Familial benign pemphigus, initially described in Hailey brothers in the 1930s (hence the term Hailey-Hailey disease), is a rare blistering skin disease caused by mutations in the ATP2C1 gene coding for cellular electrolyte transporters that are essential in maintaining cell-to-cell adhesion [1] [2] [3]. The autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance is the reason why family history is the most important risk factor for its development [4] [5] [6] [7]. The onset of symptoms is typically observed during the second, third, and fourth decades of life, although patients of all ages have been reported in the literature [4] [5]. The hallmark of familial benign pemphigus is the recurrent appearance of vesicles, erosions, and plaques in intertriginous areas (in a symmetrical fashion) - the groins, submammary regions, the axillae, and the neck [1] [4] [5] [6] [7]. Skin lesions are painful, often pruritic, and have a foul smell [1]. Furthermore, heat, excessive sweating, friction, trauma, stress, and constrictive clothes have been shown to aggravate symptoms [1] [4] [5] [6]. Nail fragility is an important non-cutaneous finding in these patients [4] [5]. Although the clinical course varies from patient to patient, the lesions heal spontaneously without therapy and recur several times throughout the patient's life [1] [8]. Unfortunately, some patients may experience a significant impairment of their quality of life due to familial benign pemphigus [8].

• Hunting

  Hunt MJ, Salisbury EL, Painter DM, Lee S. Vesiculobullous Hailey–Hailey disease:successful treatment with oral retinoids. Australas J Dermatol. 1996;37:196–8. Mashiko M, Akiyama M, Tsuji-Abe Y, Shimizu H. [ijord.com]

  Hunt MJ, Salisbury EL, Painter DM, Lee S. Vesiculobullous Hailey-Hailey disease: successful treatment with oral retinoids. Australas J Dermatol. 1996;37:196-198. Freiman A, Hakim MD, Billick RC. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Hunt MJ, Salisbury EL, Painter DM, Lee S. Vesiculobullous Hailey-Hailey disease: successful treatment with oral retinoids. Australas J Dermatol. 1996 Nov. 37(4):196-8. [Medline]. Haley CT, Mui UN, Tyring SK. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Painter

  Hunt MJ, Salisbury EL, Painter DM, Lee S. Vesiculobullous Hailey–Hailey disease:successful treatment with oral retinoids. Australas J Dermatol. 1996;37:196–8. Mashiko M, Akiyama M, Tsuji-Abe Y, Shimizu H. [ijord.com]

  Hunt MJ, Salisbury EL, Painter DM, Lee S. Vesiculobullous Hailey-Hailey disease: successful treatment with oral retinoids. Australas J Dermatol. 1996;37:196-198. Freiman A, Hakim MD, Billick RC. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Hunt MJ, Salisbury EL, Painter DM, Lee S. Vesiculobullous Hailey-Hailey disease: successful treatment with oral retinoids. Australas J Dermatol. 1996 Nov. 37(4):196-8. [Medline]. Haley CT, Mui UN, Tyring SK. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Axillary Lesion

  (A) Typical skin lesions within the axilla. (B) Therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy: axillary left region with hyperpigmentation after 9 months. [medicaljournals.se]

• Gingival Ulceration

  The lesions involved neck, sub-mammary and inguinal folds, associated with frequent gingival ulcerations since the age of 36 years. Her mother, aunt and two sisters were also affected by cutaneous lesions only. [medicaljournals.se]

• Blister

  Benign familial pemphigus, also known as Hailey-Hailey disease, is a rare familial blistering skin disorder characterized by recurring skin lesions in intertriginous areas that are exacerbated by heat, sweating, and friction. [symptoma.com]

  The painful blisters break and sometimes become infected and raw, with new blisters forming over raw skin in a sometimes seemingly unending cycle of outbreaks. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Upregulation of P-cadherin may be involved in the pathomechanism of both the autoimmune blistering diseases and the inherited blistering diseases. [thedoctorsdoctor.com]

  Hailey-Hailey disease is a rare genetic condition that is characterized by blistering or scaling of the skin, usually over the neck, skin folds, armpits and genitals. [news-medical.net]

  These are crusty blisters that tend to form on your chest, back, and shoulders. They don’t hurt, but they do itch. How is Pemphigus Diagnosed? It can be tricky. That’s because a number of conditions can cause blisters. [webmd.com]

• Leukonychia

  Electron beam radiotherapy Dermabrasion Glycopyrrolate Afamelanotide Clinical images Images hosted on other servers: Hailey-Hailey in right axilla Hyperpigmented plaques over groin Hailey-Hailey lesions on left groin Figure 2b: Showing longitudinal leukonychia [pathologyoutlines.com]

