Eight of them (12%) presented with intractable nausea and vomiting as the sole initial symptom. [mdedge.com]

This presents in childhood (average age at diagnosis of 10 years) and is preceded by jaundice and hepatosplenomegaly at birth in about half of patients; vertical gaze palsy is present in 80% of patients (32). [neuroophthalmology.ca]

Lateral tegmental hemorrhages present with 1 1/2 syndrome, small reactive pupils, limb ataxia of the cerebellar type, and contralateral hemisensory loss (Caplan and Goodwin, 1982). Diagnosis may be made via MRI or CT scan. [tchain.com]

Type II: This malformation is universally present in children with open neural tube defects (spina bifida aperta or myelomeningocele). [weillcornellbrainandspine.org]

Historical note and terminology Brainstem hemorrhage was first described by Cheyne in 1812 ( Cheyne 1812 ) in a pathological study of patients presenting with lethargy and coma. [medlink.com]

• Tachypnea

  Nightmares are frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep and are associated with an increase in heart rate (tachycardia), an increase in the rate of breathing (tachypnea), profuse sweating, and arousal. [emedicinehealth.com]

• Torticollis

  Focal dystonias involve only one body location, most commonly the neck (spasmodic torticollis), eyelids ( blepharospasm ), lower face ( Meige syndrome ) or hand ( writer's cramp or limb dystonia ). [aans.org]

  Focal dystonias include writer’s cramp, orofaciomandibular dystonia, and torticollis. Tics are similar to dystonia, but they consist of brief movements or utterances of unknown cause. [britannica.com]

• Hearing Impairment

  Additionally, brainstem involvement in MS affects cranial nerve functions, which causes symptoms that are not produced by MS lesions in other locations, including: Diplopia (double vision) or jerky eye movements Hearing impairment, including deafness [verywell.com]

  head glands (tears, nose, palate, lower jaw, tongue amongst others) * Partly vestibulocochlear nerve, eighth cranial nerve): Hearing, equilibrium (balance) Disorders: Hearing impairment, Vertigo, Tinnitus, impaired balance, Headache, Difficulty walking [brain-maps.com]

  […] loss WM white matter ANSD is a relatively new term used to describe the auditory characteristics of hearing-impaired patients who exhibit normal cochlear outer hair cell function but aberrant or disordered neural conduction in other sites deep to the [ajnr.org]

• Diplopia

  A 51-year-old woman with MS developed acute vertigo, ataxia, diplopia, dysarthria, and bifacial weakness. She had been in clinical remission for 24 years without immunomodulatory therapy. [neurology.org]

  There is a clinical continuum between BBE and Fisher's syndrome. [ 1 ] Bickerstaff reported eight patients who, in addition to acute ophthalmoplegia (diplopia) and ataxia, showed drowsiness, extensor plantar responses or hemisensory loss. [ 2 ] Epidemiology [patient.info]

  Your doctor or therapist may also recommend corrective lenses or an eye patch to help manage diplopia. And hearing problems may necessitate the use of a hearing aid. [verywell.com]

  Patients typically present subacutely with a wide variety of signs and symptoms dominated by 1 : cranial nerve dysfunction (e.g. dysarthria, altered facial sensation, diplopia) cerebellar signs (e.g. ataxia) long tract signs (e.g. spasticity, altered [radiopaedia.org]

  • Nystagmus, diplopia, oscillopsia, vertigo, nausea, vomiting: Vestibular nucleus • Horners syndrome (miosis, ptosis, decreased sweating): Descending sympathetic tract • Dysphagia, hoarseness, paralysis of palate, paralysis of vocal cord, diminished gag [slideshare.net]

• Unilateral Ptosis

  Patients often have a Horner's syndrome (unilateral ptosis, miosis and facial anhidrosis). There also may be saccadic dysmetria (overshoot), saccadic pulsion (pulling of the eye during vertical saccades toward the side of lesion). [tchain.com]

  However, a lateral fascicular III lesion affecting the superior recti, inferior oblique and levator may cause a monocular elevator palsy with unilateral ptosis (51). [neuroophthalmology.ca]

• Strabismus

  J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1992;29:142-149. 50. Cadera W, Bloom JN, Karlik S, Viirre E. A magnetic resonance imaging study of double elevator palsy. Can J Ophthalmol 1997;32:250-253. 51. Hriso E, Masdeu JC, Miller A. [neuroophthalmology.ca]

• Psychomotor Retardation

  Psychomotor retardation, seizures, retinal abnormalities, peripheral neuropathies, and musculoskeletal deformities are prominent features of these diseases. [britannica.com]

• Facial Numbness

  Facial nerve The facial nerve is damaged most commonly by swelling within the facial canal in the temporal bone that results from viral infection. [britannica.com]

• Vertigo

  Vertigo is a common early symptom of brainstem strokes. [tchain.com]

