Together with the internal capsule, the basal ganglia are one of the most frequent sites of intracerebral hemorrhage, comprising between 35%-70% of all cases [1]. Basal ganglia hemorrhage predominantly develops in the presence of several risk factors, most important being long-standing hypertension (vascular malformations, tumors, other cardiovascular diseases or an aneurysm are additional predisposing risks), whereas traumatic, although much rarer, is a less common but still important cause [1] [2] [3] [4]. The clinical presentation of hemorrhagic lesions in the brain encompasses several nonspecific features - nausea, headache, vomiting and altered mental state, but several authors have described specific focal neurological deficits in the setting of basal ganglia hemorrhage [1] [2] [4] [5]. Cognitive impairment, altered perception and emotional processing, and even depression have been reported in lesions of the basal ganglia, whereas a range of movement disorders are described in these patients as well [4] [6] [7]. Dystonia, asterixis, chorea and hypokinesia are reported after basal ganglia stroke, but restless leg syndrome (RLG), distinguished by a rather unpleasant sensation in the lower extremity, is particularly associated with basal ganglia hemorrhage [7] [8]. It must be pointed out that trauma may often lead to injury of other brain areas (particularly in the setting of bilateral basal ganglia hemorrhage) [2] [3], meaning that a range of other neurological manifestations can be present, depending on the site of injury.

• Congestive Heart Failure

  For example, patients with congestive heart failure should receive a bolus of mannitol or 23.4% of HTS, whereas continuous infusion of 3% of HTS can be used for patients with dehydration or decreased urine output. [svn.bmj.com]

• Pneumonia

  […] patients were analyzed with regard for the hematoma clearance rate, duration of surgery, duration of hospitalization, Glasgow Outcome Scale score at discharge, Barthel index score at 6 months, and postoperative complication rates for rebleeding and pneumonia [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hypertension

  OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic effect of neuronavigation-assisted minimally invasive operation on hypertensive basal ganglia hemorrhage patients with hematoma volume less than 30 mL. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Blurred Vision

  Diplopia does not embrace (or exclude) blurred vision. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score may have been assessed during admission; alternatively, deficits clearly described by the patient allow GCS estimation. [ichd-3.org]

• Tremor

  Stiff, rigid muscles, loss of movement, and tremors are all possible symptoms of a stroke in the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia control coordination of movement, and when these nerve centers become damaged, the body loses this ability. [livestrong.com]

  Symptoms The symptoms caused by the basal ganglia hemorrhage are present at different levels, as you will have the opportunity to see below: Body movement Difficulties swallowing, smiling or speaking Ataxia Tremor Loss of movement/rigid movements Paralysis [hellomrdoctor.com]

  Changes in body movement: - Rigid, stiff movement - Movement loss - Tremors - Ataxia - Difficulty swallowing - Difficulty in smiling or speaking II. Cognitive impairment: - Ability to make decisions - Memory - Language - Attention III. [slideshare.net]

  Thalamic Syndrome A group of signs and symptoms including sensory loss, pain, dysesthesia, choreoathetosis, tremor, and hemiparesis occur if thalamogeniculate artery is occluded. [healthfixit.com]

  It can cause mild tremors in the body and loss of movement. There may be difficulty in swallowing and smiling and even speaking. All these bodily changes are indicative of stroke. [diseasespictures.com]

• Dystonia

  Dystonia, asterixis, chorea and hypokinesia are reported after basal ganglia stroke, but restless leg syndrome (RLG), distinguished by a rather unpleasant sensation in the lower extremity, is particularly associated with basal ganglia hemorrhage. [symptoma.com]

  Certain brain disorders like Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Wilson’s disease, multiple system atrophy and dystonia can also cause basal ganglia stroke. In rare cases, severe hypertension and diffused hypoxic injury can cause stroke. [diseasespictures.com]

  There are certain brain disorders, including Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Wilson’s disease, multiple atrophy, and dystonia that can lead to a basal ganglia stroke. [belmarrahealth.com]

  Movement disorders include, most notably Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra; Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum;[2][4] dystonia; and more rarely hemiballismus [en.wikipedia.org]

