As this is a synovial joint, a membrane is present as well as a fibrous membrane providing the same functions as any other synovial joint synovial membrane [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] [4]. [physio-pedia.com]

We see people in everyday practice who present with a new hip joint (replaced because of osteoarthritis) and now have a fracture in another bone and osteoporosis, just like your mother. [versusarthritis.org]

Other systemic diseases such as hemochromatosis or hemophilia might be present in patients with secondary ankle OA, however, in a lower percentage than in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (Table 1 ). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hemophilia A

  Other systemic diseases such as hemochromatosis or hemophilia might be present in patients with secondary ankle OA, however, in a lower percentage than in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (Table 1 ). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Additional causative factors include arthropathies, chronic ankle instability, malalignment, and certain medical conditions, such as hemophilia. [physio-pedia.com]

• Fracture

  Patients in the posttraumatic ankle OA group had malleolar ankle fractures (AO fracture type 44; 39%), ankle ligament lesions (16%), pilon tibial fractures (AO fracture type 43, 14%), tibial shaft fractures (AO fracture type 42; 5%), talus fractures [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Previous Condition Next Condition close Hand and Wrist We provide effective diagnosis and treatment for all aspects of hand and wrist injuries or conditions from scaphoid wrist fractures to trigger finger. [londonorthopaedic.com]

  In most of the cases ankle OA is developed secondary to trauma such as fractures of the malleoli, the tibial plafond, the talus, maybe some varus alignment and also potentially ankle ligament injuries [13]. [physio-pedia.com]

  We see people in everyday practice who present with a new hip joint (replaced because of osteoarthritis) and now have a fracture in another bone and osteoporosis, just like your mother. [versusarthritis.org]

• Ankle Pain

  Eliminate your ankle pain Regenexx solutions provide a non-surgical option for many suffering from pain and loss of function due to a foot or ankle injury. [regenexx.com]

• Irritability

  Sciatica is a term used to describe any kind of pain caused by irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve is comprised of several nerves that branch out from each side of the lower spine. [londonorthopaedic.com]

Our study is the largest in the world on the safety of stem cell treatments. [regenexx.com]

Sometimes more than one type of surgical treatment is needed [25]. [physio-pedia.com]

Our specialities include complex bunion surgery as well as efficient treatment for plantar fasciitis. [londonorthopaedic.com]

Surgery If your pain causes disability and is not relieved by nonsurgical treatment, surgery may be recommended. The appropriate surgery will depend on the type and location of the arthritis and the impact of the disease on your joints. [shorelineortho.com]

[…] among the three main etiology subgroups. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology of ankle osteoarthritis. Journal Clin Orthop Relat Res 467: 1800-1806. ↑ Zhang Y., Jordan J. (2010). Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis. [physio-pedia.com]

Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis. Clinical Geriatric Medicine 26(3): 355-369.fckLRLevel of Evidence: C ↑ Saltzman CL, Salamon ML, Blanchard GM,Huff T, Hayes A, Buckwalter JA, Amendola A. Epidemiology of Ankle Arthritis. [physio-pedia.com]

This result is in the same order of magnitude as the results of the epidemiology study by Saltzman et al., who reported a posttraumatic ankle OA rate of 70% [ 33 ]. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The focus of performing arts medicine/is performance enhancement through injury prevention. [londonorthopaedic.com]

Many people are willing to accept the balance of taking potentially ‘toxic’ medication against the benefit of reducing inflammation, reducing symptoms and preventing joint damage. [versusarthritis.org]

Because trauma is the dominant etiology of ankle OA, more research is needed to determine contributing factors of OA and prevent development of posttraumatic ankle OA. Acknowledgments We thank Dr Tak S. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]