Mild tricuspid regurgitation was present in 41% of patients vs. 26% of controls (P = 0.042), and aortic valve calcification was present in 40% of patients, compared with 18% of controls (P = 0.003). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Turkish

  PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our study consisted of 305 Turkish patients of European descent (139 male, 166 female; mean plus or minus age, 68 plus or minus 9 years) referred to our echocardiography laboratory for aortic valve evaluation between June 2, 2003 [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Heart Disease

  OBJECTIVE: Treatment with ergot-derived dopamine agonists, pergolide, and cabergoline has been associated with an increased frequency of valvular heart disease in Parkinson's disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Aortic valve calcification may be an early sign that you have heart disease, even if you don't have any other heart disease symptoms. Calcification and stenosis generally affects people older than age 65. [mayoclinic.org]

  Heart Valve Diseases Also called: Valvular heart disease Your heart has four valves. Normally, these valves open to let blood flow through or out of your heart, and then shut to keep it from flowing backward. But sometimes they don't work properly. [icdlist.com]

• Osteopenia

  BACKGROUND: The use of oral calcium supplementation among the elderly for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and osteopenia is increasing. The incidence of aortic valve disease and coronary artery disease also is increasing. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Dizziness

  […] become more severe and cause: chest pain brought on by physical activity (angina) – caused by your heart having to work harder shortness of breath – at first you may only notice this when you exercise, but later you may experience this even when resting dizziness [nhs.uk]

  Symptoms According to the Cleveland Clinic, a calcified heart valve will lead to valve diseases, which have symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, coughing, heart palpitations, chest pain or tightness and dizziness. [livestrong.com]

  However the symptoms associated with more severe aortic stenosis may include: Chest pain (angina) or tightness with activity Feeling faint or dizzy Shortness of breath, especially with activity Tiredness Treatment If the narrowing (stenosis) is mild then [patient.info]

  Most of them are diagnosed because of their symptoms of Syncope (dizziness, fainting), Angina (chest pain) and Congestive Heart Failure (shortness of breath, leg swelling, weakness) or because of an obvious and loud systolic murmur. [heartsurgeryinfo.com]

  Dizziness, fainting, or loss of consciousness. Signs of heart failure, such as fatigue and shortness of breath with activity. Palpitations (an uncomfortable feeling that your heart is beating rapidly or irregularly). [northshore.org]

Further workup revealed distal segmental right lower lobe pulmonary embolus and he was appropriately started on rivaroxaban for pulmonary embolus. [journal.frontiersin.org]

• Calcified Aortic Valve

  Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for sclerostin and mRNA sclerostin expression was analyzed in 10 calcified aortic valves and 10 non-calcified age-matched control valves. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Lymphocytic Infiltrate

  Abstract Aortic valve stenosis is a complex inflammatory process, akin to arterial atherosclerosis, involving lymphocytic infiltrates, macrophages, foam cells, endothelial activation and dysfunction, increased cellularity and extracellular matrix deposition [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Foam Cell

  Abstract Aortic valve stenosis is a complex inflammatory process, akin to arterial atherosclerosis, involving lymphocytic infiltrates, macrophages, foam cells, endothelial activation and dysfunction, increased cellularity and extracellular matrix deposition [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Previous pathologic studies demonstrated that foam cells which represent early atherosclerotic lesions can be found in subjects already during adolescence on the endothelium of the epicardial coronary arteries, the ventricular surface of the posterior [cardiovascularultrasound.biomedcentral.com]

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the impact of AVC load, absolute and relative to aortic annulus size (AVCdensity), on overall mortality in patients with AS under conservative treatment and without regard to treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Natural history, epidemiology, and prognosis of aortic stenosis. https://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed April 18, 2017. Zakkar M, et al. Aortic stenosis: Diagnosis and management. BMJ. 2016;355:1. Dweck M, et al. [mayoclinic.org]

Although no effective treatment for alkaptonuria exists, prognosis is relatively good (1). However, complications are unavoidable. Arthropathy may be severely debilitating, and cardiovascular or renal impairment can involve vital prognosis. [ctsnet.org]

Congestive heart failure [ edit ] Congestive heart failure (CHF) carries a grave prognosis in people with AS. [en.wikipedia.org]

Surgical treatment has greatly improved the outlook (prognosis) in most people who have more severe stenosis. Surgery to widen or to replace the valve has a very good success rate. [patient.info]

Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00092677 aortic valve calcification aortic valve stenosis sex prognosis echocardiography This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial [heart.bmj.com]

Therefore, clarification of the etiology of calcification is urgently needed to develop drug therapies and prevention methods. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Classification and etiology There are numerous other predisposing factors and causes of aortic stenosis. [radiopaedia.org]

Mohler III, University of Pennsylvania Translational Research Center, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building, 421, Room 11-103, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5159 Key Words aortic valve calcification endothelial progenitor cell The etiology of calcific [onlinejacc.org]

[…] the Netherlands | [ d ] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. [content.iospress.com]

METHODS: We performed an independent assessment of AVC, CAC, and calcium supplementation among patients enrolled in the Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Calcification study who were >60 years of age and had baseline and 4-year follow-up AVC data. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Natural history, epidemiology, and prognosis of aortic stenosis. https://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed April 18, 2017. Zakkar M, et al. Aortic stenosis: Diagnosis and management. BMJ. 2016;355:1. Dweck M, et al. [mayoclinic.org]

Methods Study Design and Population This investigation was initiated within the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genome Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium. [nejm.org]

Hence, the relationship between valvular calcification process and AS severity differs in women and men, warranting further pathophysiological inquiry. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology of Heart Disease (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-4027-4. ^ G. Morris, Innasimuthu A L, J.P. Fox, R.A. [en.wikipedia.org]

CHOP deficiency prevents oxLDL-induced VIC osteoblastic differentiation via preventing VIC-derived ABs releasing. © 2017 The Authors. Aging Cell published by the Anatomical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Furthermore there may be a narrowing as the calcific deposits may prevent the valve from opening fully when the ventricles relax. [healthhype.com]