In this respect, antidepressant drugs present antimicrobial effects that could also be related to the effectiveness of these drugs for MDD treatment. Conversely, some antimicrobials present antidepressant effects. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

It appears as if ADS presents as a mild flulike condition that may also present with some mild psychological symptoms, particularly depression and anxiety. [americanaddictioncenters.org]

• Weight Gain

  […] linked to weight gain. [healthline.com]

  Abstract Antidepressant medication influences cellular lipogenesis, being associated with metabolic side effects including weight gain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A range of other, less serious side effects occur including weight gain, constipation, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, insomnia, and sexual side effects (problems with arousal or satisfaction). [clinical-depression.co.uk]

  Sometimes there are pretty striking weight gains.” [webmd.com]

  Antidepressants can improve your mood, but they often have side effects such as weight gain or headaches. [vocabulary.com]

• Crying

  OBJECTIVES: Post-stroke depression and pathological crying are common and potentially serious complications after stroke and should be diagnosed and treated accordingly. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Withdrawal symptoms of antidepressants include suicidal thoughts, aggression, anxiety, depression, crying spells, insomnia, dizziness, vomiting, headaches, tremors, and electric “zap” sensations in the brain. [drugfreeworld.org]

  At birth, infants may suffer withdrawal symptoms, including jitters, crying, irritability, shivering, and, rarely, seizures. [health.harvard.edu]

  Psychological symptoms appear to be prevalent, such as mood swings, feelings of anxiety, depression, crying spells, irritability, insomnia, and vivid dreams. [americanaddictioncenters.org]

• Chills

  Physiological symptoms include runny nose, blurry vision, feelings of fatigue or lethargy, and fever or chills. [americanaddictioncenters.org]

  Tricyclic Antidepressants Problems sleeping, dreaming a lot, flu-like symptoms (for example nausea, muscle pain, headaches, excessive sweating, chills). Movement problems, mania, unusual heart pace. [rethink.org]

  Withdrawal-like symptoms can include: Dizziness Headache Flu-like symptoms, such as tiredness, chills and muscle aches Irritability or agitation Nausea Diarrhea Finding the right antidepressant People may react differently to the same antidepressant. [mayoclinic.com]

  MDMA can induce symptoms resembling a panic attack — sweating, nausea, chills, involuntary teeth clenching — and is occasionally associated with heat stroke. [cnbc.com]

• Congestive Heart Failure

  […] disease (e.g., congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, recent heart attack), kidney problems, liver problems (e.g., cirrhosis), personal or family history of psychiatric disorder (e.g., bipolar/manic-depressive disorder), personal or family history [webmd.com]

  Since 2007, the FDA has added two black box warnings to the Avandia label to alert physicians about the potential increased risk of (1) congestive heart failure, and (2) myocardial infarction (heart attack). [justice.gov]

  heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and lower back pain) from the patient's 12-month problem list in the EHR. [doi.org]

• Surgical Procedure

  PubMed PMID: 23473846. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] This study presents results from the application of deep brain stimulation—an invasive surgical procedure—to the treatment of eating disorder patients, given the potential benefits of neuromodulation [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Monkeys were prepared with chronic venous catheters following the general surgical procedure described by Herd et al (1969). [doi.org]

• Constipation

  A range of other, less serious side effects occur including weight gain, constipation, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, insomnia, and sexual side effects (problems with arousal or satisfaction). [clinical-depression.co.uk]

  Common side effects of SNRIs include: nausea drowsiness fatigue constipation dry mouth TCAs are often prescribed when SSRIs or other antidepressants don’t work. It isn’t fully understood how these drugs work to treat depression. [healthline.com]

  SLIDESHOW Learn to Spot Depression: Symptoms, Warning Signs, Medication See Slideshow Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) side effects Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a class of antidepressant associated with sedation, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation [rxlist.com]

• Increased Appetite

  Sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain are more common with mirtazapine than with placebo. An elimination half-life of 20-40 hours enables once-daily bedtime dosing. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] norepi and 5-HT concentration; causes sedation, increased appetite, weight gain, dry mouth Amoxapine: increases norepi and 5-HT concentration; causes sedation, increased appetite, weight gain Trazodone: increases serotonergic effect via complex mechanism [youtube.com]

  […] serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels May increase appetite and cause weight gain [reference.medscape.com]

  These effects were most pronounced in the weeks after starting on a course of antidepressants, or when increasing the dosage. [everydayhealth.com]

  The drug has been shown repeatedly to be more likely to cause weight gain and to increase appetite than other drugs. Mirtazapine is less likely to make people gain weight compared with TCAs. [healthline.com]

• Polydipsia

  Nature. (2002) ^ a b The effect of inositol on lithium-induced polyuria—polydipsia in rats and humans. ^ a b c Allan SJ, et al. The effect of inositol supplements on the psoriasis of patients taking lithium: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. [examine.com]

• Tachycardia

  Cardiovascular effects most commonly include sinus tachycardia, flushing, hypertension, and in rare cases, hypotension. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  […] synapse) Also blocks histamine and muscarinic cholinergic receptors Treats MDD, neuropathic pain, and headaches Also prophylaxis for headaches/migraines SE: anticholinergic (constipation, dry mouth, orthostatic hypotn, urinary retention), cardiovascular (tachycardia [youtube.com]

