Presentation
[email protected] Abstract The authors present the case of a patient who presented to the nephrology department of a district general hospital with end-stage renal failure. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Entire Body System
- Weight Gain
The finding of increased body nitrogen suggested that the weight gain was not only intracellular fluid. [doi.org]
The researchers observed that in men with the most wasting, the 20 milligram dose was more effective than higher doses in promoting weight gain. [medicalnewstoday.com]
Advantages and disadvantages should be weighed carefully when comparing AAS therapy to other weight-gaining measures. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
This amazing product is coveted for its ability to give the user Explosive Results without unwanted, excessive weight gain. Tren75’s results are un-matched! D-Anabol 25™ * The #1 product for Mass, Strength, Size and Power. [anabolics.com]
- Virilization
Low Very Low Men 6-18 mg/day Women 4-12 mg/day Slight chance of virilizing for women. Watch liver function. Oxandrolone Oxandrin™ (Oral) Available in U.S. [thebody.com]
It also leads to virilization—the development of masculine traits, including increased libido and deepening of the voice. Anabolic steroids are commonly abused by human athletes to build muscle and improve strength. [britannica.com]
In sport, these agents are performance enhancers, this being particularly apparent in women, although there is a high risk of virilization despite the favourable myotrophic-androgenic dissociation that many xenobiotic steroids confer. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
The unwanted consequences of AAS abuse are most damaging in females and adolescents: irreversible virilization and stunting of linear growth, respectively. [clinchem.aaccjnls.org]
- Fatigue
Common withdrawal symptoms include: Depression Headaches Anxiety Trouble concentrating Insomnia Lack of appetite Decreased sex drive Fatigue Joint pain Muscle aches Nausea Vomiting Weakness Decrease in blood pressure Abdominal pain Diarrhea Weight loss [addictioncenter.com]
Users of anabolic steroids can become both physically and psychologically dependent upon the drugs, as evidenced by a drug-seeking behavior, continued use even with adverse effects, and physical withdrawal symptoms such as mood swings, fatigue, restlessness [drugs.com]
Fatigue. Restlessness/ agitation. Decreased appetite. Trouble sleeping. Decreased sperm count. Impotence. [drugabuse.com]
Withdrawal symptoms include: fatigue restlessness mood swings depression fatigue insomnia reduced sex drive cravings The first step in treating anabolic steroid abuse is to discontinue use and to seek medical help in order to address any psychiatric or [medicalnewstoday.com]
- Congestive Heart Failure
Despite the absence of symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure at admission, an anabolic steroid-induced dilated cardiomyopathy with a large thrombus in both ventricles was found to be the underlying cause of the liver injury. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
[…] ventricle *Cardiac arrhythmias *Congestive heart failure *Heart attacks *Cardiac death *"Roid Rage" (a controversial condition of increased rage) Related Drugs Steroids Articles [treatment4addiction.com]
Athletic heart syndrome. Physician and Sportsmedicine 17: 103–107, 1989 Google Scholar Alpert NR, Gordon MS. Myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity in congestive heart failure. [doi.org]
Possible effects of these alterations in the heart are hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, heart attacks, and sudden cardiac death. [en.wikipedia.org]
- Increased Energy
Withdrawal Symptoms Anabolic steroids can produce effects such as increased energy, libido, concentration and a sense of confidence. However, the withdrawal symptoms of steroids are essentially the opposite of the drug’s effects. [addictioncenter.com]
Upping your levels of testosterone and HGH can have benefits that range from increased energy and libido to muscle mass and athletic performance. [mensfitness.com]
In low doses as a component of hormone therapy for postmenopausal and transgender women, for instance to increase energy, well-being, libido, and quality of life, as well as to reduce hot flashes. [en.wikipedia.org]
[…] requirements are also provided) to increase energy balance in an attempt to increase ovulation rate. [doi.org]
Respiratoric
- Deepening of Voice
They stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics (such as deepening of voice and growth of beard) and development of male sex organs. Anabolic steroids stimulate growth in many types of tissues, especially bone and muscle. [drugs.com]
Testosterone has two different kinds of effects on the body: androgenic (development of male genitals, growth of body and facial hair, and deepening of voice) and anabolic (increased bone and muscle mass). [momsteam.com]
