Adult roundworms were present in 152 of 189 raccoons (80.4%), with each infected raccoon carrying between 1 and 125 adult worms. [americanveterinarian.com]

Typically, B. procyonis neural larva migrans presents as acute fulminant eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Once invasion of the central nervous system has occurred, the prognosis is grave with or without treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The usual presentation of cerebral baylisascariasis is eosinophilic meningoencephalitis with typical neurologic signs/symptoms. [cdc.gov]

Disease Agents Baylisascaris columnaris Baylisascaris melis Baylisascaris procyonis Disease Presentation Disease Categories The links in this section will take you to a list of other diseases for that same category (e.g. diseases affecting that species [cfsph.iastate.edu]

• Veterinarian

  Your veterinarian will base her diagnosis partly on the symptoms and the information you can provide. A stool sample will provide further clues to the diagnosis. [wagwalking.com]

  The history you provide may give your veterinarian clues as to which organs are being affected. Knowing the path the parasite has taken is essential for treating the infection appropriately. [petmd.com]

  Veterinary advice should be sought from your local veterinarian before applying any treatment or vaccine. Not sure who to use? Look up veterinarians who specialize in poultry using our directory listing. [poultrydvm.com]

  KNMVD: the veterinarian at school]. 22026217 [Employment conditions: veterinarians can do better]. 22026216 [Tjeerd Jorna: 'more attention needed to prevent zoonoses']. 22026215 [Corti(sole) communication]. 22026214 [Veterinarians and insurers have the [nlm.life]

• Disability

  People at risk of baylisascariasis infection include young children and developmentally disabled persons who are more likely to place objects with contaminated dirt or animal waste in their mouth. [accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com]

  Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker [veterinarymedicine.dvm360.com]

  Young children or people with developmental disabilities who put hands and other objects into their mouths or have a habit of eating soil are may be at increased risk for infection. [bccdc.ca]

  Death or permanent disability often result, even with treatment. [msdmanuals.com]

• Pain

  For example, an invasion of the liver may cause hepatomegaly (inflammation and enlargement of the liver), while an invasion of the lung may cause pulmonary symptoms such as cough or chest pain. [cdc.gov]

  Common symptoms include abdominal pain, headache, weakness, lethargy and wheezing. Due to the public health significance, it is important to distinguish Baylisascaris from Toxocara. [raccoonworld.com]

  Although roundworms can cause diarrhea, vomiting, bloating, and abdominal pain when present in the intestine of an affected animal, they rarely result in death or significant disease when diagnosed and properly treated. [westsidevets.com]

  When children do develop symptoms, they may include include cough, abdominal pain, headaches and behavioral or psychiatric problems. Toxocariasis is an especially significant problem in developing countries and low-income neighborhoods. [cbsnews.com]

  In May 2013, a female, aged 31 years with a history of Chiari malformation, and who owned a pet raccoon, was evaluated in Oklahoma for headaches and generalized pain. [outbreaknewstoday.com]

• Fatigue

  […] mouths.[9164][9165] Though rare, human infections can be severe if the parasite invades the eye (ocular larva migrans), organs (visceral larva migrans), or the brain (neural larva migrans).[9166] Symptoms of a Baylisascaris infection may include nausea, fatigue [rarediseases.org]

  Baylisascaris infection may cause: Nausea Fatigue Loss of coordination and muscle control Inability to focus attention Enlargement of the liver Blindness Coma Symptoms start approximately a week after exposure. The infection can be fatal. [bccdc.ca]

  These symptoms may include nausea, fatigue, liver enlargement, lack of coordination, lack of attention to people and surroundings, loss of muscle control, coma, and blindness. Some cases have resulted in death. [medicinenet.com]

  Generalized clinical signs and symptoms, which often appear 1 to 4 weeks after infection, can include fatigue, nausea, and fever. [bcmj.org]

• Malaise

  Symptoms that may develop within the first 24 h include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, and general malaise, all of which may suggest food poisoning, particularly if several people are involved. [med-chem.com]

• Dyspnea

  It is presumed that the development of dyspnea and tachypnea, which is seen in primates 3 to 5 days after experimental infection, is secondary to early pulmonary migration ( 32, 33 ). [cmr.asm.org]