  Certain brain disorders like Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Wilson's disease, multiple system atrophy and dystonia can also cause basal ganglia stroke Cognitive-motor interactions of the basal ganglia in development Gerry Leisman 1,2,3,4 * [mannens.fun]

• Chorea

  Despite its rarity, non-ketotic hyperglycemic chorea-hemiballismus should be included in the differential diagnosis of basal ganglia hyperdensity on CT scan, as it can mimic basal ganglia hemorrhage. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Dystonia, asterixis, chorea and hypokinesia are reported after basal ganglia stroke, but restless leg syndrome (RLG), distinguished by a rather unpleasant sensation in the lower extremity, is particularly associated with basal ganglia hemorrhage. [symptoma.com]

  Transient Choreoathetosis It comes from the root words “chorea” which is an uncontrollable, rapid movement and “athetosis” meaning twisting and wiggling movement of the hands and feet. [healthfixit.com]

  Near the beginning of the 20th century, the basal ganglia system was first associated with motor functions, as lesions of these areas would often result in disordered movement in humans (chorea, athetosis, Parkinson's disease). [en.wikipedia.org]

  Medical Definition of Basal ganglia Basal ganglia: A region of the base of the brain that consists of three clusters of neurons (caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus) that are responsible for involuntary movements such as tremors, athetosis, and chorea [mannens.fun]

The diagnosis of all intracerebral hemorrhages must be as soon as possible. For this reason, physicians must promptly obtain a detailed patient history and conduct a complete physical examination. The appearance of symptoms, their features, the events that preceded their onset (to determine whether the etiology was traumatic or not), as well as assessment of risk factors (hypertension, cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, the presence of additional comorbidities, eg. kidney or liver disease, malignancy, but also diabetes mellitus), and a history of similar events should be a part of the patient history [1] [9]. Recent use of anticoagulant, antithrombotic or other known drugs that disrupt the homeostasis of the vascular system is also vital in identifying the possible pathogenesis [9], while a complete physical examination, with an emphasis on neurological evaluation, is crucial for determining the site of the lesion. Laboratory testing should be immediately employed, including a complete blood count (CBC), a full coagulation panel, serum electrolytes and renal function [9]. The gold standard for the diagnosis of all intracranial hemorrhages, however, are imaging studies, and computed tomography (CT), widely used as the initial study, is regarded as the optimal procedure, primarily because hemorrhage is evident almost instantaneously after its occurrence [1] [3]. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an effective procedure as well and is even superior in terms of identification of the underlying pathology (eg. malignancy) [1] [4].

Conservative treatment achieved a better mean Barthel Index at MICH = 0 or 1 than surgical treatment, p < .01. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Whether the treatment of BGH with rt-PA is superior to other treatments will be addressed in future and larger prospective studies. [omicsonline.org]

CONCLUSION: The clinical features, causes and prognosis were summarized and discussed, in perspective of providing guidance for future diagnosis and treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Conclusion: The clinical features, causes and prognosis were summarized and discussed, in perspective of providing guidance for future diagnosis and treatment. [eurekaselect.com]

A complete laboratory work-up and imaging studies were unremarkable for infectious etiology, new intracranial hemorrhage, and deep vein thrombosis. The patient was diagnosed with sympathetic storming, a relatively uncommon cause of these symptoms. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The appearance of symptoms, their features, the events that preceded their onset (to determine whether the etiology was traumatic or not), as well as assessment of risk factors (hypertension, cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, the presence of additional [symptoma.com]

[…] gif 27kB pic source Intracerebral Hemorrha... 475 x 550 jpeg 114kB pic source Basal Ganglia - Anatom... 746 x 462 jpeg 49kB pic source Med Students Lecture S... 960 x 720 jpeg 83kB pic source Deep intracranial hemo... 850 x 582 png 149kB pic source Etiologies [sammlungfotos.online]

The prognosis of BGTH may not be uniform and may depend on the distribution of hyperechogenicity, the etiology and the presence of associated brain lesions. [nature.com]

The author discusses these advances and updates on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of intracerebral hemorrhage. [medlink.com]