Deepen the voice. In both men and women, anabolic steroids can cause: High blood pressure, heart attack, or stroke. Higher levels of bad cholesterol ( LDL ) and lower levels of good cholesterol ( HDL ). Liver disease and possibly liver cancer. [uwhealth.org]
Her voice will deepen and she might grow facial and body hair. Menstrual irregularities and clitoral enlargement are other side effects. [anabolicsteroids.net]
- Hoarseness
We report a unique case of a 47-year-old male smoker and professional body builder who presented with progressive stridor and hoarseness following abuse of anabolic steroids over a period of two years. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
A woman's voice deepens and can permanently become hoarse. She will develop excessive hair growth on her face, chest, back, and upper pubic area, but she also can experience male pattern baldness and have a receding hairline. [healthpsych.psy.vanderbilt.edu]
Three participants of the steroid group had side effects such as hoarseness or increased facial hair. In Tidermark 2004, one person died in the control group. [cochranelibrary.com]
Gastrointestinal
- Nausea
Abdominal pains, nausea and weight loss are common. Steroid users may also reach the height of a depressive episode and struggle with insomnia. [addictioncenter.com]
CASE REPORT: Two men, aged 21 and 30 years, presented to the Emergency Department with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. They reported the use of anabolic steroids and veterinary supplements with vitamins A, D and E. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Withdrawal symptoms include mood swings, severe depression, insomnia, lethargy, nausea, headaches and cravings. Method of use Steroids may be injected intramuscularly, taken orally or rubbed on the skin as a cream. [web.archive.org]
Case reports Case 1 A 32 year old man presented with a seven day history of nausea, vomiting, and jaundice associated with severe itching. He had no medical history of note and had not taken any prescribed medications for several years. [bmj.com]
Nausea or vomiting. Extreme sleepiness. Worsening health conditions. Nervousness. Depression. Swelling in the legs. [drugabuse.com]
- Abdominal Pain
CASE REPORT: Two men, aged 21 and 30 years, presented to the Emergency Department with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. They reported the use of anabolic steroids and veterinary supplements with vitamins A, D and E. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Abdominal pains, nausea and weight loss are common. Steroid users may also reach the height of a depressive episode and struggle with insomnia. [addictioncenter.com]
Pharmacological management of AAS abuse addresses hormonal imbalances as a result of chronic use or addressees specific signs and symptoms of withdrawal including; weakness, fatigue, decreased appetite, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal [physio-pedia.com]
Treatment with C1 inhibitor concentrate in abdominal pain attacks of patients with hereditary angioedema. Transfusion. 2005;45:1774–84. PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 12. Bork K, Staubach P, Hardt J. [doi.org]
Liver, Gall & Pancreas
- Jaundice
When used in therapeutic doses, these drugs produce clinical jaundice in just a small number of recipients. We present a 26-year-old male bodybuilder who self-administered high doses of androgenic/anabolic steroids that induced liver damage. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Side effects of steroid use can include hair loss, liver problems, insomnia, acne, headaches, jaundice, hypertension and high cholesterol. Steroids can permanently stunt the growth of adolescents. [web.archive.org]
Long-term effects of steroid use include: Cancer Depression Liver disease Tumors in the kidneys and liver Jaundice Heart Complications AIDS/ HIV Some studies have suggested that addiction can take place in someone taking anabolic steroids. [casapalmera.com]
The major side effects include an increased risk of cancer, increased risk of heart and liver disease, jaundice, fluid retention, reduction in HDL-C (“good cholesterol”), high blood pressure and changes in blood clotting. [drugfree.org]
- Liver Dysfunction
Keywords: Anabolic androgenic steroids, immune system, cytokines, estrogen, T cells, testosterone, platelet aggregation, stroke, liver dysfunction, side effects, athletes, chronic diseases Title: Is there a Potential Immune Dysfunction with Anabolic Androgenic [doi.org]
When used for ergogenic or recreational purposes the dosage is more often higher than the recommended dosage, and at supraphysiological levels, AAS can cause a number of serious side effects including liver dysfunction, myocardial infarction and potentially [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
However, simultaneous intake of a 17-alkylated androgenic steroid such as Oral-Turinabol or mestanolone with contraceptive steroid preparations increased the risk of liver dysfunctions and damages. [clinchem.aaccjnls.org]
Cardiovascular
- Hypertension
The researchers considered daytime hypertension to be 135/85 mmHg or higher and nighttime hypertension to be 120/75 mmHg or higher. [sciencedaily.com]