• Geophagia

  Albendazole and anti-inflammatories Died 8 2000 2.5 yr Illinois Pica/geophagia Albendazole and solumedrol Severe residual deficits and visual impairment 8, 18 2002 11 mo California Pica/geophagia Albendazole and antiinflammatories Severe residual deficits [cmr.asm.org]

  Epidemiologic study of human cases of neural larva migrans demonstrate that contact with raccoon feces or an environment contaminated by infective eggs and geophagia or pica are the most important risk factors for infection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hepatomegaly

  For example, an invasion of the liver may cause hepatomegaly (inflammation and enlargement of the liver), while an invasion of the lung may cause pulmonary symptoms such as cough or chest pain. [cdc.gov]

  Common route for other animals Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012 Disease in Humans Incubation period uncertain Symptoms variable Location of larvae Number of migrating larvae Visceral larva migrans Nonspecific signs Hepatomegaly [slideserve.com]

  Signs of visceral larva migrans, including hepatomegaly, eosinophilia, and elevated isohemagglutinin titers, may be present and are similar to those of toxocariasis. [accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com]

  Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012 15 DISEASE IN HUMANS 16 Disease in Humans Incubation period uncertain Symptoms variable –Location of larvae –Number of migrating larvae Visceral larva migrans –Nonspecific signs –Hepatomegaly [slideplayer.com]

• Visual Impairment

  […] and anti-inflammatories Died 8 2000 2.5 yr Illinois Pica/geophagia Albendazole and solumedrol Severe residual deficits and visual impairment 8, 18 2002 11 mo California Pica/geophagia Albendazole and antiinflammatories Severe residual deficits, cortical [cmr.asm.org]

  Ocular larval migrans leads to damage of the structures within/around the eye and visual impairment. Control Control via animal Control of raccoon numbers and restricting access to potential latrine areas by pet rabbits. [vetstream.com]

  This can lead to visual impairment or blindness. Chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, or atrophy can result. Visceral larval migrans can occur from B. procyonis larvae and affects heart, lungs, mediastinum, bowel, and mesenteric lymph nodes. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

  Here, visual impairment or blindness results from widespread larval migration, with destruction of the visual cortex, or from larval migration within the eye itself. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Larva Migrans

  In addition, it is increasingly recognized as a cause of devastating or fatal neural larva migrans in infants and young children and ocular larva migrans in adults. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  After ingestion by humans, the eggs hatch into larvae. The larvae migrate through a wide variety of tissues (liver, heart, lungs, brain, eyes), resulting in visceral larva migrans and ocular larva migrans, similar to those due to toxocariasis. [merckmanuals.com]

  OLM, ocular larva migrans; VLM, visceral larva migrans. (Reproduced with permission from Centers for Disease Control [CDC].) Infected eggs can be found in tree stumps, decaying trees, or rock piles. [accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com]

  Larva migrans occurs when the larva from eggs in the intestine penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate to other tissues in the body. [epidemiologyandtoxicology.org]

• Abnormal Behavior

  Severe neurological signs including imbalance, circling and abnormal behavior, caused by extensive tissue damage due to larval migration through the brain. [bionity.com]

  Severe neurological signs including imbalance, circling and abnormal behavior, caused by extensive tissue damage due to larval migration through the brain, eventually seizures and coma. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Rabies

  In addition, because the worm sometimes attacks the brain and nervous system, this infection may be mistaken for rabies. If rabies is suspected, you may wish to ask your veterinarian to test for the presence of the B. procyonis. [petmd.com]

  Examples Ecology, Ancient Rome Related documents January 1 It's the day after New Year's, and boy is my head spinning Protozoal Diseases of Wildlife A Multi-Vector Rabies Model Parasitic Diseases Lecture Eco. [studylib.net]

  Well-known zoonotic diseases include rabies, transmitted by the bite of an infected mammal, hantavirus, carried by deer mice, and Lyme disease, carried by deer ticks. [whyfiles.org]

• Ataxia

  Ref Case 4: Baylisascariasis in a Cockatoo An adult female Moluccan cockatoo was evaluated for a 10-day history of progressive ataxia and weakness. [poultrydvm.com]