  Drawbacks of TCAs: Adverse effects such as orthostatic hypotension, anticholinergic effects, cardiovascular effects (arrhythmias and tachycardia). Overdose toxicity. [emedexpert.com]

  Ketamine was associated with higher rates of psychiatric adverse events (agitation, confusion, hallucination, delirium) and cardiovascular events (hypertension, tachycardia, increased blood pressure or heart rate). [psychiatryadvisor.com]

• Xerostomia

  (including triptans), drugs that impair metabolism of serotonin (including MAOIs), antipsychotics, dopamine antagonists, and nonpsychiatric MAOIs (eg, linezolid, IV methylene blue) May cause anticholinergic effects; use with caution in patients with xerostomia [reference.medscape.com]

• Osteoporosis

  Advertisement 8 of 11 Getty Images They may be bad for the bones Some researchers have found that SSRIs are associated with lower bone density and more hip fractures in older people, suggesting that people taking SSRIs have regular osteoporosis screenings [health.com]

  Low levels of serotonin in the gut have been associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), osteoporosis, and even cardiovascular disease. [verywellmind.com]

  View Article PubMed Google Scholar Abdollahi M, Nikfar S, Hosseini-Tabatabaei A, Rezaie A: Interventions for preventing osteoporosis in women on heparin therapy during pregnancy. [doi.org]

  Antidepressant medications and osteoporosis. Bone. 2012;51:606–13. 48. Wu Q, Qu W, Crowell MD, Hentz JG, Frey KA. Tricyclic antidepressant use and risk of fractures: A meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. [bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com]

  Bisphosphonate therapy for children and adolescents with secondary osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17. CD005324. [Medline]. Coxson HO, Chan IH, Mayo JR, Hlynsky J, Nakano Y, Birmingham CL. [medscape.com]

• Fear

  The current study examines the role of psychological constructs that may influence relapse or fear of relapse and lead to resumption of medication. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Therapists did not instruct patients to confront feared situations. Criterion for Treatment Response. [doi.org]

  At last the crashing waves of fear and hopelessness began sliding out to sea. [aarp.org]

  Agoraphobia Agoraphobia is a fear of being outside or of being in a situation from which escape would be impossible. Symptoms include anxiety, fear, disorientation, rapid heartbeat, diarrhea, or dizziness. [medicinenet.com]

• Withdrawn

  Method: Adult outpatients with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder who had not achieved remission or had withdrawn from treatment because of intolerance in three previous prospective medication trials were randomly assigned to receive open-label treatment [ajp.psychiatryonline.org]

  Severe cases can be treated symptomatically or the antidepressant can be reinstated before being gradually withdrawn. Reinstatement usually leads to symptom resolution within 24 hours. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] that he also did substantial work on the synthesis and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in the central nervous system. [4], [5] Zimelidine produced a serious neurological side effect, Guillian-Barre syndrome, in a few patients and thus was withdrawn [dx.doi.org]

• Aggressive Behavior

  Although hints about hostile behavior existed in the past, including in published case studies, last week’s BMJ study was the first large-scale work to document an increase in aggressive behavior in children and adolescents. [scientificamerican.com]

  A 2016 analysis published in the journal BMJ found that the use of antidepressants can double the risk of aggressive behavior and suicide in children. [everydayhealth.com]

  Depression also looks different in young people, often showing up as aggressive behavior, irritability or poor school performance, rather than an obviously depressed mood, said Dr. [statnews.com]

  The lower concentrations of 5-HIAA are not specific to depression; there has also been a correlation between decreased 5-HIAA and aggressive behavior in some individuals. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Compulsive Behavior

  In the brain, low levels of serotonin have been associated with depression and anxiety as well as panic disorders and obsessive-compulsive behavior. [verywellmind.com]

  Shafran notes it is difficult for young people to verbalize their compulsions; they "will often say that the compulsion is driven by a sense that 'it doesn't feel right' unless such compulsive behavior has been completed [[ 42 ], p. 51]." [doi.org]

  Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  These mood symptoms, non-food-related obsessional thoughts, and compulsive behaviors, although often not eradicated, usually decrease with sustained weight gain and weight maintenance. [web.archive.org]

• Chronic Anxiety

  Several protective clinical indicators have been proposed, including a rapid-cycling course and comorbid chronic anxiety, whilst poor treatment adherence, proneness to emotional blunting and sub-threshold bipolarity have been identified as possible correlates [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This guideline covers the care and treatment of people aged 18 and over with generalised anxiety disorder (chronic anxiety) or panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia or panic attacks). [nice.org.uk]

• Agitation

  SSRIs, and SNRIs tend to have fewer and different side effects, such as nausea, nervousness, insomnia, diarrhea, rash, agitation, or sexual side effects (problems with arousal or satisfaction). [clinical-depression.co.uk]

  One patient developed transient increased agitation and exacerbation of pre-existing confusion. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  However, because of this possible link, see your doctor promptly if you become increasingly restless, anxious or agitated, or if you have any suicidal thoughts. [patient.co.uk]