  Patients with Hailey-Hailey disease may also have nail manifestation called ‘longitudinal leukonychia’ which are longitudinal white bands on the fingernails. [aocd.org]

  In patients with limited or atypical disease, longitudinal leukonychia may serve as a diagnostic clue. [therapeutique-dermatologique.org]

  Longitudinal leukonychia, seen 71% in one study, may help in the diagnosis of HHD. [6] However, this nail finding was not observed in the reported case. [e-ijd.org]

The diagnosis of familial benign pemphigus can only be made with a detailed patient history and a meticulous physical examination that provides sufficient data for clinical suspicion of this rare blistering skin disorder. In addition to the assessment of the course and progression of symptoms, patients must be asked about the familial presence of symptoms, which may be the crucial detail in narrowing the differential diagnosis. On the other hand, observing typical cutaneous findings in intertriginous areas and associated symptoms can be quite helpful. One of the key features of familial benign pemphigus is the absence of antibody deposition on immunofluorescence testing [4] [5], the principal method for assessing and stratifying other blistering skin lesions (Pemphigus, Pemphigoid, etc.). For this reason, a histopathological examination of lesions is critical. Generalized suprabasal loss of cellular adhesions (known as acantholysis), resembling a dilapidated brick wall appearance, is the hallmark of familial benign pemphigus [4] [8]. Other notable findings on histology are dyskeratosis and preservation of the dermis [5] [8]. Thus, a combination of clinical criteria, a positive family history, and microscopic examination of the skin comprise the diagnostic workup of this rare, but potentially debilitating skin blistering disease.

• Polyps

  Upper and lower digestive endoscopies showed superficial erosions in the lower oesophagus, no lesion in the gastric or duodenal mucosa, a caecal polyp, and lesions of angiodysplasia in the left colon. [medicaljournals.se]

Treatment is symptomatic with general measures to prevent friction and Sweat. [ijdd.in]

Treatment Hailey-Hailey disease cannot be cured, but symptoms can be managed with treatment. Flare-ups tend to settle down within a few days with appropriate treatment. [news-medical.net]

Systemic treatments Systemic treatments are often used when lesions are refractory to local topical treatments or when the disease is too diffuse to be treated focally ( Table 2 ). [dovepress.com]

After active sites of BFP showed good response to treatment, we treated uninvolved skin of the left axilla to assess the efficacy of prophylactic therapy. results Treatment of affected areas, except biopsy sites, resulted in clearing of active lesions [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

New treatment options are under study and offer hope for better treatments in the future. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] painful blisters and rashes to form on the skin, often in the skin folds The cause of Hailey-Hailey Disease is a genetic defect and the condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner A treatment of the condition involves steroid therapy; the prognosis [dovemed.com]

A distinct type of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma with an intermediate prognosis. Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Working Group. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132:1304-1308. ‏ الصفحة 267 - Fletcher V, Sagebiel RW. [books.google.com]

Although the recurrent nature of FBP is a nuisance, most patients have a good prognosis and experience improvement with age. 2 Because of inherent epidermal damage, secondary infection is the major complication. [clinicaladvisor.com]

Hailey-Hailey disease: the clinical features, response to treatment and prognosis. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126:275-82. [ Links ] 3 Riahi RR, Yamazaki ML, Kelly BC. Tzanck smear utilized in the diagnosis of Hailey-Hailey disease mimicking genital herpes. [scielo.br]

Qualifiers English : BL blood CF cerebrospinal fluid CI chemically induced CL classification CO complications DI diagnosis DG diagnostic imaging DH diet therapy DT drug therapy EC economics EM embryology EN enzymology EP epidemiology EH ethnology ET etiology [decs.bvs.br]

Etiology Mutations in the ATP2C1 gene (localised to 3q21-q24), encoding a calcium pump, cause the disease by impairing epidermal keratinocyte adhesion. [orpha.net]

[…] which are calcium dependent adherence proteins (cadherins) ( Indian Dermatol Online J 2016;7:147 ) Hailey-Hailey and Darier disease share similar pathogenesis, as opposed to pemphigus vulgaris, in which autoantibodies develop against desmosomal proteins Etiology [pathologyoutlines.com]

Etiology: Autoimmune disease. Antibodies against: desmoglein 1 (DSG1) [9] and desmoglein 3 (DSG3). [4] Microscopic Features: [10] Suprabasilar blistering. DDx: Hailey-Hailey disease. Darier disease. Grover disease. [librepathology.org]

