Ayerza syndrome (AS) describes the signs of pulmonary (arterial) hypertension [1]. It is mostly diagnosed in adults and has a higher prevalence in females than males. Defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure of more than or equal to 25 mmHg and a capillary wedge pressure of over 15 mmHg [2], this medical entity can arise from a number of pathologies that may be cardiac or pulmonary in origin, or related to other systemic diseases, drugs, and toxins. Conditions that precipitate AS include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease and fibrosis, left heart failure, autoimmune diseases and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A significant proportion of cases are idiopathic, with no apparent cause, of which 70% have a mutation in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) gene [3] [4] and few have in other genes, for example, activin receptor-like kinase type 1 (ACVRL1). Up to 40% of those with no family history of pulmonary hypertension (PH) also carry the gene mutation [5]. PH is progressive and may lead to death, especially if left untreated. Patients typically experience an insidious onset of symptoms that initially occur during exercise, and worsen as the ailment progresses. Consequently, this causes a delay in presentation and diagnosis. Early signs include dyspnea, syncope, dizziness, and cough [6]. Late manifestations are usually due to the underlying or resultant cardiac dysfunction and venous congestion. Among those reported are angina, hyperactive precordium, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, hemoptysis, raised jugular venous pressure, abnormal heart sounds, and edema. Less common complaints include signs of liver failure such as ascites, and digital clubbing, which appear in an advanced stage.

• Fatigue

  855 MILITARY SYMPOSIUM FATIGUE IN AIRCRAFT PILOTS* Ross A. [nejm.org]

  NEWS.com.au | Top Stories In particular, fatigue does not improve, possibly due to co-existing medical problems, such as obstructive sleep apnea or obesity hypoventilation, according to Dr, Greening. [wordnik.com]

  724.8 Fallot's 745.2 falx (see also Hemorrhage, brain) 431 familial eczema-thrombocytopenia 279.12 Fanconi's (anemia) (congenital pancytopenia) 284.09 Fanconi (-de Toni) (-Debré) (cystinosis) 270.0 Farber (-Uzman) (disseminated lipogranulomatosis) 272.8 fatigue [theodora.com]

• Plethora

  Diagnosis and investigation of AS involve a plethora of invasive and non-invasive techniques. These are done in order to gauge the presence of an underlying pathology as well as to plan treatment and map prognosis based on the severity of symptoms. [symptoma.com]

• Dyspnea

  Among those reported are angina, hyperactive precordium, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, hemoptysis, raised jugular venous pressure, abnormal heart sounds, and edema. [symptoma.com]

  Ayerza's disease Ayer·za's disease ə-'yər-zəz- n a complex of symptoms marked esp. by cyanosis, dyspnea, polycythemia, and sclerosis of the pulmonary artery Ayerza ä-'yer-sä Abel (1861-1918) Argentinean physician. [medicine.academic.ru]

  Abstract In 1919 Aldred Scott Warthin 1 published a clinical report and autopsy protocol entitled "A Case of Ayerza's Disease: Chronic Cyanosis, Dyspnea, and Erythremia, Associated with Syphilitic Arteriosclerosis of the Pulmonary Artery." [annals.org]

  […] than 200 scientific publications, Abel Ayerza was the first Argentinian name to enter world medicine by dint of “Ayerza’s disease” Ayerza’s disease[edit] A syndrome of signs and symptoms which include sclerosis of the pulmonary artery, polycythemia, dyspnea [en.wikipedia.org]

  P., a stevedore, white, aged 48, was first seen in October, 1924, complaining of a cough productive of a small amount of mucus, a feeling of constriction across the upper part of the chest and dyspnea, which had developed over a period of five years. [jamanetwork.com]

• Clubbed Finger

  Dyspnoea was severe at rest and there was central cyanosis, clubbed fingers and tachypnea. In the respiratory examination, wet crackles and wheezing were abundant in both lungs. [err.ersjournals.com]

• Cyanosis

  In 1901 he studied a case in which cyanosis and sclerosis of the pulmonary vessels appeared during autopsy. He reported his findings only in a lecture. A student, Francisco C. [medicine.academic.ru]

  A·yer·za syn·drome ( ah-yār'shah ), sclerosis of the pulmonary arteries in chronic cor pulmonale; associated with severe cyanosis, it is a condition resembling polycythemia vera but resulting from primary pulmonary arteriosclerosis or primary pulmonary [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  This monograph, consisting of eight chapters and sixteen case reports, is devoted to a broad consideration of the clinical entities in which cyanosis, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema and failure of the right side of the heart, with or without sclerosis [jamanetwork.com]

  In order to differentiate it from other diseases Dr Ayerza called it “cardíaco negro” (black cardiac) due to the extreme degree of cyanosis observed in these patients. [err.ersjournals.com]

• Hepatomegaly

  In the cardiovascular examination there was jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly, hepatojugular reflux, ascites and oedema of lower limbs. [err.ersjournals.com]

