In this respect, antidepressant drugs present antimicrobial effects that could also be related to the effectiveness of these drugs for MDD treatment. Conversely, some antimicrobials present antidepressant effects. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

It appears as if ADS presents as a mild flulike condition that may also present with some mild psychological symptoms, particularly depression and anxiety. [americanaddictioncenters.org]

• Pain

  The SMDs of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) on pain, sleep, fatigue and HRQOL were significant. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Antidepressants for the treatment of chronic pain. Drugs 2008; 68: 2611–32 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 23. Chan HN, Fam J, Ng BY. Use of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic pain. [doi.org]

  It is used to relieve moderate to severe chronic, long-term, noncancerous pain in adults requiring around-the-clock pain relief. Avinza is used to treat osteoarthritis and lower-back pain. [dependency.net]

• Weight Gain

  […] linked to weight gain. [healthline.com]

  Abstract Antidepressant medication influences cellular lipogenesis, being associated with metabolic side effects including weight gain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A range of other, less serious side effects occur including weight gain, constipation, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, insomnia, and sexual side effects (problems with arousal or satisfaction). [clinical-depression.co.uk]

  Sometimes there are pretty striking weight gains.” [webmd.com]

  Antidepressants can improve your mood, but they often have side effects such as weight gain or headaches. [vocabulary.com]

• Malaise

  The malaise-ridden norm typically adaptive in humanity's ancestral environment must be scrapped. [biopsychiatry.com]

  Soon the old sadness rode in, coupled with a smothering malaise. I quickly scheduled an appointment with a new psychiatrist. Without hesitating, he put me back on Prozac. [aarp.org]

  Depression is often seen as a modern malaise, but it has always been with us, just under different names: melancholia, nervous breakdown or sometimes just “nerves”. [newscientist.com]

  Within this same time period, the most common adverse events in the midazolam group were general malaise, dizziness, headache, restlessness, nausea or vomiting, dry mouth, decreased energy, and poor coordination ( Table 3 ). [dx.doi.org]

  Of course it is also important to check sodium levels if symptoms of hyponatremia arise, such as fatigue, malaise, and delirium. [bcmj.org]

• Congestive Heart Failure

  […] disease (e.g., congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, recent heart attack), kidney problems, liver problems (e.g., cirrhosis), personal or family history of psychiatric disorder (e.g., bipolar/manic-depressive disorder), personal or family history [webmd.com]

  Since 2007, the FDA has added two black box warnings to the Avandia label to alert physicians about the potential increased risk of (1) congestive heart failure, and (2) myocardial infarction (heart attack). [justice.gov]

  heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and lower back pain) from the patient's 12-month problem list in the EHR. [doi.org]

  heart failure 1 0 335 2 336 0.20 [0.01, 4.16] 168 P = 0.30 Gastrointestial 4 66 194 14 91 1.53 [0.65, 3.62] 6 P = 0.33 Autonomic nervous system 1 10 40 4 26 1.63 [0.57, 4.64] 11 P = 0.36 Respiratory disorder 10 244 2764 107 1276 0.90 [0.73, 1.12] 227 [dx.doi.org]

• Asymptomatic

  We report a case of a depressed but otherwise healthy man with an asymptomatic right bundle branch block on electrocardiography who experienced antidepressant-induced BrS and ultimately recovered with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  However, they noted that the studies with asymptomatic infants are reassuring. [infantrisk.com]

  There was some further improvement between weeks 8 and 16, particularly in the moclobemide group; at week 16, 82% of the moclobemide and 91% of the phenelzine-treated patients were almost asymptomatic. [doi.org]

  Of this section the work by Modell and colleagues on SAD is noteworthy due to its large size ( n = 1042), randomized nature and the fact it was undertaken prophylactically in asymptomatic individuals [ Modell et al. 2005 ]. [dx.doi.org]

