This report presents 2007 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics; preliminary 2008 data are also referenced on key measures where available. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pain

  Work with your health care team to evaluate your options for pain relief during labor. Whether you experience back labor or feel labor pain elsewhere, being familiar with pain management techniques can give you a greater sense of control. [mayoclinic.org]

  The course of fear, pain and concentrations of stress hormones differed, highly influenced by the administration of EDA. Fear and pain correlated more pronounced than stress hormones and fear, pain and duration of labor. [doi.org]

• Infertility

  In Korea, herbal medicine is widely used to treat female infertility. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fatigue

  Compared to controls, adoptive and biological mothers reported more fatigue, less readiness to work at a job, and less activity with household chores and recreational or social functions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Rebecca Giallo, Catherine Wade and Mandy Kienhuis, Fatigue in mothers of infants and young children: factor structure of the fatigue assessment scale, Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior, 2, 3, (119), (2014). [doi.org]

  Symptoms The gradual onset of weakness over weeks or months Difficulty rising from a low-seated chair or combing one’s hair Torso or “core” weakness Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) Pain or weakness in the joints Generalized fatigue Diagnostic Tests [hopkinsmyositis.org]

  Fatigue. Shortness of breath due to heart and lung involvement. Patchy red or violet rash around the eyes: Some people also get patchy, red skin over the knuckles, elbows and knees or a red rash on the neck and upper chest. Fever. Weight loss. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  Other signs include neck flexor weakness, fatigue, stiffness, weight loss anorexia, dysphagia and less commonly dysphonia. [orpha.net]

• Swelling

  We report a case of an 18-month-old Sudanese girl who presented at the age of 3 months with swelling of her left forearm following Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination administered at birth. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Medicines can help with swelling. They may also help control your immune system. Physical therapy and other exercises can also help. Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. [healthy.kaiserpermanente.org]

  Hemorrhoids and bowel movements If you notice pain during bowel movements and feel swelling near your anus, you might have hemorrhoids — stretched and swollen veins in the anus or lower rectum. [web.archive.org]

• Shivering

  Shivers One small trial found no clear difference between groups for women shivering (RR 5.00, 95% CI 0.27 to 92.62; 20 women; studies = 1; Analysis 1.24 ). [doi.org]

  Fluids can make you shiver. But women in labor often shiver with or without epidural. If the covering of the spinal chord is punctured, you can get a bad headache. Treatment can help the headache. Backache for a few days after labor. [womenshealth.gov]

  Some women experience an uncontrolled episode of shivering or postpartum chills, after the birth. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Nausea

  Nausea or vomiting or both Fewer women in the epidural group experienced nausea and vomiting (average RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.87; 4440 women; studies = 15; I 2 = 70%; Tau 2 = 0.24; Chi 2 = 46.51, df = 14; P < 0.0001; Analysis 1.21 ), although heterogeneity [doi.org]

  There are side effects associated with both drugs—namely, nausea and vomiting. When promethazine is given in conjunction with meperidine, these side effects are ameliorated. [britannica.com]

  They can cause nausea and vomiting. They can make you feel very itchy. Opioids cannot be given right before delivery because they may slow the baby's breathing and heart rate at birth. [womenshealth.gov]

• Fear

  OBJECTIVE: Continuity with a known midwife might benefit women with fear of birth, but is rare in Sweden. The aim was to test a modified caseload midwifery model of care to provide continuity of caregiver to women with fear of birth. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The course of fear, pain and concentrations of stress hormones differed, highly influenced by the administration of EDA. Fear and pain correlated more pronounced than stress hormones and fear, pain and duration of labor. [doi.org]

• Confusion

  However, the authors hesitate to apply the diagnosis of abnormal labor during the latent phase because it is easy to confuse prodromal contractions for latent labor. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Consultations are available to help you sort through confusing or difficult medical issues. We work with many children and families from around the Northwest and beyond. [seattlechildrens.org]

  These pendulum swings make motherhood harder and more confusing, something I heard a lot about from the moms I spoke with for this article. [time.com]

