In prior cases patients presented with gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, or an acute abdomen without gastrointestinal perforation. [connection.ebscohost.com]

We present a case of 26-year-old female who developed massive bilateral pulmonary emboli after being started on oral contraceptive pills. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Our case suggests that MFS presenting with proptosis and pain may be associated with serum anti-GQ1b antibodies and IgM anti-cardiolipin antibody. Author(s): Xueliang Qi, Rui Chen, Jiaomei Jiang, Ming Zhang Abstract Full Text PDF [alliedacademies.org]

The authors present the case of a 43-year-old man who, over a 13-year period of follow-up, presented with thrombosis of the mesenteric vein, inferior vena cava, and axillary and subclavian veins in a setting where diagnostic and therapeutic options are [dovepress.com]

• Pathologist

  Just call your friendly neighborhood pathologist and see what he/she has to offer. [pathologystudent.com]

  Renal biopsy was studied by a senior experienced pathologist. [indianjnephrol.org]

  Renal pathologists should carefully examine renal biopsies obtained from SLE patients with positive aPL for the presence of APSN, as this may have significant implications on therapeutic decisions. [ndt.oxfordjournals.org]

• Recurrent Pulmonary Embolism

  Recurrent pulmonary embolism is assumed to be the leading cause of pulmonary hypertension in APS. 6 The prevalence of aPL in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension varies between 10% 22, 23 and 20%. 24 It is likely that chronic thromboembolic [ard.bmj.com]

• Easy Bruising

  For example, a low level of platelets, which can cause easy bruising and a type of anaemia called haemolytic anaemia. Avascular necrosis of the bone (also called osteonecrosis). Bones are a living part of the body and need a blood supply. [patient.info]

• Hypertension

  […] primary pulmonary hypertension. 41 All forms of severe pulmonary hypertension may be complicated by superimposed in situ thrombosis, 42 and the risk of categorising some patients with pulmonary hypertension as definite APS has been described. 4 Other [ard.bmj.com]

  Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Pulmonary hypertension is an infrequent albeit feared complication of pulmonary embolism (PE). [phaonlineuniv.org]

  Hypertension in APS may often be severe, with some patients presenting with hypertensive emergencies [ 23,24 ]. [ndt.oxfordjournals.org]

  Presented with malignant hypertension (hypertensive encephalopathy, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and azotemia). Incidentally, she was ANCA positive on serology. [indianjnephrol.org]

• Hypotension

  Case Summary A 27-year-old woman with history of SLE, APS, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus presented with sepsis, hypotension with blood pressure of 79/49 mmHg, and osteomyelitis involving the sacrum. [ajnr.org]

• Stroke

  (IgA) Identify risk of thrombosis, pregnancy morbidity, thrombocytopenia, and stroke. 4663 Cardiolipin Antibody (IgM) Identify APS, with lower specificity than IgG; identify risk of thrombosis, pregnancy morbidity, thrombocytopenia, and stroke. [questdiagnostics.com]

  Ischemic stroke The optimal treatment of patients with APS who present with ischemic stroke is controversial. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

  If a blood clot forms in the arms or legs, it may travel to the lungs ( pulmonary embolism ), brain (stroke) or heart ( heart attack ). [cedars-sinai.edu]

  Stroke and Other Neurological Disorders Stroke is associated with APS, as are some other neurological conditions. [genome.gov]

  Recent evidence suggests that antiphospholipid antibodies play a role in approx. 20% of strokes, esp. in patients who do not have common risk factors for stroke. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Antiphospholipid syndrome workup. Medscape. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333221-workup. Accessed 12/27/2016. Moake, J. (Revised 2016 September) Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Merck Manual Professional Version. [labtestsonline.it]

See Presentation and Workup. Multiple terms for APS exist. Unfortunately, some synonyms can be confusing. [emedicine.medscape.com]

In addition to the standard protocol of investigations in SLE, anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) status was determined during the initial workup and was confirmed after 6 weeks. Renal biopsy was studied by a senior experienced pathologist. [indianjnephrol.org]

This syndrome may require treatment with anticoagulant medications. [health.am]