No blood pressure measurements throughout the study were consistent with clinically defined hypertension. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Musculoskeletal
- Increased Muscle Mass
‘A commonly used body building drug is Human Growth Hormone which works in a similar way to anabolic steroids to increase muscle mass using protein synthesis.’ ‘The original anabolic steroid is a natural hormone that can increase muscle mass.’ [en.oxforddictionaries.com]
Athletes and body builders often illegally use this drug in order to increase muscle mass and overall physical performance. [casapalmera.com]
Because of the expected rise in serum creatinine as a result of increased muscle mass in bodybuilders, this complication is likely underrecognized. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Anabolic steroids help people gain weight and increase muscle mass. Anabolic steroids are hormones that promote cell growth, which helps the growth of muscle tissue. [collinsdictionary.com]
- Fracture
This is important, as even though the population is smaller than female hip fractures, the outcomes after hip fracture in males are worse. [cochranelibrary.com]
Read more on Cochrane (Australasian Centre) website Anabolic steroids for improving recovery after hip fracture in older people | Cochrane Hip fracture occurs mainly in older people, many of whom are frail. [healthdirect.gov.au]
Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of non-vertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. JAMA 2001; 285: 2891–7 CrossRef Google Scholar 68. Togerson DJ, Bell-Syer SE. [doi.org]
Skin
- Hirsutism
Acne, hirsutism and (irreversible) deepening of the voice are further consequences of AASs misuse. There is no evidence that AASs cause breast carcinoma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Severe Cystic Acne Specific changes in men (may be irreversible) Decreased sperm production Testicular atrophy Scrotal Pain Gynecomastia (potentially irreversible) Prostate Cancer increased risk Specific changes in women Voice deepening (irreversible) Hirsutism [fpnotebook.com]
Apart from the difficult problem of hirsutism, acne and changes in body composition offer promising therapeutical options for endocrinological methods. [doi.org]
[…] lipids high blood pressure gynecomastia (abnormal development of mammary glands in men causing breast enlargement) shrinking of testicles azoospermia (absence of sperm in semen) menstrual irregularities in women infertility excess facial or body hair (hirsutism [drugs.com]
- Acne Vulgaris
Melnik, Acne vulgaris Acne vulgaris, Der Hautarzt, 10.1007/s00105-009-1831-0, 61, 2, (115-125), (2010). [doi.org]
The main untoward effects of short- and long-term AAS abuse that male athletes most often self-report are an increase in sexual drive, the occurrence of acne vulgaris, increased body hair and increment of aggressive behaviour. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
[…] changes in women Voice deepening (irreversible) Hirsutism (potentially irreversible) Acne Vulgaris Clitoral hypertrophy (potentially irreversible) Amenorrhea Male-pattern baldness Coarsening of skin (potentially irreversible) [fpnotebook.com]
vulgaris, reduction in gonad size, and gynecomastia. [pharmacytimes.com]
Known possible side effects of AAS include: Dermatological/integumental: oily skin, acne vulgaris, acne conglobata, seborrhea, stretch marks (due to rapid muscle enlargement), hypertrichosis (excessive body hair growth), androgenic alopecia (pattern hair [en.wikipedia.org]
- Alopecia
• Decreased sperm production and sex drive • Increased aggression, irritability and mood swings • Liver disorders • Acne • Baldness (alopecia) • Hypertension (high blood pressure) • Raised cholesterol • Gynecomastia (development of over-sized mammary [teachpe.com]
Abuse of these drugs may also lead to skin disorders like alopecia, stretch marks, and acne or hormonal and reproductive disorders like infertility, early puberty, testicular atrophy, male pattern baldness, gynecomastia, excessive body hair growth, reduced [evolutionary.org]
Known possible side effects of AAS include: Dermatological/integumental: oily skin, acne vulgaris, acne conglobata, seborrhea, stretch marks (due to rapid muscle enlargement), hypertrichosis (excessive body hair growth), androgenic alopecia (pattern hair [en.wikipedia.org]
- Pruritus
We report four cases of patients with pruritus, abnormal liver function tests and biopsy-proven anabolic steroid-induced cholestasis who were unresponsive to SMT. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Hypertrichosis
Known possible side effects of AAS include: Dermatological/integumental: oily skin, acne vulgaris, acne conglobata, seborrhea, stretch marks (due to rapid muscle enlargement), hypertrichosis (excessive body hair growth), androgenic alopecia (pattern hair [en.wikipedia.org]
Breast
- Breast Atrophy
