The clinical presentation of bleeding is diverse, and it is imperative to recognize different forms of bleeding that may provide vital information about the underlying cause. Cutaneous (petechiae, epistaxis, purpuric spots, ecchymosis) or mucosal bleeding (for eg. gingival or conjunctival bleeding) rises suspicion toward platelet disorders (such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), splenic sequestration or drug-induced thrombocytopenia) and vascular abnormalities [1] [2]. Muscular, parenchymal, intracavitary (hemoperitoneum, hemothorax), or orificial bleeding can point to disorders of impaired coagulation, including hemophilia A and B, vitamin K deficiency, celiac disease, von Willebrand disease (vWD) and many other [1] [2] [3]. In fact, a tendency towards bleeding can be the first manifestation of patients with celiac disease (CD) [4]. In addition to the type of bleeding, signs such as excessive hemorrhage from cuts, easy bruising or intracranial bleeding may suggest some form of coagulopathy as well (vitamin K deficiency or any of the inherited genetic disorders) [3] [5]. Menorrhagia, especially when present in younger women, is a diagnostic hallmark of bleeding disorders in this population. The onset of bleeding is also an important clue, as bleeding diathesis may last throughout the entire childhood or just for a few days, depending on the underlying cause. Hepatosplenomegaly, tachycardia, skin or conjunctival pallor, and anemia presenting with a heart murmur are other notable symptoms. In very rare cases, eczema and recurrent infections accompanied by frequent bleeding episodes are highly specific for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, an X-linked genetic disease [2].

• Easy Bruising

  bruising, prolonged epistaxis, excessive bleeding after a tooth extraction). [orpha.net]

  Conclusions: Easy bruising was the most common presenting symptom for which patients were referred to hematology. [bloodjournal.org]

  Nine of our patients indicated a relevant bleeding diathesis and complained of easy bruising, three reported spontaneous gum bleeding. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In addition to the type of bleeding, signs such as excessive hemorrhage from cuts, easy bruising or intracranial bleeding may suggest some form of coagulopathy as well (vitamin K deficiency or any of the inherited genetic disorders). [symptoma.com]

• Hematemesis

  Results: A total of 92 children up to the age of 14 years were taken up for study, of which, maximum cases with bleeding presented with hematemesis (23.9%) followed by melena (22.8%). [atharvapub.net]

  Signs: Abnormal Bleeding (multiple sites) Nasopharynx Epistaxis Bleeding Gums Gastrointestinal Hematemesis Melana Gynecologic Menorrhagia Postpartum Hemorrhage Musculoskeletal Muscle hematomas Hemarthrosis Skin Purpura Petechiae Trauma Excessive bleeding [fpnotebook.com]

  A 40-year-old woman with epistaxis, hematemesis, and altered mental status. Martha E Laposata, Elizabeth M. Van Cott, Michael H. Lev The New England journal of medicine 2007 3 Excerpts Celiac disease. Peter H. R. [semanticscholar.org]

  Case Presentation An 18-year-old unmarried young Asian female came through the emergency department (ER) with a history of hematemesis for last twenty-four hours. The patient reported that this was the third episode of hematemesis in one day. [cureus.com]

• Epistaxis

  Correction of the bleeding diathesis to control the epistaxis required treatment of the tumour with chemotherapy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Presenting symptoms in rare inherited platelet disorders were purpura, ecchymosis, epistaxis and bleeding gums, respectively. [journals.lww.com]

A detailed patient history should be obtained in all patients with a bleeding diathesis, as it may reveal key findings such as prior use of aspirin or anticoagulant therapy, a prolonged duration of symptoms and the familial presence of bleeding disorders [2] [6]. The type and severity of bleeding noted during the physical examination are pivotal as well, but to determine the underlying cause, an extensive laboratory workup is necessary. A complete blood count (CBC) can detect anemia and more importantly thrombocytopenia (defined as platelet count <150,000/μL), which may occur either as a result of impaired function or insufficient production of platelets. Initial workup should also comprise prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), to determine whether the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway is disturbed [3]. Prolonged PT suggests factor VII deficiency, while hemophilias A and B, Von Willebrand disease, and deficiency of factors XI and XII are the most likely causes of bleeding if aPTT is prolonged [2]. If both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are defective, vitamin K deficiency, liver disease, use of anticoagulant therapy or deficiency of factors V, X, or II must be considered in the differential diagnosis [2]. Additional procedures include a peripheral blood smear, platelet function analysis (PFA), thrombin time, inflammatory parameters (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and D-dimer), as well as the determination of individual coagulation factors [2] [3].

