Seizures may be a presenting symptom in up to one-third of pediatric patients with bacterial meningitis. Geriatric patients can often present with confusion or altered mental status. [cdemcurriculum.com]

Symptoms of meningeal irritation are commonly present, including headache and meningismus. However, encephalitis (or meningoencephalitis) is more likely to present with altered mental status. [clinicaladvisor.com]

HSV-1 encephalitis (present in 84% of patients) - Normal opening pressure CSF PCRs are extremely useful – available PCRs include HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV, Adenovirus, and Enterovirus. [errolozdalga.com]

Although it's possible for inflammation to occur without an infection being present, as a practical matter, in most cases of meningitis or encephalitis the inflammation is indeed due to an infection. [cordingleyneurology.com]

clinical presentation may be altered by prior use of antibiotics. [rch.org.au]

• High Fever

  Call your doctor if your child has a high fever, especially if he or she also has a childhood illness (like measles, mumps, or chickenpox) or is recovering from one. [kidshealth.org]

  The symptoms may include: high fever flu-like symptoms ( fever, headache ) severe headache photosensitivity nausea and vomiting obtundation / coma (muscle ) weakness eye muscle paralysis problems with vision / double vision epilepsy / seizures Some variations [braininjury-explanation.com]

  Symptoms may include a high fever and headache, accompanied by a stiff neck, vomiting, light sensitivity, and convulsions. Patients may also be drowsy, or confused, and difficult to rouse. In babies, there may be a bulge in the fontanelle. [brainfoundation.org.au]

  Often, however, pneumococcal infection can appear first as a high fever with a very high white-blood-cell count (where almost all of the white cells are neutrophils or bacteria-fighting cells) and no obvious site of infection. [drreddy.com]

  fever, headache, delayed physical response, and lethargy. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Seizure

  The 20-year risk of developing unprovoked seizures was 22% for patients with viral encephalitis and early seizures, 10% for patients with viral encephalitis without early seizures, 13% for patients with bacterial meningitis and early seizures, and 2.4% [neurology.org]

  She is also the co-chair of the AES/ILAE Translational Research Task Force of the ILAE, which works towards the optimization of the use of animal models of seizures, epilepsies, and comorbidities in epilepsy research. [books.google.com]

  Anticonvulsants are sometimes given to patients who have seizures. Sedatives can be effective for seizures, restlessness, and irritability. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  […] vision Rash Tremors Seizures Changes in personality Muscle weakness Loss of sensation or paralysis in areas of the body Loss of consciousness Bulging in infants’ soft spots, the fontanels Many of these symptoms occur with other types of headaches. [migraine.com]

  Encephalitis often adds depression, blindness, opisthotonus, paresis/paralysis which may be progressive, ataxia, cranial nerve deficits, seizures and changes in mentation. [en.wikivet.net]

• Altered Mental Status

  Classic Presentation Fever Altered Mental Status Stiff Neck The classic triad of meningitis includes fever, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. [cdemcurriculum.com]

  Symptoms then progress to fever, headache and altered mental status. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

  Measles, Mumps, Rubella, VZV may be preceded by a viral prodrome with fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, lethargy, myalgias (highly variable) Abnormal brain function (diffuse or focal): altered mental status (confused, agitated, obtunded, somnolence [lifeinthefastlane.com]

  However, encephalitis (or meningoencephalitis) is more likely to present with altered mental status. Fever is also present in most cases but can be absent with both infectious and noninfectious causes. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Refers to inflammation of the brain parenchyma, usually due to infection, that causes altered mental status as well as various neurological deficits depending on the area that is affected. [errolozdalga.com]

• Stupor

  Symptoms of encephalitis Headache Stupor, unresponsive Irritability Lethargy Seizures Coma Nausea and vomiting Loss of appetite Sensitivity to light Joint pain Drowsiness Symptoms of serious encephalitis Confusion, disorientation and hallucinations Double [migraine.com]

  […] recognize: Body stiffness Irritability and crying more often (these symptoms may get worse when the baby is picked up) Poor feeding Soft spot on the top of the head may bulge out more Vomiting Emergency symptoms: Loss of consciousness, poor responsiveness, stupor [medlineplus.gov]

  There is a broad range of possible manifestations of altered mental status including personality changes, irritability lethargy, stupor, or coma. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

• Papilledema

  Head ache, intermittent fever and papilledema resolved gradually over three months, with steroid tapering as she is getting better. [alliedacademies.org]

  A CT scan of the brain before LP should be considered under the following circumstances: altered mental status, new onset seizures, an immunocompromised state, focal neurologic signs, or papilledema. [cdemcurriculum.com]

• Somnolence

  Measles, Mumps, Rubella, VZV may be preceded by a viral prodrome with fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, lethargy, myalgias (highly variable) Abnormal brain function (diffuse or focal): altered mental status (confused, agitated, obtunded, somnolence [lifeinthefastlane.com]

Should there be a standardised approach to the diagnostic workup of suspected adult encephalitis? A case series from Australia. BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 15;10:353. PMC3018438. Irani SR, Vincent A. [lifeinthefastlane.com]

• Streptococcus Pneumoniae

  […] agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Varicella-zoster virus (VZV). [ltd.aruplab.com]

  Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are also notifiable diseases. [rch.org.au]

  Panel plus 14 target pathogens at once BIOFIRE ® FILMARRAY ® ME Panel targets: Bacteria Viruses Escherichia coli K1 Haemophilus influenzae Listeria monocytogenes Neisseria meningitidis Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus pneumoniae Cytomegalovirus [biomerieux-diagnostics.com]