  Peripheral vertigo; Central vertigo; Dizziness; Benign positional vertigo; Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Bhattacharyya N, Gubbels SP, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (update). [medlineplus.gov]

  However, because strokes are much less common than other sources of vertigo such as ear disorders, vertigo is only caused by central nervous system problems (including stroke) about 5% of the time. Migraine is a common cause of vascular vertigo. [dizziness-and-balance.com]

  The vertigo arising from central lesions tends to be more chronic and debilitating than that resulting from peripheral vestibulopathy. Vertigo of central origin often becomes unremitting and disabling. There may be nausea and vomiting. [healthcentral.com]

  A person may have vertigo, dizziness and severe imbalance without the hallmark of most strokes — weakness on one side of the body. The symptoms of vertigo dizziness or imbalance usually occur together; dizziness alone is not a sign of stroke. [strokeassociation.org]

• Dizziness

  Download the PDF Dizziness, vertigo, disequilibrium Dizziness, vertigo and disequilibrium are common symptoms reported by adults during visits to their doctors. [vestibular.org]

  A person may have vertigo, dizziness and severe imbalance without the hallmark of most strokes — weakness on one side of the body. The symptoms of vertigo dizziness or imbalance usually occur together; dizziness alone is not a sign of stroke. [strokeassociation.org]

  Vertigo is a sensation of motion or spinning that is often described as dizziness. Vertigo is not the same as being lightheaded. People with vertigo feel as though they are actually spinning or moving, or that the world is spinning around them. [medlineplus.gov]

  Definition Deficits in vestibular function typically cause dizziness, loss of balance, and diminished functional independence and reflect a disturbance of the central vestibular pathways in the brain. [healthcentral.com]

  Dizziness and problems with balance and coordination Swallowing difficulties Sleep apnea Most children born with type II Chiari malformation have hydrocephalus. [webmd.com]

• Nystagmus

  In the author's experience, these patients often exhibit rebound nystagmus, which is a variant of gaze-evoked nystagmus. Some of these patients have upbeating nystagmus supine, often confused with BPPV. [dizziness-and-balance.com]

  In the author's experience, these patients often exhibit rebound nystagmus, which is a variant of gaze-evoked nystagmus. [tchain.com]

  Abstract Three siblings presented with a progressive neurological disorder beginning in the third decade of life and characterised by palatal myoclonus, nystagmus, bulbar weakness and spastic tetraparesis. [jnnp.bmj.com]

  Medial inferior pontine syndrome (occlusion of paramedian branch of basilar artery) On side of lesion • Paralysis of conjugate gaze to side of lesion (preservation of convergence): Center for conjugate lateral gaze(PPRF) • Nystagmus: Vestibular nucleus [slideshare.net]

  A classic sign is convergence-retraction nystagmus. (see case 51 ) Fragments of the pretectal syndrome are common. [neuroophthalmology.ca]

• Dysarthria

  A 51-year-old woman with MS developed acute vertigo, ataxia, diplopia, dysarthria, and bifacial weakness. She had been in clinical remission for 24 years without immunomodulatory therapy. [neurology.org]

  Voice Dysfunction When Stroke Affects Cerebral Cortex (Brain) Vocal symptoms with cerebral cortex strokes are more often related to articulation disorders (slurred speech, or dysarthria) rather than hoarseness. [voicefoundation.org]

  Patients typically present subacutely with a wide variety of signs and symptoms dominated by 1 : cranial nerve dysfunction (e.g. dysarthria, altered facial sensation, diplopia) cerebellar signs (e.g. ataxia) long tract signs (e.g. spasticity, altered [radiopaedia.org]

  In addition, people with migraine with brainstem aura get brainstem aura symptoms such as: Dysarthria (slurred speech) Vertigo (feeling of movement/spinning of self or environment) Tinnitus (ringing in ears) Hypacusis (impaired hearing) Diplopia (double [americanmigrainefoundation.org]

  It is typified by vertigo, ipsilateral hemiataxia, dysarthria, ptosis and miosis. Most patients with this stroke recover very well and often resume their previous activities (Nelles et al, 1998). [tchain.com]

• Irritability

  Multiple types: The type of lesion depends upon its cause and symptoms depend upon its location and amount of brain irritation or damage that has occurred. [medicinenet.com]

  […] be caused by: Benign positional vertigo (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo) Certain medicines, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, diuretics, or salicylates Injury (such as head injury) Inflammation of the vestibular nerve (neuronitis) Irritation [medlineplus.gov]

  Irritation of a temporal lobe may lead to auditory or olfactory hallucinations. [britannica.com]

  Vascular compression of the vestibular nerve is an irritation of the vestibular portion of the vestibulo-cochlear nerve by a blood vessel. [vestibular.org]

  Infants with a Chiari malformation may have difficulty swallowing, irritability when being fed, excessive drooling, a weak cry, gagging or vomiting, arm weakness, a stiff neck, breathing problems, developmental delays, and an inability to gain weight. [ninds.nih.gov]