  The medicines are used to treat a variety of conditions, including: Depression Anxiety Agitation Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) Social anxiety disorder Manic-depressive disorder Major depressive disorder Post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) Attention-deficit [everydayhealth.com]

  Side effects include agitation, loss of appetite, and trouble sleeping. Bupropion typically has fewer sexual side effects. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants affect three brain chemicals. [familydoctor.org]

• Confusion

  One patient developed transient increased agitation and exacerbation of pre-existing confusion. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  One reason it's confusing is that there's strong evidence that mothers with depression are more likely than other women to have a child with autism, whether or not they take antidepressants during pregnancy. [npr.org]

  Symptoms include fever, muscle stiffness, and changes in mental status such as confusion or hallucinations. [emedicinehealth.com]

  Symptoms include agitation, confusion, sweating, tremors, and a rapid heart rate The precipitation of a manic episode in people with undiagnosed bipolar disorder Duloxetine : A severe discontinuation syndrome MAOIs: Very severe drug interactions, very [drugs.com]

  […] serotonin syndrome, particularly when coadministered with other serotonergic drugs Abrupt discontinuation may cause dizziness, abnormal dreams, sensory disturbances (including paresthesia and electric shock sensations), agitation, anxiety, fatigue, confusion [web.archive.org]

• Seizure

  […] drugs that can also increase the risk for seizures. [clinical-depression.co.uk]

  The clinical and EEG data of a 49-year-old man with myoclonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures resulting from early childhood encephalitis are described. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Tremor

  Side effects of TCAs (tricyclic antidepressants) Fairly common side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, dizziness, and tremors sexual problems, blurred vision, dizziness, drowsiness, skin rash, and weight gain or loss. [clinical-depression.co.uk]

  1 (mild euphoria) 1 (mild tremor) CSR 050-201 A13 Parallel study Male: 24. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Typical symptoms include tremor, restlessness, mild respiratory problems, and weak cry. Teens and young adults. All depression medications carry an increased risk of suicide in children and young adults. People who may have bipolar disorder. [helpguide.org]

  Such combinations cause excessive serotonin levels in the brain, which may lead to confusion, high blood pressure, tremor, hyperactivity, coma, and death. [rxlist.com]

  Symptoms include agitation, confusion, sweating, tremors, and a rapid heart rate The precipitation of a manic episode in people with undiagnosed bipolar disorder Duloxetine : A severe discontinuation syndrome MAOIs: Very severe drug interactions, very [drugs.com]

• Somnolence

  Common tolerability-related side effects of modern antidepressants include nausea, insomnia, somnolence, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, and weight gain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Other commonly reported adverse effects included dyspepsia, diarrhea, constipation, anxiety, fatigue, sedation, somnolence, asthenia, and forgetfulness. [web.archive.org]

  Data for more than one trial were available only for venlafaxine: ‐ Venlafaxine ( Davidson 1999 a, Gelenberg 2000 ): those taking venlafaxine were more likely to report nausea, dry mouth, insomnia, constipation, somnolence, anorexia, sexual dysfunction [doi.org]

  Adverse effects more frequent in the augment-aripiprazole group included somnolence, akathisia, and weight gain. [jamanetwork.com]

• Physical examination and laboratory investigations in order to identify any medical problems that could contribute to or mimic depressive symptoms (e.g., hypothyroidism and anemia, leading to TSH, B12, and Hb testing being part of the workup). • Review [bcmj.org]

Abstract Antidepressant treatment in primary care is inconsistent with treatment recommendations, and many patients discontinue treatment within 6 months. How this affects treatment outcomes is unknown. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] the next treatment. [dx.doi.org]

[…] adequately from several prior treatments. [ajp.psychiatryonline.org]

Research suggests that psychotherapy may play an important role in enhancing the effects of antidepressant drug therapy and improving patients' long-term prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

PEA has been postulated to play a role in the etiology of migraine headache and aggression. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

It should be emphasized, however, that the demonstration of such a biochemical abnormality would not necessarily imply a genetic or constitutional, rather than an environmental or psychological, etiology of depression.Whereas specific genetic factors [dx.doi.org]

[…] arthroplasty who were on serotonergic antidepressants, it was found that though the intraoperative blood loss was significant; it was clinically unimportant. [6] SSRIs and pregnancy complications Serotonin has been suggested to play an important role in the etiology [jpharmacol.com]

These figures are supported by epidemiological findings. [doi.org]

Several other epidemiological studies have found no association between SSRIs and ASD. [sciencemag.org]

Antidepressant Use and Lifetime History of Mental Disorders in a Community Sample: Results From the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2015. [medicaldaily.com]

AIMS: To relate recent findings from the basic neurosciences to the pathophysiology of depressive disorder. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Nevertheless, several studies within the last decade have provided evidence suggesting that environmental factors play an important role in MDD pathophysiology. [dx.doi.org]

Aims To relate recent findings from the basic neurosciences to the pathophysiology of depressive disorder. [bjp.rcpsych.org]

Doogan DP, Caillard V: Sertraline in the prevention of depression. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:217-222. [doi.org]