Characteristic microvascular, ischemic skin findings are present in most cases of CES. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

Diagnosis is usually (definitely) confirmed with skin or muscle biopsy and fundoscopic examination presenting cholesterol crystals. [escardio.org]

Acute renal failure is present in 25–50% of atheroembolic cases [ 2 ]. [academic.oup.com]

Spontaneous embolization was once the most common presentation. With the increase in endovascular interventions, this ... [accesssurgery.mhmedical.com]

Case Presentation: A 71‐year‐old woman with hypertension presented from an outside hospital for a second opinion. [shmabstracts.com]

• Anorexia

  Protean constitutional symptoms including fever (15-20% of patients) and anorexia may mimic infectious or primary inflammatory conditions. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

  Constitutional signs and symptoms such as fever, weight loss, anorexia, fatigue, and myalgias are frequent manifestation of the inflammatory response. [ahajournals.org]

• Disability

  Since cholesterol emboli occlude smaller arteries and arterioles rather than superficial large palpable arteries, many patients presenting with disabling blue toe syndrome may not be candidates for direct arterial intervention. [krcp-ksn.org]

• Aspiration

  Three lesions were treated with surgical bypass, three with long-term anticoagulation, and one with transcatheter clot aspiration and immediate PTA. Two were treated with immediate thrombolytic therapy and had embolic complications. [jhu.pure.elsevier.com]

• Chronic Diarrhea

  In those with more chronic disease, occult bleeding may persist indefinitely, requiring transfusion support. Mucosal injury may have long-term sequelae including malabsorption and chronic diarrhea. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

• Tachycardia

  On examination, he was febrile and had tachycardia. The abdomen was mildly distended and there was tenderness in the epigastric area. Chest examination, fundus examination and other systemic examinations were unremarkable. [pancreas.imedpub.com]

• Angiomatosis

  Blue toe syndrome as a clue to the underlying cause of acute renal failure. 38 Sandhu G...Cortell S 25949485 2010 37 Isolated blue toe syndrome as the initial sign of Wegener granulomatosis. 38 Begon E...Bachmeyer C 20609674 2010 38 Cutaneous reactive angiomatosis [malacards.org]

• Decrease in Height

  […] peak height Partial loss of flow reversal Loss of arterial rebound Describe what a moderate obstruction looks like on a doppler ultrasound MONOPHASIC (one little hump) Rounding of upstroke/downstroke Decreased peak height Absend flow reversal Absent [brainscape.com]

• Muscle Tenderness

  Myalgia and muscle tenderness - Cutaneous lesions (ulcers and necrosis) - Lacelike pattern of blue0red mottling with normal skin - Palpable purpura - Temperature changes - Cyanosis - Absent capillary fill time (CFT) What is intermittent claudication [brainscape.com]

• Renal Injury

  Renal function and electrolytes should be assessed daily during an episode of acute kidney injury with rising creatinine. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

• Hematuria

  Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Ludmerer KM, Kissane JM : Progressive renal failure with hematuria in a 62-year-old man. Amer J Med 71: 468 - 473, 1981. [journals.sagepub.com]

• Uremia

  Attention on physical exam should be paid to the function of involved organs: volume status and signs of uremia pertinent to kidney function, integrity of ischemic skin areas and signs of sepsis or peritonitis that could indicate intestinal ischemia or [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

Her urine sediment and vasculitis workup were otherwise unremarkable. There was debate over whether to obtain a biopsy (renal vs. skin) to confirm the diagnosis and whether to continue anticoagulation. [shmabstracts.com]

Echocardiography, a carotid Doppler study, a coagulation profile and a disseminated intravascular coagulation workup were all normal. The patient was started on aspirin, pentoxifylline and heparin. [pancreas.imedpub.com]

Although aortic arch atherosclerosis is common in patients with ischemic stroke, aortography (performed as an add-on to conventional cerebral angiography performed during diagnostic workup of ischemic strokes) frequently fails to identify plaque detected [ahajournals.org]

The treatment consists in surgical or percutaneous elimination of the source of embolisation. Medical treatment is mostly symptomatic. [escardio.org]

Although the efficacy of treatment with PGE-1 in renal failure due to CCE has not been reported before, it was effective enough to prevent our patient from requiring haemodialysis. [medicaljournals.se]