  The primary outcome was remission (close to asymptomatic status), defined as a QIDS-C 16 score (range, 0-27 with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms) of 5 or less at 2 consecutive scheduled follow-up visits during the acute treatment phase. [jamanetwork.com]

• Constipation

  A range of other, less serious side effects occur including weight gain, constipation, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, insomnia, and sexual side effects (problems with arousal or satisfaction). [clinical-depression.co.uk]

  Common side effects of SNRIs include: nausea drowsiness fatigue constipation dry mouth TCAs are often prescribed when SSRIs or other antidepressants don’t work. It isn’t fully understood how these drugs work to treat depression. [healthline.com]

  SLIDESHOW Learn to Spot Depression: Symptoms, Warning Signs, Medication See Slideshow Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) side effects Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a class of antidepressant associated with sedation, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation [rxlist.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  pain Inability to achieve an erection Inability to achieve an orgasm (men and women) Loss of libido Agitation Anxiety See below for the side effects of specific antidepressant types. [clinical-depression.co.uk]

  Symptoms lasted from 2 weeks to 2 months and included: anxiety dizziness nightmares or vivid dreams electric shock-like sensations in the body flu-like symptoms abdominal pain In most cases, symptoms were mild. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Pro-motility agents such as metoclopramide may be useful for bloating and abdominal pains that occur during refeeding in some patients [II]. [web.archive.org]

  pain, or yellowing of the skin or eyes occurs.) [emedicinehealth.com]

  Menstrual Cramps and Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Medication Guide Menstrual cramps and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms include abdominal cramping, bloating, a feeling of fullness, abdominal pain, mood swings, anxiety and more. [medicinenet.com]

• Dyspepsia

  Other commonly reported adverse effects included dyspepsia, diarrhea, constipation, anxiety, fatigue, sedation, somnolence, asthenia, and forgetfulness. [web.archive.org]

  Figures and Tables - Analysis 1.35 Comparison 1 Amitriptyline versus placebo, Outcome 35 Side effects ‐ gastrointestinal: dyspepsia. [doi.org]

  […] to study and we have simply listed the reported values: ‐‐‐Calcedo Ordonez 1992 reported dry mouth (79% in the combination arm, 76% in the antidepressant alone arm), drowsiness (44%, 15%), asthenia (24%, 17%), myalgia (15%, 12%), heartburn (3%, 10%), dyspepsia [dx.doi.org]

• Polydipsia

  Nature. (2002) ^ a b The effect of inositol on lithium-induced polyuria—polydipsia in rats and humans. ^ a b c Allan SJ, et al. The effect of inositol supplements on the psoriasis of patients taking lithium: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. [examine.com]

• Tachycardia

  Cardiovascular effects most commonly include sinus tachycardia, flushing, hypertension, and in rare cases, hypotension. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  […] synapse) Also blocks histamine and muscarinic cholinergic receptors Treats MDD, neuropathic pain, and headaches Also prophylaxis for headaches/migraines SE: anticholinergic (constipation, dry mouth, orthostatic hypotn, urinary retention), cardiovascular (tachycardia [youtube.com]

  Drawbacks of TCAs: Adverse effects such as orthostatic hypotension, anticholinergic effects, cardiovascular effects (arrhythmias and tachycardia). Overdose toxicity. [emedexpert.com]

  Ketamine was associated with higher rates of psychiatric adverse events (agitation, confusion, hallucination, delirium) and cardiovascular events (hypertension, tachycardia, increased blood pressure or heart rate). [psychiatryadvisor.com]

• Xerostomia

  (including triptans), drugs that impair metabolism of serotonin (including MAOIs), antipsychotics, dopamine antagonists, and nonpsychiatric MAOIs (eg, linezolid, IV methylene blue) May cause anticholinergic effects; use with caution in patients with xerostomia [reference.medscape.com]

• Anxiety Disorder

  To assess the efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants for treating generalized anxiety disorder. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The studies tested 4582 patients taking nine antidepressants versus placebo for major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, attention deficit or hyperactivity disorder, and social anxiety disorder. [bmj.com]

