Patients who could not wait for the stipulated time even after intravenous administration of the drug, due to any reason were excluded. During this period patients were observed for any untoward signs. [apicareonline.com]

Consciousness is lost in 30 to 60 seconds after an intravenous administration and in 2 to 4 minutes after an intramuscular injection. [slideshare.net]

It has minimal effects on respiratory drive but may cause transient apnoea after rapid intravenous administration. Ketamine is a good bronchodilator Oxygen should be administered to all patients. [developinganaesthesia.org]

Special Precautions: Great care should be taken to avoid inadvertent intravenous administration of a preparation containing adrenaline. [kck.usm.my]

• Induction of hepatic enzymes increases the rate of metabolism of some drugs • The induction of aminolevulinic acid synthetase stimulates the formation of porphyrin (an intermediary in heme synthesis), which may precipitate acute intermittent porphyria [slideshare.net]

The induction period was associated with pain at injection site in 31.2%, some muscle movements in 15.2% and hiccups in 8.8% of all the cases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] incidence of thrombophlebitis Harmless on extravasation and arterial injection Low incidence of adverse reactions Smooth onset of anaesthesia (within one arm-brain circulation — normally about 30 seconds) Does not cause unwanted movement (eg, coughing, hiccups [pharmaceutical-journal.com]

[…] for short procedures because of its prolonged duration of action. 5 Methohexital is similar to thiopental and has a similar spectrum of respiratory depression to thiopental. 5 Problems associated with the IV administration of methohexital are burning, hiccups [stage.uspharmacist.com]

Adverse effects are generally similar to those of opioids, although they are usually less severe, and can include respiratory depression, dysphoria and constipation. [apicareonline.com]

Results: The main complications / side-effects observed were nausea / vomiting, sweating, heart sinking and seizures in that order. [apicareonline.com]

None of the patients complained of urticaria. The cut point for blood pressure change was set to be a 10% increase or decrease in the mean blood pressure from the baseline. [apicareonline.com]

Local anaesthetics Injection of a local anaesthetic around a nerve or a group of nerves temporarily blocks the transmission of the electrical impulses in the nerve. [allaboutanaesthesia.com.au]

This was demonstrated by the discovery of a monoaminergic activity that inhibits noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) reuptake, making a significant contribution to the analgesic action by blocking nociceptive impulses [apicareonline.com]

Patients with history of syncope, convulsive syncope, panic attacks and other convulsive events were excluded. Morbidly obese patients were also excluded, as were patients with full stomach. [apicareonline.com]

“dissociative anaesthesia” produces catatonia, amnesia & analgesia via block of glutamic acid @ NMDA receptor subtype lipophilic, rapidly distributed to highly vascular organs & subsequently redistributed to less perfused tissues with concurrent hepatic [ozemedicine.com]

Additionally, the volatile anesthetics provide analgesia and amnesia. [stage.uspharmacist.com]

Other medications which are given include: medications that produce short-term memory loss or amnesia medications that minimise nausea and vomiting ( anti-emetics ) medications that counter-act the effect of other medications ( antagonists ) and medications [allaboutanaesthesia.com.au]

Amnesia persists for about 60 to 90 minutes after recovery of consciousness, but ketamine does not produce retrograde amnesia. [slideshare.net]

During this stage, the patient progresses from analgesia without amnesia to analgesia with amnesia. Patients can carry on a conversation at this time. [en.wikipedia.org]

Patients with history of syncope, convulsive syncope, panic attacks and other convulsive events were excluded. Morbidly obese patients were also excluded, as were patients with full stomach. [apicareonline.com]

[…] with depression undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Acronym Study hypothesis Is there a relationship between the effect of a dose or type of anaesthetic induction agent on seizure duration and clinical outcome in patients undergoing electrical convulsive [isrctn.com]

L’Action du diazepam (Valium) dans le traitement des formes non convulsives de l’epilepsie généralisee. Rev. Neurol. 112 : 99 (1965). PubMed Google Scholar 9. Hendrickse, R. G. & Sherman, P. M. Therapeutic Trial of Diazepam in Tetanus. [link.springer.com]

Respiratory depression and obstructive airways disease; acute alcoholism, convulsive disorders; head injuries, and conditions in which intracranial pressure is raised. [kck.usm.my]

Enflurane Enflurane can excite the CNS and so carries a risk of post-operative convulsions in predisposed patients. It is generally considered more depressant to respiration and cardiovascular function than its isomer isoflurane. [pharmaceutical-journal.com]

Intravenous induction is preferred because with older inhalational agents it was faster and smoother with less risk of excitement as the patient passes through the phases of anaesthesia, ie, laryngospasm, coughing, bucking. [pharmaceutical-journal.com]

Sevofluorane Directly Excites Locus Coeruleus Neurons of Rats. Anesthesiology 107, 992-1002. [arsmedica.cl]

This excitation movement may be problematic in larger patients, where restraint may be necessary (Zielinska, Holtby and Wolf, 2011). [japractice.co.uk]

Stage 2 Stage 2, also known as the excitement stage, is the period following loss of consciousness and marked by excited and delirious activity. During this stage, the patient's respiration and heart rate may become irregular. [en.wikipedia.org]

As increasing doses are inhaled, patients experience increasing disinhibition, numbness, drowsiness, excitement, disorientation, agitation, unconsciousness, reflex suppression, cardiovascular depression, respiratory depression, and ultimately death. [anaesthesia.med.usyd.edu.au]

Agitation, tachycardia, confusion and hypertension suggest a possible mild serotonin syndrome. The serotonergic modulating properties of tramadol mean that it has the potential to interact with other serotonergic agents. [apicareonline.com]

Confusion and disorientation are undesirable after anaesthesia. [virtual-anesthesia-textbook.com]

While side-effects are noted for both types of induction agent, these are generally rare, although nausea and vomiting may be unpleasant for the child and disorientating confusion following the operation may persist with gaseous agents. [japractice.co.uk]

Undesirable psychological reactions associated with excitement, confusion or fear may occur in 5 – 30% of patients. [developinganaesthesia.org]

This stage may be accompanied by temporary neurologic phenomena, such as agitated emergence (acute mental confusion), aphasia (impaired production or comprehension of speech), or focal impairment in sensory or motor function. [en.wikipedia.org]

Labate and Newton mentioned in their study, that the seizures were generalized tonic–clonic, without auras or focal features. [apicareonline.com]