  These diagnoses can lead to inadequate treatment.Postpartum psychosis is a rare psychiatric emergency in which symptoms of high mood and racing thoughts (mania), depression, severe confusion, loss of inhibition, paranoia, hallucinations and delusions [en.wikipedia.org]

• Cesarean Section

  Cesarean section was performed at 34+6, with delivery of a healthy boy (weight 2,335 g). Hysterectomy was performed 3.5 months after delivery. The weight of the healthy child at 12 months was 9.3 kg. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  To date only three trials randomized patients to narcotic versus epidural groups, and all showed a twofold to threefold increase in cesarean section for dystocia. [doi.org]

• Vaginal Bleeding

  DO NOT perform vaginal examination if bleeding now or at any time after 7 months of pregnancy. Perform gentle vaginal examination (do not start during a contraction): → Determine cervical dilatation in centimetres. → Feel for presenting part. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  About a week or two after delivery, this scab comes off, causing vaginal bleeding of up to about a cup. Breasts During the early stages of milk production (lactation), the breasts become engorged with milk, sometimes making them feel tight and sore. [merckmanuals.com]

  It is associated with a longer second stage of labour and an increased chance of vaginal instrumental birth. [nice.org.uk]

• Vaginal Discharge

  Contact your health care provider if the pain intensifies, the wound becomes hot, swollen and painful, or you notice a pus-like discharge. Vaginal discharge You'll have a vaginal discharge (lochia) for a number of weeks after delivery. [web.archive.org]

  Common symptoms of STIs include vaginal discharge, urethral discharge or burning in men, genital ulcers, and abdominal pain. Scope of the problem STIs have a profound impact on sexual and reproductive health worldwide. [who.int]

  FOR ALL SITUATIONS IN RED BELOW, REFER URGENTLY TO HOSPITAL IF IN EARLY LABOUR, MANAGE ONLY IF IN LATE LABOUR Rupture of membranes and any of: → Fever >38˚C → Foul-smelling vaginal discharge. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Subsequent workup, with particular attention to his history and presentation, led to his diagnosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

NAM has been associated with malignancy and statin use. [6] See Etiology, Presentation, and Workup. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis have many shared clinical features. Both present as symmetrical muscle weakness that develops over weeks to months. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Platelet-rich plasma may be employed as a first-line CE treatment, especially for patients who fail to respond to conventional antibiotic schemes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The lack of awareness among the general public and primary healthcare providers and inadequate orthopaedic and neurosurgeons trained to treat the condition have worsened the prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis Prognosis depends on patient response to treatment (good in most cases), severity of disease manifestations, age at diagnosis, presence of cardiac or pulmonary involvement, and associated malignancy. [orpha.net]

Most studies on post-traumatic stress symptoms after childbirth have focused on prevalence of and looked at etiological factors and predictors. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology Polymyositis is an immune-mediated syndrome secondary to defective cellular immunity that is most commonly associated with other systemic autoimmune diseases. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Platt Associate Professor Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, and Occupational Health McGill University [web.archive.org]

Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. 2 Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. 3 Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] a, Bernard L Harlow, associate professor of obstetrics, gynaecology, and reproductive biology a, Amy K Chekos, research associate a, John T Repke, associate professor of obstetrics, gynaecology, and reproductive biology b a Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology [bmj.com]

(Please refer to the Pathophysiology for information regarding adequate contractions.) Abnormal labor constitutes any findings that fall outside the accepted normal labor curve. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Hankins GD, Speer M (2003) Defining the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of neonatal encephalopathy and cerebral palsy. Obstet Gynecol 102:628–636 CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar 26. [doi.org]

Pathophysiology of pelvic adhesions. Modern trends in preventing infertility. J Reprod Med. 1992; 37 :107-122. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 16. Stone K. Adhesions in gynecologic surgery. [pubmedcentral.nih.gov]

The work of Ignaz Semmelweis was seminal in the pathophysiology and treatment of childbed fever and his work saved many lives. Childbirth can be an intense event and strong emotions, both positive and negative, can be brought to the surface. [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] of Social and Preventive Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea. 4 Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This includes information on the prevention of HIV through clinical, behavioral and social interventions. [apps.who.int]