  This guideline covers the care and treatment of people aged 18 and over with generalised anxiety disorder (chronic anxiety) or panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia or panic attacks). [nice.org.uk]

• Withdrawn

  Method: Adult outpatients with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder who had not achieved remission or had withdrawn from treatment because of intolerance in three previous prospective medication trials were randomly assigned to receive open-label treatment [ajp.psychiatryonline.org]

  Severe cases can be treated symptomatically or the antidepressant can be reinstated before being gradually withdrawn. Reinstatement usually leads to symptom resolution within 24 hours. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] that he also did substantial work on the synthesis and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in the central nervous system. [4], [5] Zimelidine produced a serious neurological side effect, Guillian-Barre syndrome, in a few patients and thus was withdrawn [dx.doi.org]

• Chronic Anxiety

  Several protective clinical indicators have been proposed, including a rapid-cycling course and comorbid chronic anxiety, whilst poor treatment adherence, proneness to emotional blunting and sub-threshold bipolarity have been identified as possible correlates [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This guideline covers the care and treatment of people aged 18 and over with generalised anxiety disorder (chronic anxiety) or panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia or panic attacks). [nice.org.uk]

• Visual Hallucination

  Joel Shuster, Shock-Like Sensations Associated with Antidepressant Withdrawal Acute Tumor Lysis Syndrome Caused by Hydroxyurea Zolpidem-Induced Visual Hallucinations Tooth Discoloration with Linezolid Sleepwalking Caused by SSRI ADR-Related Reports from [doi.org]

  Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Kometer, M., Schmidt, A., Jancke, L., Vollenweider, F. ( 2013 ) Activation of serotonin 2A receptors underlies the psilocybin-induced effects on alpha oscillations, N170 visual-evoked potentials, and visual hallucinations [dx.doi.org]

  […] potentials, and visual hallucinations. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hot Flushes

  Mourits and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, Hot flushes in breast cancer patients, Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 57, 1, (63), (2006). KARL‐ERIK ANDERSSON, JOHN P. MULHALL and MICHAEL G. [doi.org]

  Another limitation is that ADMs can be used for conditions other than depression, such as anxiety disorders, insomnia, neuropathic pain, and premenstrual syndrome and hot flushes in women. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Agitation

  SSRIs, and SNRIs tend to have fewer and different side effects, such as nausea, nervousness, insomnia, diarrhea, rash, agitation, or sexual side effects (problems with arousal or satisfaction). [clinical-depression.co.uk]

  One patient developed transient increased agitation and exacerbation of pre-existing confusion. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  However, because of this possible link, see your doctor promptly if you become increasingly restless, anxious or agitated, or if you have any suicidal thoughts. [patient.co.uk]

  The medicines are used to treat a variety of conditions, including: Depression Anxiety Agitation Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) Social anxiety disorder Manic-depressive disorder Major depressive disorder Post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) Attention-deficit [everydayhealth.com]

  Side effects include agitation, loss of appetite, and trouble sleeping. Bupropion typically has fewer sexual side effects. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants affect three brain chemicals. [familydoctor.org]

• Dizziness

  Side effects of TCAs (tricyclic antidepressants) Fairly common side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, dizziness, and tremors sexual problems, blurred vision, dizziness, drowsiness, skin rash, and weight gain or loss. [clinical-depression.co.uk]

  Common side effects include: drowsiness dizziness weight gain Other depression drugs don’t fall into the typical classes. These are called atypical antidepressants. [healthline.com]

  Additional side effects include increased appetite and weight gain, dizziness, and transient elevations in cholesterol levels and liver function tests. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Some mild neurological symptoms may appear, such as dizziness, headache, tingling sensations, issues with balance, and difficulty walking. [americanaddictioncenters.org]