[…] male characteristics (deeper voice, breast atrophy, abnormal facial and body hair); menstrual irregularities [8] • Abdominal pain, diarrhea [9] • Bladder irritation, urinary frequency, urinary tract infections [9] • Sleep apnea, insomnia [9] • Jaundice [physio-pedia.com]
Signs of Anabolic Steroid Abuse in Women Acne Hirsutism Deepening of the voice Male pattern balding Clitoromegaly Breast atrophy Irregular menstrual cycles Infertility Significant muscle growth Depression Mood instability Adverse Effects There are significant [acog.org]
Reasons included enhanced breast growth ( 9, 11 ) or to decrease irritability and breast sensitivity ( 8 ). However, the clinical effect of progestins was not evident in small observational studies ( 15 ). [doi.org]
Psychiatrical
- Mood Swings
Withdrawal symptoms include mood swings, severe depression, insomnia, lethargy, nausea, headaches and cravings. Method of use Steroids may be injected intramuscularly, taken orally or rubbed on the skin as a cream. [web.archive.org]
In addition, many users report feeling good about themselves while on anabolic steroids, but researchers report that extreme mood swings can also occur. [cesar.umd.edu]
• Decreased sperm production and sex drive • Increased aggression, irritability and mood swings • Liver disorders • Acne • Baldness (alopecia) • Hypertension (high blood pressure) • Raised cholesterol • Gynecomastia (development of over-sized mammary [teachpe.com]
Withdrawal symptoms include severe depression and mood swings. [annarbor.com]
- Aggressive Behavior
They include Acne Breast growth and shrinking of testicles in men Voice deepening and growth of facial hair in women High blood pressure Heart problems, including heart attack Liver disease, including cancer Kidney damage Aggressive behavior NIH: National [medlineplus.gov]
Furthermore, AAS use is highly correlated with self-reported aggressive behavior (P < .01) and crimes against property (P < .01). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
- Increased Libido
Stimulation of the androgen receptor results in cell growth, leading to an increase in muscle size. It also leads to virilization—the development of masculine traits, including increased libido and deepening of the voice. [britannica.com]
Some of the irreversible side effects include increased facial and body hair (hirsutism), deepening of the voice, enlarged clitoris, menstrual irregularities, increased acne, increased libido, thinning of the hair, baldness, anxiety, depression, increased [roidreport.com]
Observational ( 12 ) 1 Increased libido Observational ( 10 ) 85 Redistribution of fat Observational ( 10 ) 300 Breast atrophy, histological Observational ( 36 ) 12 Calming effect Observational ( 10 ) 300 Redistribution of fat Statistical change ( 37 [doi.org]
Some examples of virilizing effects are growth of the clitoris in females and the penis in male children (the adult penis size does not change due to steroids ), increased vocal cord size, increased libido, suppression of natural sex hormones, and impaired [en.wikipedia.org]
- Suicidal Ideation
Suicidal ideation. These can be especially problematic as the user is coping with the extreme mood swings brought on by the abuse itself. Suicide is a major risk factor for recovering steroid abusers 3. [drugabuse.com]
We excluded participants who (1) met DSM-III-R criteria 41 for any substance abuse or dependence within the past year; (2) reported current or past major depression, active suicidal ideation, hypomania, mania, or psychotic symptoms; (3) had ever required [archpsyc.jamanetwork.com]
Neurologic
- Lethargy
Withdrawal symptoms include mood swings, severe depression, insomnia, lethargy, nausea, headaches and cravings. Method of use Steroids may be injected intramuscularly, taken orally or rubbed on the skin as a cream. [web.archive.org]
Withdrawal symptoms have been reported soon after stopping, including headaches, lethargy and depression. The law Class: C This is a Class C drug, which means it's illegal to have for yourself, give away or sell. [talktofrank.com]
The effect of this can be depression, lethargy and low libido, which can in turn tempt people back to the drug, Beeny said. [theguardian.com]
- Personality Change
As social attitude towards the acceptance of anabolic androgenic steroid use changes, better profiling of this patient population may be seen. [physio-pedia.com]
Psychologic effects include irritability, hostility, mood changes, personality changes, and psychosis (2). Changes in the biomechanics of limb movements caused by use of anabolic steroids also can lead to tendon injuries. [acog.org]
- Apathy
Coming off anabolic steroids suddenly can result in withdrawal symptoms that include: depression and apathy feelings of anxiety difficulty concentrating insomnia anorexia decreased sex drive extreme tiredness (fatigue) headaches muscle and joint pain [nhs.uk]
Withdrawal Treatment Steroid withdrawal treatment is usually done through a tapering program to minimize the withdrawal symptoms that can include: Apathy and depression. Difficulty concentrating. Insomnia. A decreased sex drive. Headaches. [drugabuse.com]
