The p21 protein is present on the inner aspect of the plasma membrane of a variety of cells. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Of 22 patients with proximal cholangiocarcinoma, 16 (73%) had nodal involvement at presentation, four later developed adenopathy, and five had peritoneal dissemination. [pubs.rsna.org]

• Jaundice

  These include: Bile ducts cysts Certain liver diseases Chronic bile duct inflammation Chronic inflammatory bowel conditions, such as ulcerative colitis Congenital abnormalities of the biliary tract Infection caused by a parasite called liver fluke Jaundice [docdoc.com.sg]

  It is important to note that jaundice is a common symptom for many conditions. Your doctor may need to do several diagnostic tests to find the exact cause of the jaundice. (See the Diagnosis section for a complete list.) [cancer.net]

  We present the third case of metastatic lung cancer to the common bile duct presenting as abdominal distention and jaundice. [omicsonline.org]

  Jaundice: For bile duct carcinoma, the bile tract will be blocked by tumor and causes jaundice; jaundice would get worse gradually without pain-free for most of the cases; besides, the degree of jaundice is definitely related with the position of obstruct [moderncancerhospital.com]

  Extrahepatic obstructive jaundice due to colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 1988;(83):267–70. PubMed Chu PG, Schwarz RE, Lau SK,. [acgcasereports.gi.org]

• Hepatomegaly

  Other features include fatigue, acholic stool, a palpable mass, hepatomegaly, or a distended gallbladder (Courvoisier sign, with distal cholangiocarcinoma). [msdmanuals.com]

  […] cholangiocarcinoma characteristically present with signs of biliary obstruction, and imaging and laboratory data can corroborate the presence of cholestasis.24 On examination, patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma may present with jaundice, hepatomegaly [mdedge.com]

  Stenożi epatika, epatomegalite, kolanġite, iperbilirubinemija English Alopecia, capillaritis, vasculitis Last Update: 2017-04-26 Usage Frequency: 1 Quality: Maltese Stenożi epatika, epatomegalite, kolanġite, iperbilirubinemija English Hepatic steatosis, hepatomegaly [mymemory.translated.net]

  Feeding problems, diarrhea, irritability or fussiness, recurrent fevers, abnormal enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly), and the abnormal enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) may also occur. [rarediseases.org]

• Pruritus

  Mechanical bile drainage can often relieve pruritus, recurrent sepsis, and pain due to biliary obstruction. Cholangiocarcinomas and other bile duct tumors are rare (1 to 2/100,000 people) but are usually malignant. [msdmanuals.com]

  jaundice, dark urine, pruritus) and a painless, enlarged gallbladder (Courvoisier sign). [amboss.com]

  Nonspecific signs and symptoms Patients who do not present with jaundice have vague complaints, including abdominal pain, weight loss, pruritus, fever, and an abdominal mass. [aboutcancer.com]

  Prolonged biliary obstruction causes hepatocellular dysfunction, [2] progressive malnutrition, coagulopathy, pruritus, renal dysfunction, and cholangitis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Provides all the necessary tools to make a comprehensive diagnostic workup including data from ancillary techniques and molecular findings whenever appropriate. [books.google.com]

[…] features are nonspecific and include dull right upper quadrant pain, weight loss, and an elevated alkaline phosphatase level.23 Alternatively, asymptomatic patients can present with incidentally detected lesions, when imaging is obtained as part of the workup [mdedge.com]

Clinical Testing and Workup Physicians will take a blood sample from individuals suspected of having beta thalassemia. Several different tests can be performed on a single blood sample. [rarediseases.org]

[…] gastric malignancies is as follows [3] : Adenocarcinoma - 90-95% Lymphomas - 1-5% Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (formerly classified as either leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas) - 2% Carcinoids - 1% Adenoacanthomas - 1% Squamous cell carcinomas - 1% See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Necator Americanus