  Morshed; Koen Vanden Driessche A 17‐month‐old boy from Vancouver, Canada, presented with a 5‐day history of progressive somnolence, ataxia, and torticollis. [x-mol.com]

  Clinical Signs: Clinically infected rabbits display torticollis, ataxia, tremors, and falling (loss of balance). Pathology: At necropsy, multiple white, raised nodules in the epicardium, endocardium, and serosal surface of the liver may be seen. [dora.missouri.edu]

  Larvae in the CNS cause inflammatory reactions, eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, and substantial tissue damage resulting in altered mental status, irritability, cerebellar abnormalities, ataxia, stupor, and coma. [msdmanuals.com]

• Encephalopathy

  Because rapid killing of microfilariae may provoke encephalopathy, albendazole may be the preferred alternative (rather than ivermectin) because of its slower onset of action. Hookworm Infections Cutaneous Larva Migrans. [sarungkuadalima.blogspot.com]

  Pathological effects Larval migration within the central nervous system causes severe encephalopathy; this is specifically noted in the cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain and medulla. [vetstream.com]

  Visceral larva migrans producing static encephalopathy in an infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991 ; 10 : 403 -406 ↵ Rüttinger P, Hadidi H. MRI in cerebral toxocaral disease. [ajnr.org]

  Another 13 month-old child developed eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, retinitis, and a protracted encephalopathy. The patient was treated with various antibiotics and steroids but no anthelmintics. [antimicrobe.org]

  A more subacute, indolent encephalopathy has occasionally been described to occur in older patients with developmental delay and geophagia. [cmr.asm.org]

The child was hospitalized, and a workup for encephalitis was initiated. He was hemodynamically stable and had flaccid tone, with inability to bear weight. No visible rashes were found. [go.galegroup.com]

In some cases, findings consistent with B. procyonis are found during the workup of a dog with unexplained neurologic signs. [vcahospitals.com]

An extensive metabolic workup yielded normal results, except for elevation of serum lactate. The electroencephalographic results were also normal. [ajnr.org]

• Enlargement of the Liver

  For example, an invasion of the liver may cause hepatomegaly (inflammation and enlargement of the liver), while an invasion of the lung may cause pulmonary symptoms such as cough or chest pain. [cdc.gov]

  Baylisascaris infection may cause: Nausea Fatigue Loss of coordination and muscle control Inability to focus attention Enlargement of the liver Blindness Coma Symptoms start approximately a week after exposure. The infection can be fatal. [bccdc.ca]

  These symptoms may be followed by enlargement of the liver, loss of coordination, lack of attention and concentration, loss of muscle control, blindness, seizures, coma, and possibly death. [naturalunseenhazards.wordpress.com]

• Toxocara Canis

  Baylisascaris procyonis is an ascaridoid parasite of the raccoon that is related to Toxocara canis, the canine roundworm. [ivis.org]

  Baylisascaris procyonis eggs are typical ascarid eggs with thick, finely pitted shells; they are slightly smaller than Toxocara canis eggs. [cfsph.iastate.edu]

  Toxocara canis, the dog roundworm, and Toxocara cati, the cat roundworm. [parasitipedia.net]

  The life history and development of Toxocara cati (Schrank, 1788) in the domestic cat. Parasitol 48:184–209. Google Scholar Sprent JFA. 1958. Observations on the development of Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782). Parasitol 48:185–198. [link.springer.com]

When suspicion of baylisascariasis is high, immediate treatment with albendazole may be effective. Drug Name Select Trade Albendazole ALBENZA mebendazole No US brand name ivermectin STROMECTOL Click here for Patient Education [merckmanuals.com]

[…] following treatment of filarial infections. [sarungkuadalima.blogspot.com]

Once invasion of the central nervous system has occurred, the prognosis is grave with or without treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment While there is no known treatment for VLM or NLM, there are several drugs that can treat the parasite in raccoons. They include piperazine, pyrantel pamoate, or fenbendazole. [raccoonworld.com]