Due to multiple comorbidities, it may be impossible to safely discontinue the anticoagulant treatment. Other modalities such as shock wave lithotripsy and PCNL are contraindicated in these patients, so ureteroscopic treatment may be the only option. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hemophilia[7] Adverse reactions to clotting factor treatment. [en.wikipedia.org]

Relatively favorable prognosis. With age, the tendency to bleeding is reduced. Mortal danger may be profuse bleeding and bleeding into vital organs. [eurodoctor.ucoz.com]

Some bleeding disorders have a better prognosis if they’re treated early. It’s especially important to see a doctor about a bleeding disorder if you expect to have surgery, give birth, or have extensive dental work. [healthline.com]

KEYWORDS: Blood coagulation disorders/complications; blood coagulation factors/inhibitors; central nervous system diseases/etiology; hemophilia A; hemophilia B; hemorrhage; hemorrhage/etiology; humans intracranial hemorrhages/etiology; platelet transfusion [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

To investigate the etiology of the abnormal coagulopathy, further diagnostic studies including coagulation factor assays, platelet aggregation studies, replitase time, mixing studies using pooled normal plasma, and protamine were performed. [liebertpub.com]

Analysis of the clinico-epidemiological data of patients with bleeding disorders is a useful tool for monitoring and improving their quality of care. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We aimed to assess the prevalence of various bleeding disorders including rare inherited coagulation and platelet disorders concerning their clinico-epidemiological, diagnostic data and bleeding manifestations severity. [journals.lww.com]

Methods Statistics Trigonometry Medical & Nursing Anatomy Anesthesiology Audiology Bacteriology Biochemistry Bioethics Biomedical Science Cardiology Cardiovascular Childbirth Chiropractic Dentistry Dermatology Diagnostic Imaging Drugs Endocrinology Epidemiology [brainscape.com]

Disseminated intravascular coagulation Impaired hepatic production of coagulation factors: e.g., liver cirrhosis Other important types Von Willebrand disease Definition: : a disorder of primary hemostasis characterized by either a deficiency or disorder of vWF Epidemiology [amboss.com]

Congenital FV deficiency (Owren parahaemophilia) Epidemiology Congenital FV deficiency (OMIM #227400), first described by Owren (1947) (Stormorken, 2003), is an autosomal recessive bleeding disorder that reportedly affects 1:106 individuals in the general [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

Several pathophysiological mechanisms underlie TIC; tissue injury and shock synergistically provoke endothelial, immune system, platelet and clotting activation, which are accentuated by the 'lethal triad' (coagulopathy, hypothermia and acidosis). [portailvasculaire.fr]

Kwaan Springer Science & Business Media, ٢١‏/٠٤‏/٢٠٠٩ - 339 من الصفحات Coagulation in Cancer informs professionals working in the field of cancer about the pathophysiologic mechanisms of cancer-related thrombosis and bleeding. [books.google.com]

Variants of von Willebrand disease Type Inheritance/etiology Pathophysiology Congenital Type 1 (80%) Autosomal dominant Quantitative deficiency of vWF and factor VIII Type 2 (15-20%) Autosomal dominant Qualitative defect in vWF Type 3 (∼ 1%) Autosomal [amboss.com]

Such pathophysiology significantly stresses even an initially normal hemostatic mechanism. It is not surprising, then, that bleeding is a frequent complication encountered in the intensive care setting. [link.springer.com]

Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test Bleeding problems may be associated with a wide variety of coagulation abnormalities or may be due to problems not associated [mayomedicallaboratories.com]

Getting prompt treatment will help prevent any potential complications. [healthline.com]

Revue : Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 Apr 29;7(1):30 Résumé : Uncontrolled haemorrhage is a major preventable cause of death in patients with traumatic injury. [portailvasculaire.fr]

We present a case of recurrent epistaxis in a patient with Bernard-Soulier syndrome (a platelet disorder) and describe a non-invasive but effective method of closing the nasal vestibule using a silastic obturator thus preventing the drying effects of [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

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2. Bashawri LAM, Ahmed MA. The approach to a patient with a bleeding disorder: for the primary care physician. Journal of Family & Community Medicine. 2007;14(2):53-58.
3. Tiplett DA. Coagulation and bleeding disorders: review and update. Clin Chem. 2000;46(8 Pt 2):1260-1269.
4. Halfdanarson TR, Litzow MR, Murray JA. Hematologic manifestations of celiac disease. Blood. 2007;109(2):412-421.
5. Kasatkar P, Shetty S, Ghosh K. Delayed vitamin K deficiency as a cause of bleeding: still a concern in the 21st century! Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2010;21(6):608-610.
6. Dizdar O, Onal IK, Ozakin E, et al. Research for bleeding tendency in patients presenting with significant epistaxis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2007;18(1):41-43.