, somnolence, coma, hypersalivation, and hallucinations.[thepoisonreview.com]
- One 18-year-old girl had particularly severe visual hallucinations, then lost consciousness.[uconnemig.wordpress.com]
- Origin: USA, NC Distribution: Throughout NC Poison Part: Mushroom Poison Delivery Mode: Ingestion Symptoms: Patient appears to be intoxicated, hallucinations, drowsiness, vomiting, nausea, stomach pains, diarrhea, muscle spasms, hypotension, agitation[plants.ces.ncsu.edu]
- Amanita muscaria Amanita muscaria contains muscimol that produces feelings of euphoria, hallucinations, muscle jerks, drowsiness, sweating, pupil dilation, and increased body temperature.[faculty.washington.edu]
Anticholinergic Syndrome
- Patients can develop symptoms similar to anticholinergic or cholinergic poisoning; however, the use of atropine or physostigmine as an antidote is not recommended as muscimol and ibotenic acid do not produce a true anticholinergic syndrome nor do they[eol.org]
Epidemiology
Sex distribution
Age distribution
Self-assessment
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- Amanita muscaria: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology - D Michelot, LM Melendez-Howell - Mycological research, 2003 - Elsevier
- Accidental outbreak of non-bacterial food poisoning - AS Kushwaha, BSK Aggarwal - Journal Armed Forces , 2008 - researchgate.net
- A dictionary of hallucinations - JD Blom - 2009 - books.google.com
- Approach to the poisoned patient - EP Krenzelok, JB Leikin - Disease-a-Month, 1996 - Elsevier
- “Legal highs” on the net—Evaluation of UK-based Websites, products and product information - MM Schmidt, A Sharma, F Schifano - Forensic science , 2011 - Elsevier
- Caveat cenans!* - WA Valente, RJA Talbert, JP Hallett - American journal of , 2002 - ramsey1.chem.uic.edu
- Amanita muscaria: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology - D Michelot, LM Melendez-Howell - Mycological research, 2003 - Elsevier
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- Abdominal examination [link] abdominal pain [link],[link],[link] abrasions [link] abscesses [link] Acanthamoeba [link] - GC Scale - ohexpwm.oxfordtextbookofmedicine.
- Anticholinergic poisoning with adulterated intranasal cocaine - AL Weiner, MJ Bayer, CA McKay, M DeMeo - The American journal of , 1998 - Elsevier
- Amanita muscaria: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology - D Michelot, LM Melendez-Howell - Mycological research, 2003 - Elsevier
- A study of cultural bias in field guide determinations of mushroom edibility using the iconic mushroom, Amanita muscaria, as an example - W Rubel, D Arora - Economic Botany, 2008 - Springer
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