It may be worthwhile to commence antitoxin treatment even if patients present late. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This domain is also present in two other gonococcal epsilon/zeta homologs, which are located on the same plasmid. As presented in this work, these systems, called ε2/ζ2 and ε3/ζ3, phosphorylate UNAG, but do not directly interact with ε1/ζ1. [ub.uni-heidelberg.de]

We also present a generalizable theoretical mechanism by which a toxic state is tunable by regulation of proteolysis. [biorxiv.org]

• Gangrene

  The gangrene antitoxin is injected to prevent the development of gangrene poisoning. The method may be considered as in accord with the modern theory that the bile of many animals contains strong antitoxins. [dictionary.cambridge.org]

  Antitoxin: An antibody produced in response to and capable of neutralizing a specific biologic toxin such as those that cause diphtheria, gas gangrene, or tetanus. Antitoxins are used prophylactically and therapeutically. [medicinenet.com]

  Today, antitoxins are used in the treatment of botulism, diphtheria, dysentery, gas gangrene, and tetanus. If the toxin is a venom, the antitoxin formed, or the antiserum containing it, is called an antivenin. See also antiserum. [britannica.com]

• Weakness

  The most environmental isolates showed weak and no biofilm formation while strong and moderate biofilm formation observed in clinical isolates. Biofilm formations by K. pneumoniae in 9 ug/ml concentration were inhibited by P. harmala. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Infants who are sickened can appear lethargic, don�t eat well, have constipation and have a weak cry and poor muscle tone. [dispatch.com]

  Acute neuromuscular weakness in a boy with a facial abscess contaminated with Clostridium botulinum. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Dec. 31(12):1307-9. [Medline]. Ramroop S, Williams B, Vora S, Moshal K. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  This conjecture is supported by the finding that the antitoxins of ccd of F and pem/parD of R100/R1 exhibit weak sequence similarity ( 74 ). Fig. 1. (A) Genetic organization of plasmid-encoded TA loci. [jb.asm.org]

• Fatigue

  The fatigue toxin in normal quantities is said to be counteracted by an antidote or antitoxin, also generated in the body. The gangrene antitoxin is injected to prevent the development of gangrene poisoning. [dictionary.cambridge.org]

  Those who survive an episode of botulism poisoning might be fatigued and short of breath for years and might need long-term therapy, according to the CDC. Mrs. Timmons doesn�t want anyone to say anything bad about the church or think bad of it. [dispatch.com]

• Swelling

  CONCLUSION The numbers of known Type I and Type II TA systems has greatly increased as methods of identification have been streamlined and the sequence databases swell with entries. [doi.org]

• Constipation

  Infants who are sickened can appear lethargic, don�t eat well, have constipation and have a weak cry and poor muscle tone. [dispatch.com]

  Constipation and poor feeding in an infant with botulism. CMAJ. 2012 Nov 20. 184(17):1919-22. [Medline]. [Full Text]. Abdulla CO, Ayubi A, Zulfiquer F, Santhanam G, Ahmed MA, Deeb J. Infant botulism following honey ingestion. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Blood in Stool

  Using the same standard immunoassay protocol, we looked for IgG and IgA antitoxins in the blood and stool samples from 25 patients with C. difficile infection (CDI). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Skin Rash

  Pesticide poisoning, heavy metal poisoning, after effects of chronic prescriptions, skin rashes, headaches and painful body. [avogel.co.za]

• Lethargy

  Ten-week-old girl with lethargy, weakness, and poor feeding. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2013 Feb. 52(2):190-3. [Medline]. Olson SC, Bergen CM, Andre-von Arnim AS, D'Angeli MA, Goldoft MJ, Russell D, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Candida

  Persisters have been implicated in the stubborn Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections to which most cystic fibrosis patients eventually succumb [ 5 ], as well as the oral Candida albicans infections common in cancer patients [ 6 ]. [rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org]

  Persisters are the culprit in the stubborn Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections to which most cystic fibrosis patients eventually succumb ( 5 ), as well as in the oral Candida albicans infections common in cancer patients ( 6 ). [pnas.org]

These results suggest that prompt treatment of infant botulism with EqBA is safe and effective and that EqBA could be considered an alternative specific treatment for infant botulism when BabyBIG is not available. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Salmonella enterica isolates from different sources, belonging to different serovars and epidemiologically unrelated according to ERIC profiles, were investigated for the presence of type II TAs, plasmid content, and antibiotic resistance. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A confirmed case is either a clinical case from which toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae is isolated or a clinical case that is epidemiologically linked to a laboratory-confirmed case. [cdc.gov]

Epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory aspects of wound botulism. N Engl J Med. 1973 Nov 8. 289(19):1105-10. [Medline]. Midura TF, Arnon SS. Infant botulism. Identification of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins in faeces. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2015, 28, 603–661. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ] Rasmussen, R.V.; Fowler, V.G., Jr.; Skov, R.; Bruun, N.E. [mdpi.com]

Additional pathophysiology studies are needed, and a point-of-care assay correlating toxin levels with clinical status may provide important information to guide antitoxin use during a large-scale anthrax incident. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2015, 28, 603–661. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ] Rasmussen, R.V.; Fowler, V.G., Jr.; Skov, R.; Bruun, N.E. [mdpi.com]

The synthesis of this toxin is prevented by the transcription of an antitoxin RNA, named IsoA1, expressed on the opposite strand of the toxin gene. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

It can be used as a preventive or as supportive treatment. [bi-vetmedica.com]

It is used in medicine to prevent or treat diseases caused by the action of biological toxins, such as tetanus, botulism, and diphtheria. [yourdictionary.com]

(6) As diphtheria antitoxin is a foreign protein. (7) In addition, may inject tetanus antitoxin and the suitable antibiotic, prevents tetanus and the bacterial infection. (8) In Thailand, delivery of a botulism antitoxin prevented multiple deaths. (9) [sentencedict.com]