See Workup for more detail. [emedicine.medscape.com]

There is no treatment. [msdvetmanual.com]

Fink grew up with mood disorders in her family, so she has seen them from every angle and knows the importance of mobilizing the family as a part of any successful treatment. [books.google.com]

While there are treatments (medications and surgical procedures) that improve the motor symptoms, there are no treatments that slow or halt disease progression or prevent dementia in PD patients. [mayo.edu]

Treatment While the underlying cause should be investigated and treated, symptomatic treatment is useful in the vertiginous patient to lessen the abnormal sensation and to alleviate vegetative symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. [healthcentral.com]

The overall prognosis of stroke varies considerably; in general older patients face a worse prognosis for recovery of function. [voicefoundation.org]

Increasing tumor grade is associated with poorer prognosis. Molecular profiling is now an important part of glioma classification. An IDH1 mutation carries a significantly improved prognosis over the IDH1 wildtype, no matter the tumor grade. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• MRI may provide further detail and aid prognosis. • Surgery is reserved for select cases in which specific expertise is available. [medlink.com]

Prognosis is generally quite good with full or near full recovery expected at 6 months. Diagnosis is generally via MRI. [tchain.com]

Roberts explained to Matt’s parents that the term “PVS” does not stand for “ permanent vegetative state” and that Matt’s long-term prognosis was still uncertain. [dana.org]

Furthermore, the concept of secondary mania casts doubt on any unitary or single-agent hypothesis of the etiology of mania and supports the notion of a continuum of psychopathologic syndromes. [jamanetwork.com]

Etiology These syndromes are classically caused by ischemic strokes that occur secondary to occlusion of small perforating arteries of the posterior circulation, however many have also been described secondary to hemorrhage, neoplasm, and demyelination [radiopaedia.org]

MRI is frequently needed to make a specific diagnosis and to separate vascular etiologies from tumor and other structural injuries. The pattern of sensory disturbance may be helpful. [tchain.com]

Rocca, M.D., is working to clarify the etiology of Parkinson's disease and to identify means to prevent it in independent but related studies based on different sampling and measurement strategies. [mayo.edu]

Basilar-type migraine: clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic features. Neurology. 2006;66(6):880-886. Ying G, Fan W, Li N, et al. Clinical characteristics of basilar-type migraine in the neurological clinic of a university hospital. Pain Medicine. [migraine.com]

Epidemiology and Genetics of Parkinson's Disease Walter A. [mayo.edu]

There is a clinical continuum between BBE and Fisher's syndrome. [ 1 ] Bickerstaff reported eight patients who, in addition to acute ophthalmoplegia (diplopia) and ataxia, showed drowsiness, extensor plantar responses or hemisensory loss. [ 2 ] Epidemiology [patient.info]

[…] allow trainees to eventually return to their country of origin and to facilitate translation of these rapidly emerging experimental technologies into novel therapeutic applications and into creative collaborative partnerships in the areas of genetic epidemiology [einstein.yu.edu]

Basilar-type migraine: Clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic features. Neurology 2006;66: 880-886. Klapper J, Mathew N, Nett R. Triptans in the treatment of basilar migraine and migraine with prolonged aura. Headache. 2001;41:981-984. [americanmigrainefoundation.org]

This finding has implications for pathophysiologic models of panic disorder, and provides structural evidence for the role of the brainstem in neurocircuitry models of panic disorder. [nyuscholars.nyu.edu]

This finding has implications for pathophysiologic models of panic disorder, and provides structural evidence for the role of the brainstem in neurocircuitry models of panic disorder. a Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Weill [journals.lww.com]

Anatomic location determines the pathophysiological manifestation of the tumor. With tectal lesions, hydrocephalus may occur as a result of fourth ventricular compression. [emedicine.medscape.com]

With the breadth of possible pathophysiologic mechanisms, ANSD can manifest with a wide variety and degree of symptoms and findings, 8 but these various phenotypes may exhibit indistinguishable audiometric and electrophysiologic results (ie, the presence [ajnr.org]

The brainstem is the site of primary neurotransmitter innervation to both the fronto-limbic system and the HPA, and is hence a site of primary interest in understanding the pathophysiology of MDD. [journals.plos.org]

Prevention of MS brainstem problems relies on the same disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) used to prevent MS progression. [verywell.com]

Of the preventive medications, topiramate, verapamil and lamotrigine are most commonly used. [americanmigrainefoundation.org]

Peever hopes that his research will pave the way for neuroprotective therapies that would prevent against the development of such neurodegenerative disorders. [medicalnewstoday.com]

These studies will contribute greatly to understanding the causes and possible prevention of PD by exploring novel hypotheses and by using innovative methods. [mayo.edu]

Exercises can also strengthen your muscles to help prevent falls. To prevent worsening of symptoms during an episode of vertigo, try the following: Keep still. Sit or lie down when symptoms occur. Gradually resume activity. [medlineplus.gov]