The most common presentation of long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning is mucocutaneous bleeding, with other common presentations including haematuria, gingival bleeding, epistaxis and gastrointestinal bleeding. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fatigue

  Signs and symptoms of atrial flutter include near fainting, palpitations, mild shortness of breath, and fatigue. [medicinenet.com]

• Easy Bruising

  These side effects, as well as easy bruising, dark stools, itching or hives, vomiting of blood, or back pain, should be reported to a healthcare professional immediately. [uspharmacist.com]

• Nausea

  The patient was admitted with intense abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and a total obstruction of duodenum. After a diagnosis of intramural hematoma, a good prognosis was achieved with conservative care. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Direct factor Xa inhibitors Apixaban haemorrhage nausea bruising anaemia Rivaroxaban haemorrhage nausea and vomiting diarrhoea constipation dyspepsia abdominal pain dizziness headache Use with caution in patients at risk of bleeding, or taking concomitant [drugoffice.gov.hk]

  Increased bruising or bleeding Blood in the urine Bloody or black, tarry stools Severe menstrual bleeding Feeling very tired or weak Nausea and vomiting for more than 24 hours Bleeding from the gums after brushing teeth Also call if you fall or have [nationaljewish.org]

  The more common side effects that have been associated with anticoagulants include: Bleeding Gastrointestinal effects such as diarrhea, heartburn, nausea, and loss of appetite Irritation and pain around the site of injection (injectable anticoagulants [drugs.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  The patient was admitted with intense abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and a total obstruction of duodenum. After a diagnosis of intramural hematoma, a good prognosis was achieved with conservative care. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Direct thrombin inhibitors haemorrhage nausea dyspepsia diarrhoea abdominal pain anaemia Use with caution in the elderly and in patients with low body weight Use with caution in patients with bleeding disorders, thrombocytopenia, recent biopsy or major [drugoffice.gov.hk]

• Melena

  The patient was admitted in hospital as she presented with gastrointestinal bleeding (melena), asthenia and progressive anemia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  We classified as belonging to the group “upper gastrointestinal bleedings” any hemorrhagic event that occurs between the oropharynx and the ligament of Treitz, or any event that could be highly associated with upper gastrointestinal bleedings (e.g., melena [frontiersin.org]

• Bleeding Gums

  Excessive bleeding Signs of excessive bleeding can include: passing blood in your pee passing blood when you poo or having black poo severe bruising prolonged nosebleeds (lasting longer than 10 minutes) bleeding gums vomiting blood or coughing up blood [nhs.uk]

  Bleeding gums, excessive bruising, nosebleeds, heavy menstrual bleeding, and prolonged bleeding from cuts may indicate an overdosing of medication. Notify your doctor if these problems occur. [hopkinslupus.org]

• Oral Bleeding

  A: If at any time you have a concern regarding bleeding after surgery, you should feel free to contact your dentist or oral surgeon. [aaom.com]

• Alopecia

  Vitamin K antagonist haemorrhage nausea and vomiting diarrhea jaundice hepatic dysfunction pancreatitis pyrexia alopecia rash Use with caution in mild to moderate renal impairment. [drugoffice.gov.hk]

• Epistaxis

  The most common presentation of long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning is mucocutaneous bleeding, with other common presentations including haematuria, gingival bleeding, epistaxis and gastrointestinal bleeding. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In fact, in our preventable case, the co-treatment with apixaban and acetylsalicylic acid has only caused a minor bleeding (epistaxis) in an elderly patient. [frontiersin.org]

  INR range 2.0 to 3.0, 29% below 2.0, 11% within 3.1 to Major Hemorrhage During the first year, 26 patients sustained a major hemorrhage (9 intracranial, 11 gastrointestinal, 1 retroperitoneal, 1 hemothorax after a fall, 1 ocular, 1 hemarthrosis, and 2 epistaxis [doi.org]

• Hematuria

  No patients in any of the groups experienced cardiovascular events during their hospital stay or required rehospitalization for hematuria after discharge. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hereditary and Acquired Hypercoagulability Workup. Medscape Hematology. Available online at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211039-workup. Accessed on 8/05/18. Krautscheid, P. et. al. (2018 August, Updated). [labtestsonline.org]