  […] artery 093.89 heart 093.89 block 093.89 decompensation 093.89 disease 093.89 failure 093.89 valve (see also Syphilis, endocarditis) 093.20 hemianesthesia 094.89 hemianopsia 095.8 hemiparesis 094.89 hemiplegia 094.89 hepatic artery 093.89 hepatitis 095.3 hepatomegaly [theodora.com]

• Metatarsalgia

  733.3 Morgagni (-Stewart-Morel) (hyperostosis frontalis interna) 733.3 Morgagni-Adams-Stokes (syncope with heart block) 426.9 Morquio (-Brailsford) (-Ullrich) (mucopolysaccharidosis IV) 277.5 Morris (testicular feminization) 259.5 Morton's (foot) (metatarsalgia [theodora.com]

• Flushing

  Moreover, if we consider pharmacoeconomic implications, patients that take tadalafil would pay two-thirds of the cost of sildenafil therapy. [77] However, there are some adverse effects of this drug such as headache, diarrhea, nausea, back pain, dyspepsia, flushing [wikivisually.com]

  […] hemorrhagic pancreatitis) 577.0 Fitz-Hugh and Curtis 098.86 due to Chlamydia trachomatis 099.56 Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcal peritonitis) 098.86 Flajani (-Basedow) (exophthalmic goiter) 242.0 floppy infant 781.99 iris 364.81 valve (mitral) 424.0 flush [theodora.com]

  I hurriedly flushed them all down the toilet, before I heard the voice of the person who gave me this curse, the only love of my life. "Hey, you ok Gray?" ...................................................................... [wattpad.com]

• Somnolence

  […] brain) 013.2 ulcer, bladder 596.8 Somatization reaction, somatic reaction (see also Disorder, psychosomatic) 306.9 disorder 300.81 Somatoform disorder 300.82 atypical 300.82 severe 300.81 undifferentiated 300.82 Somnambulism 307.46 hysterical 300.13 Somnolence [theodora.com]

Diagnosis and investigation of AS involve a plethora of invasive and non-invasive techniques. These are done in order to gauge the presence of an underlying pathology as well as to plan treatment and map prognosis based on the severity of symptoms [7]. The diagnostic test for AS is right heart catheterization, as it allows direct measurement of the pulmonary arterial pressure (which will be above 25 mmHg) and thus confirms the condition. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure may be within the normal range.

Laboratory examination includes full blood count, assessment of liver, thyroid and renal function, immunological assays, arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing [8]. Cardiac biomarkers such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) may be raised, indicating heart abnormalities [9].
Imaging may involve:

• Electrocardiogram (ECG): Shows signs of ventricular hypertrophy.
• Echocardiogram.
• Spirometry, ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scanning, and pulmonary angiography to measure lung function.
• Administration of vasodilators to provoke a dilation of the pulmonary vessels, such as nitric oxide and adenosine, as well as other tests for staging and treatment planning [10].
• Chest X-ray: Shows increased lung perfusion as well as enlarged pulmonary vessels.
• Computerized tomography: Useful in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary arterial hypertension.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

• Hypercapnia

  Blood tests reveal a hyperglobulia and a polyglobulia, an anoxemia and often a hypercapnia (see). On an ECG — signs of the expressed hypertrophy and an overload of the right departments of heart. [bigmed.info]

Avoid potential pitfalls in diagnosis and treatment by referring to "Side Effects and Complications" sections in each chapter. [books.google.com]

These are done in order to gauge the presence of an underlying pathology as well as to plan treatment and map prognosis based on the severity of symptoms. [symptoma.com]

Type your tag names separated by a space and hit enter Abstract The lecture deals with detailed information about the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of primary (idiopathic) pulmonaiy hypertension, intensive treatment and anesthesia [unboundmedicine.com]

Treatment Although treatment of this disease consists primarily of that necessary for the underlying disease, several medications and oxygen are used in different clinical settings. [medigoo.com]

These are done in order to gauge the presence of an underlying pathology as well as to plan treatment and map prognosis based on the severity of symptoms. [symptoma.com]

Genetics can contribute to the prognosis of Brugada syndrome: a pilot model for risk stratification. Eur J Human Genetics 2013;21:911–7. [ecrjournal.com]

Arrillaga published a review of the aetiology, pathogenesis, pathology, symptomatology, radiology, evolution, prognosis and treatment of the disease [ 3 ]. As a result of these publications the disease became known worldwide as “Ayerza's disease”. [err.ersjournals.com]

Long-term prognosis after acute anterior infarction with atrioventricular block. Br Heart J 1977;39:186–189. 126. Domenighetti G, Perret C. Intraventricular conduction disturbances in acute myocardial infarction: short- and long-term prognosis. [cardiologieladomiciliu.ro]

"Echocardiography in pulmonary arterial hypertension: from diagnosis to prognosis". Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 26 (1): 1–14. doi : 10.1016/j.echo.2012.10.009. [wikivisually.com]