To accompany the dependence, a woman can also suffer from withdrawal and suffer withdrawal symptoms including psychosis, depression, listlessness, apathy, loss of appetite, feelings of anxiety, or experience the "roid rage" previously mentioned. [healthpsych.psy.vanderbilt.edu]
- Behavior Problem
Our results, however, do not preclude the possibility that still higher doses of multiple steroids may provoke angry behavior in men with preexisting psychiatric or behavioral problems. [doi.org]
Urogenital
- Amenorrhea
Toxicities noted were mild elevations in liver enzymes in 4 patients; these responded to a decrease in dose of danazol; amenorrhea in one and mild fluid retention in one. We conclude that danazol is a useful agent in the management of TSP. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Testicular atrophy Scrotal Pain Gynecomastia (potentially irreversible) Prostate Cancer increased risk Specific changes in women Voice deepening (irreversible) Hirsutism (potentially irreversible) Acne Vulgaris Clitoral hypertrophy (potentially irreversible) Amenorrhea [fpnotebook.com]
[…] alopecia, stretch marks, and acne or hormonal and reproductive disorders like infertility, early puberty, testicular atrophy, male pattern baldness, gynecomastia, excessive body hair growth, reduced breast size, masculinization of facial characteristics, amenorrhea [evolutionary.org]
Additional concerns specific to female abusers include growth of facial hair, male-pattern baldness or regression of frontal hairline, breast atrophy, coarsening of the skin, alteration of the menstrual cycle or amenorrhea, enlargement of the clitoris [emedicine.medscape.com]
- Sexual Dysfunction
Adverse side effects of AAS include sexual dysfunction, alterations of the cardiovascular system, psyche and behavior, and liver toxicity. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Abstract Background : Women undergoing surgical menopause experience an abrupt drop in gonadal hormones and are more likely to have symptoms that negatively impact well-being, including hot flashes, sexual dysfunction, psychological problems, and testosterone [doi.org]
Using performance-enhancing hormones carries serious health risks, ranging from heart and liver damage to sexual dysfunction—including testicular atrophy (yes, it can shrink your balls). [mensfitness.com]
Acne, male pattern baldness, testicular shrinkage, sexual dysfunction, prostate enlargement, breast enlargement, and "roid rage" (extreme aggression and anxiety) are also commonly noted. Thanks for your feedback! [verywellhealth.com]
- Clitoromegaly
In addition, AAS abuse resulted in structural and functional sperm changes, a reduction in testicular volume, gynecomastia, as well as clitoromegaly, menstrual irregularities, and subfertility. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Signs of Anabolic Steroid Abuse in Women Acne Hirsutism Deepening of the voice Male pattern balding Clitoromegaly Breast atrophy Irregular menstrual cycles Infertility Significant muscle growth Depression Mood instability Adverse Effects There are significant [acog.org]
[…] mass index), particularly rapid increase in lean body mass, and for ongoing monitoring Skin (acne, male pattern baldness, needle marks, hirsutism, gynaecomastia, striae or keloids) Breasts (lactation, gynaecomastia) Genitourinary (testicular atrophy, clitoromegaly [bmj.com]
[…] hepatitis C remain a concern associated with injectable preparations as several studies confirm that between 25% and 33% of adolescents who are taking steroids share needles. 37, 38 Specific to female users are adverse effects such as deepened voice, clitoromegaly [doi.org]
- Irregular Menstruation
menstruation Cessation of menstruation Enlarged clitoris Breast reduction Deep-pitched voice Possible Long-Term Effects Liver damage Primary liver cancer Jaundice Fluid retention High blood pressure Trembling Bad breath Swollen feet or ankles Aching [healthychildren.org]
- Vaginal Dryness
High quality evidence confirms that estrogen effectively treats hot flushes, night sweats and vaginal dryness. [doi.org]
Workup
Serum
- Cholesterol Increased
Levels of HDL 2, HDL 3, and apoprotein A1 increased by 63% (Cl, 16% to 110%), 17% (Cl, 3% to 31%), and 17% (Cl, 5% to 29%), respectively ( P < 0.05 for each parameter). Total cholesterol increased by 12% (Cl, 2% to 22%). [doi.org]
Anabolic steroid use causes decreased levels of HDL or "good" cholesterol, increased levels of LDL or "bad" cholesterol, and serious liver toxicity within 12 weeks, according to a study that measured the effects of anabolic steroids on men with HIV wasting [medicalnewstoday.com]
cholesterol Increased blood pressure Liver Impaired liver function Peliosis hepatitis (blood-filled cysts that can rupture and cause liver failure) Tumors Skeleton Stunted growth, caused by premature closing of cartilage-like growth plates in adolescents [health.ny.gov]
There are also some health risks associated with testosterone, including the possibility of increased cholesterol, increased blood pressure, and increased red-blood-cell count. [web.archive.org]
- Hypercholesterolemia