• Pericardial Effusion

  A key result of the PREVAIL trial was that pericardial effusions requiring intervention occurred at a rate comparable to other left atrial procedures. [dicardiology.com]

  Hemophilia or another bleeding disorder Are pregnant High risk of bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke) Cerebral aneurysm Dissecting aorta Pericarditis Pericardial effusion Bacterial endocarditis Active ulceration An active bleed Are undergoing surgery [medicinenet.com]

• Cytopenia

  Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired disorder of haematopoietic stem cells characterized by intravascular haemolysis, cytopenias and thrombophilia. Thrombophilia is the leading cause of mortality in patients with PNH. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Abnormal Renal Function

  function, abnormal liver function, stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, age > 65 years, antiplatelet or nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug use and alcoholism] score to measure the baseline bleeding risk. [doi.org]

Elevated INR values due to VKA treatment could be reversed (INR≤1.5) in 63.1% (95% CI: 61.0-65.2) of study subjects after treatment with 4F-PCC, as compared with 12.2% (95% CI: 8.2-16.2) after treatment with fresh frozen plasma (FFP), (p CONCLUSIONS: [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

After a diagnosis of intramural hematoma, a good prognosis was achieved with conservative care. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

‘Patients with a poor short-term prognosis, those with contraindications to aspirin and those taking anticoagulants or anti-inflammatory agents were excluded from the study.’ [en.oxforddictionaries.com]

Adverse prognosis of incidentally detected ambulatory atrial fibrillation: a cohort study. Thromb Haemost. 2014;112(2):276-286. PubMed Google Scholar Crossref 4. Fine JP, Gray RJ. [jamanetwork.com]

[…] that the recommendations set forth are too exhaustive, with no clear benefits demonstrated in randomized clinical trials for each specific scenario,14 and that the guidelines have been established without conclusive data supporting improved patient prognosis [revespcardiol.org]

Unstable angina: an etiologic approach to management. Circulation 1998;98(21):2219-22. PMID: 9826306. DeWood MA, Stifter WF, Simpson CS, et al. Coronary arteriographic findings soon after non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. [effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov]

ELEVATED INR IN THE ABSENCE OF BLEEDING The 2012 ACCP Chest Guideline and 2015 Anticoagulation (AC) Forum recommendations for managing elevated INRs in the absence of bleeding are described in Table 1. 24,25 Patients should be interviewed to identify etiologies [powerpak.com]

An in-depth analysis of the ACS therapeutic area and an epidemiology driven sales forecast models are presented in Decision Resources’ ACS Pharmacor. [web.archive.org]

Epidemiology of thromboembolic diseases: atrialfibrillation, venous thromboembolic disease and acute coronary syndrome. Med Clin (Barc) 2012;139:4-9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 5. Wang C. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiological profile of atrial fibrillation: a contemporary perspective.. Prog Cardiovasc Dis., 48 (2005), pp. 1-8 [3] Marinigh R, Lip GY, Fiotti N, Giansante C, Lane DA.. [revespcardiol.org]

Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA 3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington [doi.org]

Patients can develop independent indications for antiplatelet and oral anticoagulant therapy, but in most cases the pathophysiology will intersect. [bmj.com]

Both disease states have thrombosis as a core pathophysiologic process which requires treatment - low sheer stress thrombi in AF and intracoronary high sheer stress thrombi in PCI. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This pharmacology lecture covers topics such as pathophysiology of blood clot formation and platelet function; activation, aggregation, cross-linking; ADP receptors, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme, fibrinogen, fibrin [youtube.com]

[…] this antibody was first demonstrated in 1952 by Conley and Hartmann when they observed prolongation of lipid dependent coagulation tests in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). [11] For a lack of a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology [emedicine.medscape.com]

CONCLUSION: Findings from this overview support the superiority of NOACs and patient's self-management for preventing stroke in AF patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The NOACs directly inhibit one specific coagulation factor in the cascade, whereas warfarin prevents the coagulation process by suppressing the synthesis of several vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. [pharmaceutical-journal.com]

Preventability of Cases of Bleeding In total, 58 cases out of 253 (22.9%) were preventable. [frontiersin.org]