Type your tag names separated by a space and hit enter Abstract The lecture deals with detailed information about the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of primary (idiopathic) pulmonaiy hypertension, intensive treatment and anesthesia [unboundmedicine.com]

A structured diagnostic approach enables you to determine underlying etiology, then guides you to appropriate pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapeutic options, based upon their potential risks and benefits. [books.google.com]

It is a progressive disease with mixed etiology, characterized by increased resistance in the pulmonary blood vessels. Ayerza syndrome (AS) describes the signs of pulmonary (arterial) hypertension. [symptoma.com]

It is clear that in Buenos Aires Ayerza's syndrome is considered much less an etiologic entity than a condition due to pathologic physiology. [jamanetwork.com]

| N Engl J Med 1988; 318:549-557 ALTHOUGH earlier studies1 2 3 suggested that dietary fish had some properties that could potentially prevent coronary artery disease, it was not until the epidemiologic studies of Bang et al.4 and Dyerberg et al.5 in [nejm.org]

Pregnancy is sometimes described as contraindicated in these women. [87] [88] [89] Epidemiology [ edit ] The epidemiology of IPAH is about 125–150 deaths per year in the U.S., and worldwide the incidence is similar to the U.S. at 4 cases per million. [wikivisually.com]

Epidemiology of Brugada syndrome in Japan and rest of the world. Journal of Arrhythmia 2013;29:52–55. Crossref Juang JM, Huang SK. Brugada syndrome—an underrecognized electrical disease 843 in patients with sudden cardiac death. [ecrjournal.com]

Focusing on clinical decision making, this new reference provides current, comprehensive coverage of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pulmonary hypertension and vasculitis, as well as other related health issues. [books.google.com]

A byproduct of this remarkable progress has been the development of a classification schema for pulmonary hypertensive diseases based more on pathophysiology. [link.springer.com]

[…] hepatojugular reflux. [10] [11] [14] Evidence of tricuspid insufficiency and pulmonic regurgitation is also sought and, if present, is consistent with the presence of pulmonary hypertension. [10] [11] [15] Causes [ edit ] Pulmonary hypertension is a pathophysiologic [wikivisually.com]

Pathophysiological mechanisms of Brugada syndrome: Depolarization disorder, repolarization disorder, or more? Cardiovasc Res 2005;67:367–78. Crossref | PubMed Ikeda T, Sakurada H, Sakabe K, et al. [ecrjournal.com]

The Genetics Home Reference of the National Institutes of Health indicates that BMPR2 mutation may prevent cell death or increase the rate of cell division. This causes an overgrowth of cells in the small bronchial arteries. [brighthub.com]

How do atrial pacing algorithms prevent atrial arrhythmias? Europace 2004;6:351–362. 28. Israel CW, Hohnloser SH. Pacing to prevent atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003;14:S20–S26. 29. [cardiologieladomiciliu.ro]

The BMPR2 mutation may prevent cell death or increase the rate of cell division. This causes an overgrowth of cells in the small bronchial arteries. This narrows the small arteries in the lungs, forcing the pulmonary artery to work harder. [medigoo.com]

| N Engl J Med 1981; 305:375-382 TOTAL parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a life-saving method of nutritional support for patients who are unable to ingest, digest, or absorb sufficient nutrients to prevent death from starvation. [nejm.org]

González-Saiz L, Fiuza-Luces C, Sanchis-Gomar F, Santos-Lozano A, Quezada-Loaiza CA, Flox-Camacho A, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Ara I, Santalla A, Morán M, Sanz-Ayan P, Escribano-Subías P, Lucia A Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary [medicbind.com]

1. Mazzei JA, Mazzei ME. A tribute: Abel Ayerza and pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir Rev. 2011;20(122):220–221.
2. Badesch DB, Abman SH, Ahearn GS, et al. Medical therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2004;126(1 Suppl):35S–62S.
3. Deng Z, Morse JH, Slager SL, et al. Familial primary pulmonary hypertension (gene PPH1) is caused by mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor-II gene. Am J Hum Genet. 2000;67(3):737–744.
4. Cogan JD, Pauciulo MW, Batchman AP, et al. High frequency of BMPR2 exonic deletions/duplications in familial pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(5):590–598.
5. Machado RD, Aldred MA, James V, et al. Mutations of the TGF-beta type II receptor BMPR2 in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Hum Mutat. 2006;27(2):121–132.
6. Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(2):111–117.
7. Barst RJ, McGoon M, Torbicki A, et al. Diagnosis and differential assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(12 Suppl S):40S–47S.
8. Raymond R, Hinderliter A, Willis P, et al. Echocardiographic predictors of adverse outcomes in primary pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(7):1214–1219.
9. Torbicki A, Kurzyna M, Kuca P, et al. Detectable serum cardiac troponin T as a marker of poor prognosis among patients with chronic precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2003;108(7):844–848.
10. Enright PL, McBurnie MA, Bittner V, et al. The 6-minute walk test: A quick measure of functional status in elderly adults. Chest. 2003;123(2):387-398.