• Raised intracranial pressure causing behavioral changes, frequent awakenings during the night (intracranial pressure rises during REM-sleep) and headaches in the morning.
• Problems involving upper airway such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), most frequently caused by midface hypoplasia, and stridor, due to craniosynostosis. 
• Corneal injury and visual disturbances due to conjunctivitis and keratitis.
• Level of intelligence ranges from normal to mental retardation.
• Acrocephaly, flat occiput, brachycephaly, and prominent forehead are some of the features of the skull and head in such patients.
• Common facial features during childhood are a break in the continuity of the eyebrows, maxillary hypoplasia, and trapezoid-shaped mouth at rest.
• Low-set ears, with rare conductive hearing loss.
• Hypertelorim, proptosis, strabismus, optic atrophy, down-slanting palpebral fissures, keratoconus, congenital glaucoma, preventable visual loss or blindness.
• Depressed nasal bridge. Nose in such patient is also short and wide with parrot-beak appearance.
• Mouth has prominent mandible, bifid uvula, cleft palate. 
• Patients also suffer from orthodontic problems, including crowded upper teeth and ectopic eruption.
• Generally the upper limbs are severely affected compared to the lower limbs. Syndactyly and brachydatyly are also observed.
• Other associated conditions include atrial septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, endocardial fibroelastosis, polycystic kidneys, hydronephrosis, vaginal atresia, clitoromegaly, pyrolic stenosis, ectopic anus, tracheoesophageal fistula, pulmonary aplasia.
• Some of the common CNS malformations are ventriculomegaly, megalencephaly, hypoplastic cerebral white matter and heteroptopic gray matter. Progressive hydrocephalus is not common.
• There are some skeletal and cartilaginous defects. Brittle nails, synonychia, hyperkeratosis, and paronychial infections are some of the other common symptoms [5] [6].

• Soft Tissue Mass

  Choanal atresia and cleft palate are also very common occurring in ∼ 23 and 44% of patients, respectively. 4 Digital anomalies include at least fusion of the second through fourth digits symmetrically in the hands and feet into a solid soft tissue mass [doi.org]

• Respiratory Insufficiency

  insufficiency Respiratory impairment 0002093 Sensorineural hearing impairment 0000407 Ventriculomegaly 0002119 Visual impairment Impaired vision Loss of eyesight Poor vision [ more ] 0000505 Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

• Carpal Bone Fusion

  Shallow eye sockets [ more ] 0000586 Synostosis of carpal bones Fusion of wrist bones 0005048 Vaginal atresia Abnormally closed or absent vagina 0000148 Ventricular septal defect Hole in heart wall separating two lower heart chambers 0001629 [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

• Joint Deformity

  The resultant shoulder joint deformity is related to glenoid hypoplasia and growth arrest of the medial aspect of the humeral head. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Anisocoria

  Very soon after completion of surgery an anisocoria (unilateral dilation of a pupil) was noticed. This was followed by intracranial oedema which was fatal. The aetiology was dissection of the right internal carotid artery is reported. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hearing Impairment

  0002093 Sensorineural hearing impairment 0000407 Ventriculomegaly 0002119 Visual impairment Impaired vision Loss of eyesight Poor vision [ more ] 0000505 Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO Abnormal morphology of the [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

  Serial audiometric analysis showed 57 patients had no congenital hearing impairment (fig 1). Two had persistent conductive hearing impairment even after the insertion of ventilation tubes, and two had sensorineural hearing loss. [adc.bmj.com]

  Children with Apert syndrome may have mental deficiencies, short stature, hearing impairment, frequent ear infections, prominent and/or bulging eyes, a large or late-closing soft spot on the skull,dental anomalies, and other skeletal and congenital abnormalities [consultant360.com]

  Hearing Loss - Some individuals with Apert's suffer with hearing impairments and/or hearing loss due to persistent build up of fluids and chronic ear infections. Obstructive Sleep Apnea - Malformation of facial bones can lead to breathing problems. [study.com]

• Hypertelorism

  Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis is based on the detection of abnormal cranial shape, midfacial hypoplasia and bilateral syndactyly of hands and feet, hypertelorism, and exorbitism. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] cardiac anomalies (10%) congenital genitourinary anomalies symphalangism Apert syndrome was originally described as a triad of: craniosynostosis syndactyly maxillary hypoplasia However, other features may include: tower shaped head and prominent forehead hypertelorism [radiopaedia.org]

• Beaked Nose

  Craniosynostosis (premature closure of the sutures of the skull) causing the head to have a tall, “domed” appearance (also known as turribrachycephaly) Flat midface Wide set and bulging eyes Beaked nose Syndactyly of fingers and toes (fusion of the skin [nicklauschildrens.org]

  The head is unable to grow normally, which leads to a sunken appearance in the middle of the face, bulging and wide-set eyes, a beaked nose, and an underdeveloped upper jaw leading to crowded teeth and other dental problems. [craniofacialmd.com]

  nose Beaklike protrusion Hooked nose Polly beak nasal deformity [ more ] 0000444 Delayed eruption of teeth Delayed eruption Delayed teeth eruption Delayed tooth eruption Eruption, delayed Late eruption of teeth Late tooth eruption [ more ] 0000684 Downslanted [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

• Low Nasal Root

  […] bridge Depressed bridge of nose Flat bridge of nose Flat nasal bridge Flat, nasal bridge Flattened nasal bridge Low nasal bridge Low nasal root [ more ] 0005280 Finger syndactyly 0006101 Flat face Flat facial shape 0012368 Frontal bossing 0002007 Hypoplasia [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

• Clitoromegaly

  Other associated conditions include atrial septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, endocardial fibroelastosis, polycystic kidneys, hydronephrosis, vaginal atresia, clitoromegaly, pyrolic stenosis, ectopic anus, tracheoesophageal [symptoma.com]

Laboratory studies

Since molecular mechanism in this disease is specific, molecular analysis is useful in such patients. 

