Behr syndrome (BS) is a genetic disorder that primarily causes optic atrophy as well as neurological symptoms. It has been linked to optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and optic atrophy 3 (OPA3) gene mutations, which lead to autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance respectively [1] [2]. The C12ORF65 (chromosome 12 open reading frame 65) and C19ORF12 (chromosome 19 open reading frame 12) genes have also been implicated [3]. Despite the discovery of genetic predisposition, most known cases of the disease are sporadic [4]. BS does not have a male or female preponderance, and its prevalence is unknown. Furthermore, it shares numerous features with Costeff syndrome, which presents with additional metabolic derangements.

The development of optic atrophy is usually seen in childhood and does not worsen during the course of the disease. Neurological features vary between individuals, and between families. Ocular signs of neuropathy include nystagmus, ophthalmoparesis, and other gaze palsies. Additional neurological complaints are ataxia, paraparesis, loss of sensation, speech disarticulation, epilepsy, peripheral neuropathy, intellectual impairment, spastic paraplegia, extrapyramidal signs, and contractures often in the lower extremities [5]. These are progressive and become more pronounced in early adulthood [3]. Patients with BS will also have central nervous system abnormalities that are visible on neuroimaging, such as cerebellar atrophy.

Varying degrees of poor vision are seen from childhood, while mobility is moderately or severely affected in adulthood. The latter may be an indication for surgical intervention. In the variant of the disease stemming from OPA1 mutation, patients may present solely with optic atrophy.

• Recurrent Vomiting

  The disease started at age 1 year with sudden trunk ataxia, abnormal ocular movement and recurrent vomiting episodes. At that time, fundoscopy, lactate levels in the CSF, and the brain MRI were all normal. [doi.org]

• Muscle Contracture

  The ataxia, spasticity, and muscle contractures, mainly of the hip adductors, hamstrings, and soleus, are progressive and become more prominent in the second decade. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  For instance, people who develop muscle contractures may have to undergo surgery. Also, treatment depends on the specific signs and symptoms seen in the patient. Resources - Behr syndrome [checkorphan.org]

• Central Scotoma

  Central scotomas and dyschromatopsia may be present. Visual impairment is often severe but the progression can plateau in early midlife and remains static as first reported by Behr. [disorders.eyes.arizona.edu]

• Neonate-Onset

  Finally, Schaaf et al. (2011) reported two siblings, 3 and 8 years old, presenting with a severe neonatal-onset disorder associating severe optic atrophy, ataxia, hypotonia, gastrointestinal dysmotility and dysphagia. [doi.org]

• Ataxia

  Behr syndrome is characterized by optic atrophy beginning in early childhood associated with ataxia, spasticity, mental retardation, and posterior column sensory loss. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Title Other Names: Optic atrophy, infantile hereditary, Behr complicated form of; Optic atrophy in early childhood, associated with ataxia, spasticity, mental retardation, and posterior column sensory loss Categories: Behr syndrome is a disorder characterized [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

• Babinski Sign

  Other characteristics include optic atrophy (prevalent in males), nystagmus, scotoma, progressive temporal nerve atrophy, bilateral retrobulbar neuritis, increased tendon reflexes, Babinski sign, and incoordination. [whonamedit.com]

  Unusual foot reflexes (a positive Babinski sign) may also be experienced by the patient when the sole is stimulated. Increasing tremors in both hands are also symptoms of this disease. [medigest.uk]

  Symptoms can include rapid involuntary eye movements (nystagmus), progressive damage to nerves, nerve inflammation and unusual foot reflexes when the sole is stimulated (positive Babinski sign). [the-medical-dictionary.com]

  Behr syndrome is a disorder characterized by early-onset optic atrophy along with neurological features, including ataxia, spasticity, and intellectual disability. 0001771 Adductor longus contractures 0006366 Autosomal recessive inheritance 0000007 Babinski [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

• Pyramidal Tract Signs

  Behr syndrome was first described in 1909 as a syndrome of heredofamilial optic atrophy, visual disturbances, nystagmus, and variable pyramidal tract signs. The syndrome has been reported in both sexes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Case Report First Online: 25 March 2005 70 Downloads 13 Citations Summary Behr syndrome was first described in 1909 as a syndrome of heredofamilial optic atrophy, visual disturbances, nystagmus, and variable pyramidal tract signs. [doi.org]

  Newman, MD, Emory Eye Center Description In 1909, Behr described a syndrome of heredofamilial optic atrophy beginning in early childhood and associated with variable pyramidal tract signs, ataxia, mental retardation, urinary incontinence, and pes cavus [collections.lib.utah.edu]