  A common cause is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), which causes over 50% of cases in the U.S. (about 2,000 per year). [medicinenet.com]

  Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal meningitis)—see the CDC page on Pneumococcal Vaccination. Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal meningitis)—see the CDC page on Meningococcal Vaccination. [labtestsonline.org]

Get clear, concise descriptions and evidence-based treatment guidelines for a full range of clinical conditions, ranging from the common to the unusual. [books.google.com]

And you look for a radical treatment? for their knowledge I not use symptomatic treatment at all trying to discover the cause and treat it !!! I do not in need to say how much they are away from my attitude. [alliedacademies.org]

Treatments for encephalitis Encephalitis needs to be treated in a hospital. The earlier treatment is started, the more successful it's likely to be. [nhsdirect.wales.nhs.uk]

The two sever cases underwent all modalities of treatment in other centers but end with blindness, one fifty five years old male no light perception and the second is twenty three old female end with shadow perception, on ensuing this anti Neurobrucellosis [omicsonline.org]

Prognosis The prognosis for a person with encephalitis varies according to the age of the patient – with the very young and very old particularly at risk – and the particular virus that caused the disease. [brainfoundation.org.au]

In addition, even experienced physicians often are uncertain about the cause, appropriate therapy, and prognosis. [pedsinreview.aappublications.org]

Worse prognosis if: extremes of age ( 55y) comorbidities immunodeficiency virulent organism References and links LITFL Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis (CCC) HSV encephalitis (CCC) Journal articles Armangue T, Leypoldt F, Dalmau J. [lifeinthefastlane.com]

[…] autoimmune, certain medication, unknown [2] Diagnostic method Based on symptoms, supported by blood tests, medical imaging, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid [2] Treatment Antiviral medication, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, artificial respiration [1] Prognosis [en.wikipedia.org]

Prognosis depends upon the specific viral agent that caused the encephalitis; mortality can be as high as 70 percent. [britannica.com]

Of those, the majority were viral (69%) and 20% were bacterial. 13% of cases had a possible etiology identified, 8% had noninfectious etiology, and 63% had no identifiable etiology. [errolozdalga.com]

The 21 HES encephalitis admissions of unspecified etiology that matched to PHE study cases included 8 cases also classified as unknown etiology in the PHE study, 8 as immune-mediated, 2 as HSV, and 3 as due to other infectious causes. [wwwnc.cdc.gov]

A thorough and accurate review is difficult because the syndrome is complex and the number of etiologic agents and mimics of encephalitis are vast. [pedsinreview.aappublications.org]

In the majority of cases, an etiologic agent is never identified. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

In search of encephalitis etiologies: diagnostic challenges in the California Encephalitis Project, 1998-2000. Clin Infect Dis. 2003; 36(6): 731-42. PubMed Hunt G. Meningitis and encephalitis in adolescents. [arupconsult.com]

Louis reservoir- English sparrow Discuss the epidemiology of the viral meningitis/encephalitis caused by California/ LaCrosse Encephalitis. [quizlet.com]

The IOM found no relevant epidemiologic studies of quality in the literature assessing an association between vaccination and MIBE [8]. [vaccinesafety.edu]

Crowcroft) Encephalitis is associated with severe illness, appreciable mortality rates, and high health care costs ( 1 ), but its epidemiology remains poorly understood ( 2 ). [wwwnc.cdc.gov]

(Epidemiology of encephalitis cases from California 1998-2005.) Clinical guidelines Tunkel, AR, Glaser, CA, Bloch, KC, Sejvar, JJ, Marra, CM, Roos, KL, Hartman, BJ, Kaplan, SL, Scheld, WM, Whitley, RJ. [infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com]

Epidemiology of meningitis with a negative CSF Gram stain: under-utilization of available diagnostic tests. Epidemiology and infection. 2016;144(1):189-197. Messacar K, Breazeale G, Wei Q, Robinson CC, Dominguez SR. [mlo-online.com]

Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Neurotherapeutics. 2016; 13(3): 493-508. PubMed George BP, Schneider EB, Venkatesan A. [arupconsult.com]

Pathophysiology involves "onconeural" antigen: an appropriate immune response against a tumor antigen cross-reacts with similar antigens expressed by the nervous system Classified by their associated Abs – obviously, not important for us to memorize these [errolozdalga.com]

[…] soon as the diagnosis is suspected Always consider epidemiological factors that may indicate an unusual cause of encephalitis (e.g. arboviruses and zoonoses), especially in Australia Encephalitis is commonly fatal or results in significant morbidity PATHOPHYSIOLOGY [lifeinthefastlane.com]

^ "Encephalitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology". 2018-08-07. Archived from the original on 2015-08-03. ^ Larner, A. J. (2013-05-02). Neuropsychological Neurology: The Neurocognitive Impairments of Neurological Disorders. [en.wikipedia.org]

Include the disease caused, unique clinical features, primary host/reservoir, arthropod vector (if any), mode of transmission, and preventive measures. [quizlet.com]

Can encephalitis be prevented? These measures can help prevent encephalitis: Keep your immunizations up to date. Vaccines are an important part of preventing encephalitis. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

Can Encephalitis Be Prevented? Encephalitis can't be prevented, but you can avoid the illnesses that may lead to it. Immunizations protect kids from many common childhood illnesses. So follow the immunization schedule recommended by your doctor. [kidshealth.org]

(March 15, 2012) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Meningitis. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/index.html. Accessed Sep 2012. (July 1, 20122) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [labtestsonline.org]

Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Washington D.C.: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2015. 8. Institute of Medicine. In: Stratton K, Ford A, Rusch E, Clayton EW, eds. [vaccinesafety.edu]