Imaging 

• Imaging studies of skull, spinal, limb, and hand radiography are beneficial. Craniosynostosis can be evaluated by skull radiography, while spinal radiography helps to determine spinal fusion, and other congenital features. 
• CT scan: CT scan with comparative 3D reconstructional analysis of the calvaria is considered as the most useful imaging technique for the diagnosis of Apert syndrome.
• MRI: Non-progressive ventriculomegaly, absence of septal leaflets, and deficiency of the corpus callosum can be detected by MRI. It also reveals spatial arrangements of the bones in the body [7] [8].

• Posterior Fossa Cysts

  […] with an apparent posterior fossa cyst in communication with the fourth ventricle on axial images, digital fusion, and bilateral syndactyly of the hands and feet. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  fossa cyst 0007291 Pyloric stenosis 0002021 Shallow orbits Decreased depth of eye sockets Shallow eye sockets [ more ] 0000586 Synostosis of carpal bones Fusion of wrist bones 0005048 Vaginal atresia Abnormally closed or absent vagina 0000148 Ventricular [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

• Medical care: Goal of management of Apert syndrome is to manage the symptoms of the condition. Cornea of the patient must be protected by instilling lubricants with bland ointments. The upper airway obstruction during the neonatal period can be managed by removing excess nasal secretions, applying nasal decongestants, treating upper airway infections, and humidification. For chronic middle-ear effusion, antimicrobial therapy is prescribed. The patient may also suffer from several psychological challenges which require emotional support. For obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, if treatment is indicated, adenotonsillectomy, nocturnal oxygen, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), or midface advancement are sufficient.
• Surgical care: Severe corneal conditions can be managed by lateral tarsorrhaphy (which can protect the cornea and vision). Upper airway obstruction is treated by orotracheal intubation. To treat very severe cases of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, tracheostomy is recommended. To prevent and/or treat raised intracranial pressure (ICP), patients should routinely undergo a cranial skull expansion in the first year of life. Screening for raised ICP with fundoscopy (to check for papilledema as a sign of raised ICP) is essential. Nasal surgery, mid-facial surgery and mandibular surgery are some of the surgical approaches available for the management of symptoms associated with Apert syndrome [9] [10] [11].
• Follow-up: Regular follow-up includes measurements of head circumference (skull growth), fundoscopy to check for papilledema, polysomnography (to check for OSAS) and MRI (to check for ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus and Chiari I malformation).

Surgery can assist the brain to develop normally, though there is a high chance of certain brain structures to remain poorly developed. Children with Apert syndrome, who are raised by the parents, develop higher intellectual ability. Though life expectancy in the children varies, those who have survived without any cardiac problems during their formative years can have normal or near-normal life expectancy.

Complications

Mental retardation, ocular hypertelorism, syndactyly, tarsal coalition, brachycephaly, craniosynostosis and bifid uvula are some of the complications of Apert syndrome.

The etiology of Apert syndrome involves the specific substitution mutation of the adjacent amino acid in the linker between second and third immunoglobulin domains of FGFR2 (in 98% of cases). More rarely, Apert syndrome can be caused by insertion mutations or deletions, in or near exon 9 of FGFR2.

The rarity of the cases can be attributed to the reduced genetic fitness. In this syndrome, family history is usually insignificant, though paternal age has an effect in the etiology of this disease; age of the father greater than 50 years causes an increase the chance of Apert syndrome [2].

Racial dispensation is observed in patients with Apert syndrome. While Asians have the highest prevalence of this disease, this syndrome is lowest amongst Hispanics. This disease can be observed early as the newborn may have morphological conditions such as syndatyly in the hands and feet [3].

The genetic mutation in the FGFR2 gene involving the two adjacent amino acids causes Apert syndrome [4].

Genetic counseling can be of help if there is a family history of the syndrome.

Apert syndrome is a congenital disorder characterized by symptoms such as craniofacial anomalies, severe symmetrical syndactyly, and craniosynostosis. In such patients, the reproductive fitness is low. First described by a French physician in 1906, these cases arise due to a new and rare mutation. Apert syndrome may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait or be sporadic, which results from new mutations with parental age effect [1].

Definition

Apert syndrome is the genetic disorder which manifests as abnormal development of the skull, and distorted shape of face and head. Most of the children have several birth defects. 

Cause 

There is a rare and random mutation of the gene that causes Apert syndrome. Across the globe, only one in 65,000 babies is born with this disease.

Symptoms

Several symptoms are present in the patients with Apert syndrome. The defective gene allows the premature fusion of the skull bones known as craniosynostosis. The abnormal facial and skull growth leads to a head which is long, and have high forehead. Patients also have bulging eyes, and poor-closing eyes, with sunken middle face. Poor intellectual development, repeated ear, throat infections, obstructive sleep apnea, webbed hands or feet, and hearing loss are some other signs of the disease.

Diagnosis

Genetic testing helps to identify the Apert syndrome. Imaging and laboratory studies can help diagnose Apert syndrome. 

Treatment

Though there is no cure for Apert syndrome, surgery can help to manage the multiple problems that result from the disease. The goal of the managing Apert syndrome is the treatment of the symptoms of the disease.

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11. Fearon JA, Podner C. Apert syndrome: evaluation of a treatment algorithm. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jan 2013;131(1):132-42