  Case Report First Online: 25 March 2005 70 Downloads 10 Citations Summary Behr syndrome was first described in 1909 as a syndrome of heredofamilial optic atrophy, visual disturbances, nystagmus, and variable pyramidal tract signs. [link.springer.com]

  Definition Behr's Syndrome is a rare inherited neurological condition named after Carl Behr, who first described it in 1909 as a syndrome of variable pyramidal tract signs. It is characterized by spastic paraplegia and sometimes optic atrophy. [medigest.uk]

• Dysmetria

  […] along with neurological features, including ataxia, spasticity, and intellectual disability. 0001771 Adductor longus contractures 0006366 Autosomal recessive inheritance 0000007 Babinski sign 0003487 Cerebellar atrophy Degeneration of cerebellum 0001272 Dysmetria [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

  Thereafter, she developed cerebellar ataxia without dysmetria and needed support for walking. Her speech was affected by mild dysarthria but she had no cognitive impairment. [doi.org]

• Abnormal Gait

  gait Abnormal walk Impaired gait [3] This gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps determine the shape and structure of mitochondria, the energy-producing centers within cells. [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

Diagnosis of Behr syndrome is made clinically [6]. Patients who present with features known to occur in BS should be investigated for the disease. Moreover, BS should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with inherited neurological complaints, more so if they have coexisting optic atrophy. Currently, it is not possible to predict the phenotypic expression of BS based on an individual's genotype [7].

Other diagnostic modalities entail:

• Biopsy and histological analysis: These may show COX-negative (cytochrome oxidase negative) fibers.
• Genetic testing: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot are the techniques used. These are able to detect damage to mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) [8]. In BS, DNA deletions are the usual cause mutations.
• Urine analysis: Abnormal excretion of organic acids should prompt further genetic testing.

• Central Scotoma

  Central scotomas and dyschromatopsia may be present. Visual impairment is often severe but the progression can plateau in early midlife and remains static as first reported by Behr. [disorders.eyes.arizona.edu]

A few additional cases of Behr syndrome have been attributed to mutations in the OPA3, C12ORF65 and C19ORF12 genes. [3] Last updated: 6/26/2016 There is no specific treatment for people with Behr syndrome. Available treatment is symptomatic. [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

The successful treatment of the tremor using deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) is reported. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

276 1552 Symptomatic Treatment 277 156 Differential Diagnosis 278 1563 Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles 279 Treatment of Specific Types of Nystagmus 283 161 Introduction 284 16211 Etiology 286 16212 Therapeutic Recommendations 287 1622 [books.google.com]

Treatment - Behr syndrome Treatment is symptomatic. For instance, people who develop muscle contractures may have to undergo surgery. Also, treatment depends on the specific signs and symptoms seen in the patient. Resources - Behr syndrome [checkorphan.org]

Prognosis - Behr syndrome Not supplied. Treatment - Behr syndrome Treatment is symptomatic. For instance, people who develop muscle contractures may have to undergo surgery. [checkorphan.org]

Diagnosis and Prognosis: Examination by an ophthalmologist is necessary to detect optic atrophy. [disorders.eyes.arizona.edu]

Ischemic Visual Loss 235 1335 Orbital Manifestations 236 1343 LargeVessel Vasculitis 237 135 Laboratory Investigations in GCA 238 1352 CReactive Protein 239 1355 Anemia 240 1361 Temporal Artery Biopsy 241 1363 Role of Ultrasound 243 137 Treatment and Prognosis [books.google.com]

Interestingly, the EPS had a high negative predictive value (98.3 %), suggesting that asymptomatic patients with no induced VAs have an excellent prognosis (see Figure 2 ). [aerjournal.com]

Prognosis is variable, with moderate to severe visual loss and nystagmus. Systemic abnormalities include spastic gait, ataxia and mental handicap. 23. [slideshare.net]

The etiology of Behr syndrome remains uncertain. A 6-year-old girl with a progressive syndrome of optic atrophy, ataxia, myoclonic epilepsy, urinary incontinence, and pyramidal tract degeneration suggestive of Behr syndrome is described. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

274 1541 Myohistological Investigations 275 155 Treatment 276 1552 Symptomatic Treatment 277 156 Differential Diagnosis 278 1563 Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles 279 Treatment of Specific Types of Nystagmus 283 161 Introduction 284 16211 Etiology [books.google.com]

[…] drug challenge 70 (47%) 70 (47%) Clinical History Unexplained cardiac arrest or documented VF/polymorphic VT 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Nocturnal agonal respirations 2 (1%) 2 (1%) Suspected arrhythmic syncope 11 (7%) 27 (18%) Syncope of unclear mechanism/unclear etiology [academic.oup.com]

Regardless of etiology, optic atrophy is associated with variable degrees of visual dysfunction, which may be detected by one or all of the optic nerve function tests (see Other Tests). [emedicine.medscape.com]