Once invasion of the central nervous system has occurred, the prognosis is grave with or without treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Kliks Medicine, Biology Reviews of infectious diseases 1988 The prognosis of neurologic angiostrongyliasis is usually good; however, fatal and chronic cases do occur and Appropriate preparation of food, control of mollusks and planarians, and elimination [semanticscholar.org]

Prognosis: grave. Pathogenesis Etiology Infection with Baylisascaris procyonis Baylisascaris procyonis : Guinea pig is an aberrant host. The roundworm’s definitive host is the raccoon, Procyon lotor. [vetstream.com]

His prognosis was not good, the doctors did not have a clue what was going on or how to treat him. [cavansprognosis.blogspot.com]

The prognosis of Baylisascaris infection is often not favorable, especially in cases of neural larval migrans. [bcmj.org]

Pathogenesis Etiology Infection with Baylisascaris procyonis Baylisascaris procyonis : Guinea pig is an aberrant host. The roundworm’s definitive host is the raccoon, Procyon lotor. [vetstream.com]

Etiology: Infection of rabbits occurs with the raccoon ascarid, Baylisascaris procyonis. Transmission: Transmission occurs by ingestion of bedding or hay contaminated with raccoon feces. [dora.missouri.edu]

It was concluded that B. procyonis larvae have marked ability to produce OLM in subhuman primates following oral infection and should be considered as a possible etiology in human ocular disease. [iovs.arvojournals.org]

Initial evaluation for etiologic causes was nondiagnostic. Serology for anti- Baylisascaris procyonis antibodies in serum and vitreous fluid were both positive. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of vitreous fluid was positive for HSV-2. [ajtmh.org]

There were rare isolated cross-reactivity events with single cases of malaria, giardiasis, filariasis, and strongyloidiasis, but no cross-reactivity seen with toxocariasis (a common differential diagnostic etiology). [publichealthontario.ca]

(Kazacos, 2001). 5 Epidemiology of Baylisascaris procyonis Raccoons to Humans The epidemiology of Baylisascaris procyonis infection is associated with the defecation habit of racoons. [epidemiologyandtoxicology.org]

Epidemiologic study of human cases of neural larva migrans demonstrate that contact with raccoon feces or an environment contaminated by infective eggs and geophagia or pica are the most important risk factors for infection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

PATHOGENESIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Humans are a paratenic (intermediate) host, meaning that infection by larval stages of the parasite can occur but the parasite does not complete its lifecycle in the host. [accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com]

Overview Organism History Epidemiology Transmission Disease in Humans Disease in Animals Prevention and Control Actions. [slideplayer.com]

Shih, Epidemiologic studies of eosinophilic meningitis in southern Taiwan, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 24 (1975), pp. 447–454. [omicsonline.org]

Pathophysiology After ingestion of embryonated ova, parasite larvae migrate through a wide variety of tissues, including liver, heart, lungs, brains, eyes, as guinea pigs are aberrant hosts. [vetstream.com]

Nevertheless, eosinophilic meningitis (EM) remained rarely reported until Rosen and co-investigators first described the pathophysiology of neuroangiostrongyliasis (NAS) in association with neural larval migrans caused by the infective third-stage larva [omicsonline.org]

(See also the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Raccoon Latrines: Identification and Clean-up .) [merckmanuals.com]

[…] for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012 33 Prevention and Control Dogs –Heartworm/nematode preventatives –Regular fecal examinations Captive animals –Prevent contact with raccoons –Clean cages regularly –Quarantine, test, deworm [slideplayer.com]

University, 2012 Prevention and Control Dogs Heartworm/nematode preventatives Regular fecal examinations Captive animals Prevent contact with raccoons Clean cages regularly Quarantine, test, deworm Treat exposed animals Center for Food Security and Public [slideserve.com]

If raccoons live in your area you can prevent them from coming in or near your home by: preventing any access to food, garbage, or animal feed, seal off access to attics and basements, eliminate sources of water, remove bird feeders, and keep things like [crittercontrolofboston.com]

Eradication of raccoons will not prevent the very rare disease visceral larva migrans in humans. However, education and some common sense might. Preventation Contact with wild raccoons or exposure to their feces should be avoided. [raccoonworld.com]