If this happens, amputation may be necessary so early treatment is essential. Here we will look at the common symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment options for blue toe syndrome. [foot-pain-explored.com]

The overall benefit of the endovascular treatment of AAA is well established. 3-5 There was also the option to perform the renal angioplasty before the aneurysm treatment. [scielo.br]

After treatment, one patient recovered fully and the other two improved significantly. [ntvg.nl]

Prognosis is usually very good in mild forms of the condition where just the toes are affected. In more severe cases, the pain in the toes is disproportional to the degree of blue discolorations. [farinfraredhealth.com]

Mild forms of the disease have a good prognosis and subside without sequelae. However, diffuse multisystemic forms have a very poor prognosis. The kidney is the organ that is most often affected (in approximataly 50 % of cases). [escardio.org]

Gastrointestinal involvement portends a poorer overall prognosis, with 1-year mortality as high as 30-40%. Renal prognosis is highly variable. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

Prognosis Intermittent claudication → good prognosis Rest pain and/or ischemic ulcers → poor prognosis Increased cardiovascular mortality → high risk for secondary MI or stroke A low ABI in PAD is also predictive of an increased risk of all-cause and [amboss.com]

and 3) a “diffuse multisystemic” form with a very poor prognosis [10]. [pancreas.imedpub.com]

Final Notes Treatment of blue toe syndrome depends on the etiology of the disease. [podiatrytoday.com]

The main etiologies are summarized in Table 1. [acrabstracts.org]

Atheroembolism - Cardiac embolism - Hyperviscosity syndromes - Hypercoagulability states - Vasculitis - Miscellaneous What are the most common etiologies of blue toe syndrome - #1 = atrial fibrillation (cardiac embolism) - Leukemias (hyperviscosity [brainscape.com]

ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The most important risk factor is established atherosclerosis. This is a process in which emboli from proximal lesions (plaque) produce ischemia in distal arterial beds. [accesssurgery.mhmedical.com]

Livedo reticularis, although a classic finding in CES, is a non-specific sign of cutaneous ischemia that may be seen in other disorders of the small arteries (vasculitides) and in shock of any etiology. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

Peak incidence : 60–80 years of age Sex : ♂ = ♀ References: [1] [2] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

The blue toe syndrome is the pathophysiological consequence of end-arterial occlusion and frequently the first manifestation of a systemic disorder, such as atheroembolism or vasculitis. Adequate treatment is possible in most cases. [ntvg.nl]

ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The most important risk factor is established atherosclerosis. This is a process in which emboli from proximal lesions (plaque) produce ischemia in distal arterial beds. [accesssurgery.mhmedical.com]

Pathophysiologically chylomicrons and VLDL have been shown to develop calcium dependent agglutination by C-reactive proteins in acute pancreatitis, which could result in vascular occlusion and resultant infarction [9]. [pancreas.imedpub.com]

Discolouration may affect one foot or both, depending on the underlying pathophysiology. It is often painful and may be associated with claudication. [dermnetnz.org]

Because the pathophysiology does not involve thrombosis, antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapies have no direct role in therapy. Controversy surrounds the decision whether to continue established antithrombotic therapy in patients who develop CES. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

Embolism, Cholesterol Femoral Artery Iliac Artery Toes abstract In patients with severe coronary artery disease and blue toe syndrome, the combination of external iliac ligation and axillary-bifemoral bypass is an effective and durable procedure to prevent [vivo.med.cornell.edu]

Therefore, it is very important to recognise this disorder and its possible causes so as to prevent further episodes of local symptoms and especially systemic complications. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007;151:1261-7 [ntvg.nl]

Treatment and Prevention Medical treatment is important and varies depending on the cause. Warfarin, an anticoagulant, is prescribed which clears the blood of clots, if the cause is an embolism. [feetfirstinc.com]

Prevent hand-foot-and-mouth disease It’s contagious, but you can reduce your child’s risk of catching it. Find out what helps. Scabies? Treat everyone! If your child develops scabies, everyone in your household will need treatment. [aad.org]

Although the efficacy of treatment with PGE-1 in renal failure due to CCE has not been reported before, it was effective enough to prevent our patient from requiring haemodialysis. [medicaljournals.se]