Etiology Anything that can compromise ganglion cell function can cause (over time) optic atrophy (and more broadly optic neuropathy). [eyewiki.aao.org]

1 family Inheritance: Dominant Clinical Percussion myotonia Cramps Stiffness: Posteffort Myotonic lid lag Laboratory Muscle: Cylindrical spirals Congenital weakness & Epileptic encephalopathy 1 Epidemiology: 2 French-Antillean & Moroccan sisters Clinical [neuromuscular.wustl.edu]

The prevalence and epidemiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol. 65, Issue. 5, p. 461. CrossRef Google Scholar KHALIFA, NAJAH and KNORRING, ANNE-LIIS 2007. [cambridge.org]

Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention [books.google.es]

An epidemiological and clinical study. Brain. 1991; 144:855-866. 9. Erichsen AK, Koht J, Stray-Pedersen A, Abdelnoor M, Tallaksen CME. Prevalence of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia in southeast Norway: a population-based study. [passeidireto.com]

Relevant External Links for OPA1 Genetic Association Database (GAD) OPA1 Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator OPA1 Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology: OPA1 No data available for Genatlas for OPA1 Gene OPA1 increases the [genecards.org]

"Clinical features, molecular genetics, and pathophysiology of dominant optic atrophy". Journal of Medical Genetics. 35 (10): 793–800. doi : 10.1136/jmg.35.10.793. PMC 1051452. PMID 9783700. External links [ edit ] [en.wikipedia.org]

Di Diego The pathophysiological mechanism underlying Brugada syndrome: depolarization versus repolarization [24] G.X. Yan, C. [elsevier.pt]

Traumatic optic neuropathy The exact pathophysiology of traumatic optic neuropathy is poorly understood, although optic nerve avulsion and transection, optic nerve sheath hematoma, and optic nerve impingement from a penetrating foreign body or bony fragment [emedicine.medscape.com]

Syndromes characterised by infantile-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy are genetically heterogeneous, but mitochondrial dysfunction with impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation has emerged as an important pathophysiological [jmg.bmj.com]

Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation: Genetic Diversity and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2015 May 8. Abstract Berti CC, Dallabona, C, Lazzaretti M, Dusi S, Tosi E, Tiranti V, Goffrini P. [tircon.eu]

Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death - Dr Elijah Behr Published: Jan 25, 2016 Duration: Unknown By Cardio Debate Dr Elijah Behr speaks with Cardio Debate & Radcliffe Cardiology about Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death during the 'Advances in the Pathogenesis [thronetheater.com]

Knowledge of the pathogenesis, genetics, and molecular biology of neuromuscular disorders is essential both in developing and applying new therapies and preventive measures, and in formulating genetic and prognostic advice. [books.google.com]

Prevention - Behr syndrome Not supplied. Diagnosis - Behr syndrome Behr\'s syndrome results in a spectrum of optic and neurological complications for both sexes. [checkorphan.org]

Primary prevention (removal of the process causing the damage) is the goal to prevent loss of axons and optic atrophy (neuropathy). [eyewiki.aao.org]

Prevention conference V: Beyond secondary prevention : Identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: executive summary. [books.google.es]

1. Anikster Y, Kleta R, Shaag A, Gahl WA, Elpeleg O. Type III 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (optic atrophy plus syndrome, or Costeff optic atrophy syndrome): Identification of the OPA3 gene and its founder mutation in Iraqi Jews. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;69(6):1218–1224.
2. Marelli C, Amati-Bonneau P, Reynier P, et al. Heterozygous OPA1 mutations in Behr syndrome. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 4):e169. author reply e170.
3. Kleffner I, Wessling C, Gess B, et al. Behr syndrome with homozygous C19ORF12 mutation. J Neurol Sci. 2015;357(1-2):115-118.
4. Felicio AC, Godeiro-Junior C, Alberto LG, et al. Familial Behr syndrome-like phenotype with autosomal dominant inheritance. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(4):370–372.
5. Orphanet. Behr syndrome. Orphanet. http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=1239. Updated March 2005. Accessed July 14, 2017.
6. Pyle A, Ramesh V, Bartsakoulia M, et al. Behr’s Syndrome is Typically Associated with Disturbed Mitochondrial Translation and Mutations in the C12orf65 Gene. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2014;1(1):55-63.
7. Cecilia Marelli, Patrizia Amati-Bonneau, Pascal Reynier, et al. Heterozygous OPA1 mutations in Behr syndrome. Brain. 2011;134(4):e169.
8. Yu-Wai-Man P, Griffiths PG, Gorman GS, et al. Multi-system neurological disease is common in patients with OPA1 mutations. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 3):771-786.