(Etiology) Hailey-Hailey Disease is an autosomal dominant genetic condition It is caused by missing one of the two copies of the ATP2C1 gene on chromosome 3, which encodes the protein hSPCA1 Approximately 30% of the cases, are caused by random mutations [dovemed.com]

Note English : 92 Allowable Qualifiers English : BL blood CF cerebrospinal fluid CI chemically induced CL classification CO complications DI diagnosis DG diagnostic imaging DH diet therapy DT drug therapy EC economics EM embryology EN enzymology EP epidemiology [decs.bvs.br]

Summary Epidemiology Prevalence is unknown. Clinical description Skin lesions appear during adolescence or more often at the age of 30-40 years; they are relapsing and recurrent. Lesions can be complicated by heat, rubbing or superinfections. [orpha.net]

This report defines the prevalence of genital colonization in a large population of women, characterizes the women with S. aureus, and describes epidemiologic features of genital carriage. ‎ Página 50 - Lautenschlager S, Eichmann A. [books.google.es]

Epidemiology of the three major types of pemphigus: PV ( Figures 185-1, 185-2, 185-3, and 185-4 ): Most common form of pemphigus in the United States. [accessmedicine.mhmedical.com]

Synonyms: familial benign chronic pemphigus, Hailey-Hailey disease Epidemiology and aetiology This is a rare inherited autosomal dominant skin disorder, caused by a genetic mutation in the ATP2C1 gene located on chromosome 3. [ 1 ] Occasionally sporadic [patient.info]

[…] topical antimicrobials Terminology Also called benign familial pemphigus Papular acantholytic dermatosis in genitocrural region may be a localized form of H-H disease Sites Axillae, groin, perianal and inframammary areas Rarely involves other sites Pathophysiology [pathologyoutlines.com]

Pathophysiology Keratinocytes are held together through desmosomes and adherens junctions. These junctions consist of calcium-binding transmembrane glycoproteins, which contribute to cellular adhesion. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Pathophysiology The exact role that these mutations play in the clinical manifestation of Hailey-Hailey disease are not yet clear. [dermatologyadvisor.com]

Intracutaneous injections of botulinum toxin to inhibit perspiration may be of benefit. [9] Maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding heat and friction of affected areas, and keeping the area clean and dry may help prevent flares. [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] diet therapy DT drug therapy EC economics EM embryology EN enzymology EP epidemiology EH ethnology ET etiology GE genetics HI history IM immunology ME metabolism MI microbiology MO mortality NU nursing PS parasitology PA pathology PP physiopathology PC prevention [decs.bvs.br]

Trying to prevent bacterial, viral, and fungal infections in the affected areas is also important, and drugs used to treat or prevent these infections are commonly used. [medicinenet.com]

Prevention and treatment of bacterial, viral and fungal infections is also important, and drugs used to treat these infections are commonly used. [therapeutique-dermatologique.org]

Hailey-Hailey Disease is a complex disease believed to involve both, one's genetic predisposition and certain environmental factors Currently, there are no definitive methods to prevent Hailey-Hailey Disease What is the Prognosis of Hailey-Hailey Disease [dovemed.com]

1. Hunt R, O'Reilly K, Ralston J, Kamino H, Shupack JL. Familial benign chronic pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease). Dermatol Online J. 2010;16(11):14.
2. Durr G, et al. The medial-Golgi ion pump Pmr1 supplies the yeast secretory pathway with Ca2+ and Mn2+ required for glycosylation, sorting, and endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation. Mol Biol Cell. 1998;9:1149.
3. Hakuno M, et al. Dissociation of intra- and extracellular domains of desmosomal cadherins and E-cadherin in Hailey-Hailey disease and Darier's disease. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142:702.
4. Warycha M, Patel R, Meehan S, et al; Familial benign chronic pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease). Dermatol Online J. 2009;15(8):15.
5. Tchernev G, Cardoso JC. Familial benign chronic pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey Disease): use of topical immunomodulators as a modern treatment option. Rev Med Chil. 2011;139(5):633-637.
6. Graham PM, Melkonian A, Fivenson D. Familial benign chronic pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease) treated with electron beam radiation. JAAD Case Rep. 2016;2(2):159-161.
7. Gisondi P, Sampogna F, Annessi G, Girolomoni G, Abeni D. Severe impairment of quality of life in Hailey-Hailey disease. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85(2):132-135.
8. Arora H, Bray FN, Cervantes J, Falto Aizpurua LA. Management of familial benign chronic pemphigus. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2016;9:281-290.