149kB pic source Etiologies of Neurogen... 960 x 720 jpeg 88kB pic source Current management of ... 1800 x 1671 jpeg 263kB pic source Causes of Intracerebra... 590 x 208 jpeg 46kB pic source Medical and Surgical M... 960 x 720 jpeg 78kB pic source PPT - Epidemiology [sammlungfotos.online]

MAYORGA-VILLA Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences 2018 February;62(1):46-50 Epidemiology, molecular classification and WHO grading of ependymoma Jens-Martin HÜBNER, Marcel KOOL, Stefan M. PFISTER, Kristian W. [minervamedica.it]

Epidemiology and natural history of arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurg Focus 2001;11:e1. 62. Lv X, Liu J, Hu X, Li Y. Patient age, hemorrhage patterns, and outcomes of arteriovenous malformation. World Neurosurg 2015;84:1039-1044. 63. [j-stroke.org]

According to epidemiological reports, ICH remains the second most common form of stroke, accounting for 10–15% of all strokes, with an incidence of 10–30 per 100,000 people each year worldwide ( 4, 5 ). [journal.frontiersin.org]

The topics treated include animal models, pathophysiology of cerebral hemorrhage, experimental treatment for cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage clinical manifestations, prognosis of cerebral hemorrhage, and clinical management. [books.google.com]

Published on Jun 26, 2014 This presentation contains anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, doctor & physiotherapy management (generally) 1. Stroke: Basal Ganglia Bleed 2. [slideshare.net]

The author discusses these advances and updates on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of intracerebral hemorrhage. [medlink.com]

Jean Martin Charcot, 1825-1893 e Jean Martin Charcot e La Pitié-Salpêtrière – quatre siècles d’histoire e Historia de la medicina: Charles Jacques Bouchard e C.J.Bouchard e Pathology of Intracerebral Haemorrhage e Intracerebral Hemorrhage e Molecular Pathophysiology [patologia.medicina.ufrj.br]

The outlook following a hemorrhage in this area depends on the size and location of the bleed, but controlling high blood pressure can help prevent some strokes from occurring. [wisegeekhealth.com]

Collaborative Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials of Antiplatelet Therapy for Prevention of Death, Myocardial Infarction, and Stroke in High Risk Patients. ‎ [books.google.es]

A doctor may prescribe preventative medications to reduce the risk of getting a migraine. [medicalnewstoday.com]

Prevention of Stroke Any forms of CVA are dangerous to face. The best way to never experience stroke is prevention. In order to do that, risk factors (as enumerated in the earlier section of this article) to stroke should be eliminated. [healthfixit.com]

1. Aguilar MI, Brott TG. Update in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. The Neurohospitalist. 2011;1(3):148-159.
2. Bhargava P, Grewal SS, Gupta B, Jain V, Sobti H. Traumatic bilateral basal ganglia hematoma: A report of two cases. Asian J Neurosurg. 2012;7(3):147-150.
3. Pandey N, Mahapatra A, Singh PK. Bilateral large traumatic hemorrhage of the basal ganglion. Asian J Neurosurg. 2014;9(4):240.
4. Landi A, Marotta N, Mancarella C, Marruzzo D, Salvati M, Delfini R. Basal ganglia stroke due to mild head trauma in pediatric age - clinical and therapeutic management: a case report and 10 year literature review. Ital J Pediatr. 2011;37:2.
5. Su CY, Chen HM, Kwan AL, Lin YH, Guo NW. Neuropsychological impairment after hemorrhagic stroke in basal ganglia. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;22(4):465-474.
6. Paradiso S, Ostedgaard K, Vaidya J, Ponto LB, Robinson R. Emotional blunting following left basal ganglia stroke: The role of depression and fronto-limbic functional alterations. Psychiatry research. 2013;211(2):148-159.
7. Park J. Movement Disorders Following Cerebrovascular Lesion in the Basal Ganglia Circuit. Mov Disord. 2016;9(2):71-79.
8. Lee SJ, Kim JS, Song IU, An JY, Kim YI, Lee KS. Poststroke restless legs syndrome and lesion location: anatomical considerations. Mov Disord. 2009 Jan 15;24(1):77-84.
9. Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Stroke. 2007; 38(6):2001–2023.