Specific chapters describe the treatment of the different symptoms, therapies of value in avoiding recurrences, and innovative treatment approaches. [books.google.com]

The presence of the antibody will support a diagnosis but cannot be used alone for diagnosis or treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The only factor that influenced this interval significantly was treatment with antithrombotic agents (P Antithrombotic Treatments and Follow-up Table 3. Table 3. Comparison of the Antithrombotic Treatments Used in the Study. [nejm.org]

Treatment with these medicines is long term. Discuss all treatment options with your doctor. Side Effects The most common side effect of blood thinners is bleeding. This happens if the medicine thins your blood too much. [nhlbi.nih.gov]

What is the prognosis of antiphospholipid syndrome? The prognosis of antiphospholipid syndrome depends on the character and the intensity of its manifestations. Earlier treatment will tend to have better outcomes. [medicinenet.com]

[…] does not meet this criterion pregnancy morbidity: 3 miscarriages laboratory criteria (detected on ≥2 occasions on testing at least 12 weeks apart) 7 : anticoardiolipin antibodies anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies lupus anticoagulant Treatment and prognosis [radiopaedia.org]

Prognosis People with primary APS generally lead normal, healthy lives with the help of medication and lifestyle changes. People with secondary APS generally have a similar prognosis. [drugs.com]

Patients with catastrophic APS should have better prognosis with plasmapheresis therapy. [dl.ndl.go.jp]

Shoenfeld received the EULAR prize in 2005, in Vienna, Austria: "The infectious etiology of anti-phospholipid syndrome". [books.google.com]

Etiology The disorder can be primary ( primary antiphospholipid syndrome ) or secondary (i.e. associated with systemic lupus erythematosus ). [radiopaedia.org]

The presumed etiologies are numerous; however, it typically develops spontaneously in the absence of major vasculature occlusion. It includes a wide clinical spectrum ranging from mild... [connection.ebscohost.com]

[…] experience one of the following should be screened for antibodies associated with APS : Arterial thrombosis or unprovoked venous thrombosis before 50 years of age Recurrent thrombosis Thrombosis at an unusual site Thrombotic microangiopathy of unknown etiology [arupconsult.com]

The clinical manifestations of CTEPH are similar to those of PH of any etiology and include progressive dyspnea with exertion, decreased exercise tolerance, and fatigue. [phaonlineuniv.org]

This Primer provides an update on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic aspects and offers an outlook on future research topics. [nature.com]

Introduction Clinical definition an autoimmune disorder, often associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), characterized by thromboses and recurrent spontaneous abortions Epidemiology incidence increases with age demographics female > male affects [medbullets.com]

[…] arterioles, and focal atrophy. [4] A “two-hit” theory has been proposed in which a second risk factor (age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, pregnancy, surgery, other genetic hypercoagulable state) incites the thrombotic effects of aPL. [5] Epidemiology [emedicine.medscape.com]

A recent epidemiological study was unable to identify clinical or immunological predictors of thrombotic events, pregnancy morbidity, or mortality ( 80 ). [clinchem.aaccjnls.org]

Pier Luigi Meroni Springer, ٢٠‏/١١‏/٢٠١٤ - 267 من الصفحات This book, part of the series Rare Diseases of the Immune System, offers comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of the pathophysiology and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). [books.google.com]

The pathophysiological hallmark is thrombosis, but other factors such as complement activation might be important. [natureasia.com]

The pathophysiology is not precisely known. Diagnosis is by blood tests. Anticoagulation is often used for prevention and treatment. [merckmanuals.com]

I could not find good source which explains its pathophysiology and laboratory results. A. First, before we get into the antiphospholipid syndrome, we need to talk about antiphospholipid antibodies. [pathologystudent.com]

However, medicines can help prevent complications. The goals of treatment are to prevent blood clots from forming and keep existing clots from getting larger. You may have APS and another autoimmune disorder, such as lupus. [nhlbi.nih.gov]

Prevention of thrombotic manifestations associated with APS includes lifestyle changes and, in individuals at high risk, low-dose aspirin. Prevention and treatment of thrombotic events are dependent mainly on the use of vitamin K antagonists. [natureasia.com]