• Confusion

  One patient developed transient increased agitation and exacerbation of pre-existing confusion. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  One reason it's confusing is that there's strong evidence that mothers with depression are more likely than other women to have a child with autism, whether or not they take antidepressants during pregnancy. [npr.org]

  Symptoms include fever, muscle stiffness, and changes in mental status such as confusion or hallucinations. [emedicinehealth.com]

  Symptoms include agitation, confusion, sweating, tremors, and a rapid heart rate The precipitation of a manic episode in people with undiagnosed bipolar disorder Duloxetine : A severe discontinuation syndrome MAOIs: Very severe drug interactions, very [drugs.com]

  […] serotonin syndrome, particularly when coadministered with other serotonergic drugs Abrupt discontinuation may cause dizziness, abnormal dreams, sensory disturbances (including paresthesia and electric shock sensations), agitation, anxiety, fatigue, confusion [web.archive.org]

• Seizure

  […] drugs that can also increase the risk for seizures. [clinical-depression.co.uk]

  The clinical and EEG data of a 49-year-old man with myoclonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures resulting from early childhood encephalitis are described. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Tremor

  Side effects of TCAs (tricyclic antidepressants) Fairly common side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, dizziness, and tremors sexual problems, blurred vision, dizziness, drowsiness, skin rash, and weight gain or loss. [clinical-depression.co.uk]

  1 (mild euphoria) 1 (mild tremor) CSR 050-201 A13 Parallel study Male: 24. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Typical symptoms include tremor, restlessness, mild respiratory problems, and weak cry. Teens and young adults. All depression medications carry an increased risk of suicide in children and young adults. People who may have bipolar disorder. [helpguide.org]

  Such combinations cause excessive serotonin levels in the brain, which may lead to confusion, high blood pressure, tremor, hyperactivity, coma, and death. [rxlist.com]

  Symptoms include agitation, confusion, sweating, tremors, and a rapid heart rate The precipitation of a manic episode in people with undiagnosed bipolar disorder Duloxetine : A severe discontinuation syndrome MAOIs: Very severe drug interactions, very [drugs.com]

• Physical examination and laboratory investigations in order to identify any medical problems that could contribute to or mimic depressive symptoms (e.g., hypothyroidism and anemia, leading to TSH, B12, and Hb testing being part of the workup). • Review [bcmj.org]

Abstract Antidepressant treatment in primary care is inconsistent with treatment recommendations, and many patients discontinue treatment within 6 months. How this affects treatment outcomes is unknown. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] the next treatment. [dx.doi.org]

[…] adequately from several prior treatments. [ajp.psychiatryonline.org]

Research suggests that psychotherapy may play an important role in enhancing the effects of antidepressant drug therapy and improving patients' long-term prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

PEA has been postulated to play a role in the etiology of migraine headache and aggression. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

It should be emphasized, however, that the demonstration of such a biochemical abnormality would not necessarily imply a genetic or constitutional, rather than an environmental or psychological, etiology of depression.Whereas specific genetic factors [dx.doi.org]

[…] arthroplasty who were on serotonergic antidepressants, it was found that though the intraoperative blood loss was significant; it was clinically unimportant. [6] SSRIs and pregnancy complications Serotonin has been suggested to play an important role in the etiology [jpharmacol.com]

These figures are supported by epidemiological findings. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Several other epidemiological studies have found no association between SSRIs and ASD. [sciencemag.org]

Antidepressant Use and Lifetime History of Mental Disorders in a Community Sample: Results From the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2015. [medicaldaily.com]

AIMS: To relate recent findings from the basic neurosciences to the pathophysiology of depressive disorder. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Nevertheless, several studies within the last decade have provided evidence suggesting that environmental factors play an important role in MDD pathophysiology. [dx.doi.org]

Aims To relate recent findings from the basic neurosciences to the pathophysiology of depressive disorder. [bjp.rcpsych.org]

Doogan DP, Caillard V: Sertraline in the prevention of depression. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:217-222. [doi.org]