  Human infection from hookworms (Necator americanus) and whipworms (Trichuris trichiura) is common in the southern rural areas of the U.S.A. (e.g. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Four patients treated with external-beam plus intraluminal brachytherapy had a clinical response (2 partial, 2 complete) after treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment of biliary tract cancer follows the same protocols used in treating any type of cancer. The main treatment is surgery in which the malignant tumor is removed. [docdoc.com.sg]

BACKGROUND: Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein that influences chemotherapy effectiveness and prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis of Cancer of the Bile Duct (Cholangiocarcinoma Biliary Cancer) Cholangiocarcinoma prognosis is often poor as most tumours are unsuitable for resection. [myvmc.com]

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder is a little-known and infrequent variant of carcinoma, and its etiology and behavior are not completely known. [scielo.org.co]

Etiology Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma [2][3][5] Primary sclerosing cholangitis Liver fluke infection (e.g., Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini) Choledocholithiasis (both with and without hepatic duct involvement) Chronic viral hepatitis [amboss.com]

A rare etiology is hematogenous metastasis to the interior lumen of the CBD. Only two cases reported in the literature of hematogenous metastatic involve the CBD lumen [ 2, 3 ]. [omicsonline.org]

Etiology and risk factors Ulcerative colitis is a clear risk factor for bile duct tumors. Patients with ulcerative colitis have an incidence of bile duct cancer that is 9-21 times higher than that of the general population. [aboutcancer.com]

[…] of Oral Cancer in Saudi Arabia Authors : Elasbali, Abdelbaset Mohamed1; Ahmed, Hussain Gadelkarim2 Subjects: Oral cancer; Etiology; Saudi Arabia Source: International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 7(6):161-170. 2018 Record details Read [library.laredo.edu]

Definition Epidemiology References:[4][6] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

Epidemiology In the United States, BTC is rare and accounts for approximately 4% of all gastrointestinal malignancies, with an estimated 6000 to 7000 cases of carcinoma of the gallbladder and 3000 to 4000 cases of carcinoma of the bile duct diagnosed [mdedge.com]

Clinical, pathological, and epidemiological studies on these tumors have been under investigation. [karger.com]

Epidemiology of Gallbladder Disease: Cholelithiasis and Cancer. Gut Liver. 2012;6(2):172–187. 19 Abbreviations: GB, gallbladder; N, North; S, South. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiological studies have indicated that obesity is associated with colorectal cancer. The obesity hormone leptin is considered as a key mediator for cancer development and progression. [ias.ac.in]

In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 10th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2016. . Accessed Feb. 22, 2016. Rizvi S, et al. [mayoclinic.org]

Matsumoto Y, Fujii H, Itakura J (2003) Pancreaticobiliary maljunction: pathophysiological and clinical aspects and the impact on biliary carcinogenesis. Langenbeck Arch Surg 388:122–131 95. [springermedizin.de]

[…] article on gastric cancer. epidemiology uncommon before the age of 40 years incidence rises rapidly to the age of 70 years (median age) presentation 50% have no symptoms non-specific symptoms in the early stages, e.g. dyspepsia anorexia and weight loss pathophysiology [radiopaedia.org]

Contraction is stimulated by the hormone cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CKK), which is produced by endocrine cells in the intestinal wall and by acetylcholine from parasympathetic fibres of the vagus nerve. 5 Pathophysiology The most frequent disease of [flexikon.doccheck.com]

Inhibition of COX-2/PGE(2) production prevented the second, but not the first, phase of EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, implicating COX-2/PGE(2) in the second phase of phosphorylation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prevention There's no way to prevent cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer). But you may reduce your risk of the disease if you: Stop smoking. Smoking is linked to an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. If you smoke, stop. [mayoclinic.org]

Because people with Gardner’s syndrome have a higher risk of developing colon cancer, treatment is usually aimed at preventing this. [healthline.com]

Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Learn about the risk factors for bile duct cancer and what you might be able to do to help lower your risk. Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Know the signs and symptoms of bile duct cancer. [cancer.org]

Prevention Other than the avoidance of infections caused by liver flukes, there are no known preventions for this cancer. Resources Books Abeloff, Martin D., editor. "Cholangiocarcinoma." In Clinical Oncology. 2nd ed. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]