[…] collagen changes Adolescents Early closing of bone Growth Plate s Decreased adult height Cardiovascular changes Hypertension Grace (2003) J Sci Med Sport 6(3):307-12 [PubMed] Acute Cardiovascular events (platelet aggregation) Stroke Myocardial Infarction Hypercholesterolemia [fpnotebook.com]
Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301–1307. PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar Shiozawa Z, Yamada H, Mabuchi C, et al. [doi.org]
- LDL Cholesterol Increased
Because 17-alkylated androgens, such as oxandrolone, reduce HDL cholesterol and may elevate LDL cholesterol as occurred in this study, oxandrolone should not be used for otherwise healthy persons with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. [doi.org]
- HDL Cholesterol Decreased
Plasma concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides did not change in any study group; plasma HDL cholesterol decreased significantly in the placebo-plus-exercise group. [doi.org]
- Hematocrit Increased
Hematocrit increased significantly. There are several points that should be noted. First, the dosage used in this study is rather low at 100 mg of nandrolone decanoate per week. [thebody.com]
Biopsy
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
We report herein the case of a 35-year-old woman with aplastic anemia who developed hepatocellular carcinoma after long-term therapy with oxymetholone. She was treated with 60 mg/day of oxymetholone for 3 years (total dose 64.8 g). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Carcinoma Hepatic Adenoma Hepatic cholangiocarcinoma Psychiatric: Steroid Psychosis ('Steroid Rage') Aggressiveness Irritability Impulsiveness Impaired judgment Mania and paranoid Delusion s Addiction potential and withdrawal potential VII. [fpnotebook.com]
Treatment
Androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are widely prescribed for the treatment of male hypogonadism; however, they may play a significant role in the treatment of other conditions as well, such as cachexia associated with human immunodeficiency virus, cancer [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Contact a treatment provider to learn more about steroid withdrawal and your treatment options. [addictioncenter.com]
Drug treatment centers have been proven effective in treating users of anabolic steroids and many offer specialized treatment programs to promote a full recovery. [casapalmera.com]
Prognosis
Prognosis is generally poor despite aggressive medical and surgical treatments. We present the first reported case of invasive fungal sinusitis in a healthy 18-year-old male athlete who was taking anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Men are known to be at an overall increased risk for cardiovascular and renal disease compared with women, and prognosis in men is worse for various types of chronic kidney disease. [doi.org]
Etiology
The most common etiology was prior anabolic androgenic steroid exposure, which was identified in 42 men (43%). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
If death finally occurs, however, it will be difficult for a medical examiner to pinpoint AAS as the cause; too many variables play a role in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. [anabolic.org]
Epidemiology
Andreassen, Torbjørn Torsheim and Ståle Pallesen, The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis, Annals of Epidemiology, 24, 5, (383), (2014). [doi.org]
Epidemiological attempts to determine whether AAS use triggers violent behaviour have failed, primarily because of high rates of non-participation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
1996 Research Grants & Projects Study on the side effort of using androgenic-anabolic steroid (AAS) in Sports The specificity of athletic events in biochemistry examinations The Case study on using androganic-anabolic steroid (AAS) in Japanese athletes Epidemiological [researchmap.jp]
The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. [physio-pedia.com]
Pathophysiology
Taken together, various lines of evidence involving a variety of pathophysiologic mechanisms suggest an increased risk for cardiovascular disease in users of anabolic androgenic steroids. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Here, the authors review the most up-to-date information on currently used pharmacotherapies in the treatment of these sequelae of severe burns and the insights that have expanded the understanding of the pathophysiology of severe burns. [doi.org]
Prevention
Current literature suggests that androgens do not prevent atrophy but may retard growth suppression accompanying glucocorticoid treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Stopping use may prevent some of the major side effects that can occur. Withdrawal Duration The duration of withdrawal symptoms from steroids varies from user to user. [addictioncenter.com]
Part I presents a historical perspective of anabolic steroids: their development, incidence of usage in sports and exercise, and methods of prevention. [books.google.com]