[…] of the obstructed artery is the typical history of presentation. [en.wikipedia.org]

Case presentation: A 50 year-old woman presented with acute visual loss in her right eye. Fundus photography showed retinal ischemia and tortuous, dilated retinal veins in the right eye. [dovepress.com]

Presenting visual acuities (VA) differ greatly between BRAO and CRAO. In CRAO, 10.8% of patients present with a VA of 20/40 or better while 74% present with a VA of counting fingers (CF) or worse. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Chronic BRAO finding include thinning and atrophy of retinal layers corresponding to acute lesions when present. [symbiosisonlinepublishing.com]

• Vascular Disease

  If you have any type of systemic vascular disease and need to be evaluated for your risk of Retinal Vascular Disease such as Retinal Artery Occlusion, please call us to schedule an appointment Eyecare Medical Group in Portland, Maine at 888-374-2020. [eyecaremed.com]

  Most people know high blood pressure and other vascular diseases pose risks to overall health, but many may not know that high blood pressure can affect vision by damaging arteries in the eye. [houstoneye.com]

  Because retinal vascular diseases are common in people with high blood pressure, diabetes, and other factors that cause vascular disease, such as high cholesterol and smoking it is important to follow-up with your primary doctor to assess these factors [retinagroupflorida.com]

  Author(s): Machemer, Robert, M.D., Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA ICD10-Code: H34.22 Path: Retina -> Vascular Diseases (see also: Systemic Immunologic Diseases) -> Arterial Obstructive (Occlusive) Disease of the Eye -> Branch Artery Occlusion [atlasophthalmology.net]

  Measures used to prevent other blood vessel (vascular) diseases, such as coronary artery disease, may decrease the risk for retinal artery occlusion. [medlineplus.gov]

• Scotoma

  VF was still affected with significant improvement and with residual scotoma left. On FA arterial phase was restored, OCT showed reduction of macular oedema and pale zone of the fovea has disappeared. [evrs.eu]

  On the 9th postoperative day visual field investigation was performed and it showed central scotoma in the RE, occupying 5 degrees (fig. 1 c). VA in the RE was unchanged. [karger.com]

  Note the presence of a persistent scotoma on automated perimetry ( d ). [link.springer.com]

  He continued to note a scotoma in his right eye, which had improved since the initial visit. He was continued on timolol bid in both eyes and was advised not to perform endurance exercises. [cureus.com]

  There was a superior temporal arcuate scotoma in visual field examination. [nature.com]

• Retinal Lesion

  Retinal arteriolar occlusions following amniotic fluid embolism. Ophthalmology. 1984 Dec. 91(12):1634-7. [Medline]. Chuang EL, Miller FS 3rd, Kalina RE. Retinal lesions following long bone fractures. Ophthalmology. 1985 Mar. 92(3):370-4. [Medline]. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Retinal Pallor

  Retinal pallor corresponds to the area supplied by the affected artery. Occasionally, an embolus (cholesterol, fibrinoplatelet, calcific) can be seen within the artery, and cotton wool spots may eventually occur around that area. [patient.info]

• Unilateral Blindness

  Symptoms: In central retinal artery occlusion, the patient generally complains of sudden, painless unilateral blindness. In branch retinal artery occlusion, the patient will notice a loss of visual acuity or visual field defects. [alpfmedical.info]

The workup for BRAOs is similar to that of CRAOs, with carotid Doppler and cardiac echo to search for embolic sources. [eyesteve.com]

Systemic workup should include an evaluation for those abnormalities associated with acute CRAO. From there your doctor will recommend a course of ocular therapy. [williamsoneyeinstitute.com]

The patient underwent a full hypercoagulable workup, which was negative. A carotid Doppler ultrasound was performed, and it did not show any significant narrowing or soft dislodging plaques. [cureus.com]

In young patients a vasculitis and/or hypercoagulable workup should be performed. In older patients, an embolic workup should be performed. [eyewiki.aao.org]

[…] carotid disease, and other sources of emboli are classic causes of retinal ischemia (see ▶Table 7.2). 7.1.3 Treatment of Acute Retinal Arterial Ischemia Acute treatment consists of the following: ● Patients seen acutely should be admitted for immediate workup [neuro-ophthalmology.stanford.edu]

• Dyslipidemia

  Patients had a combination of systemic comorbidities such as diabetes (5), hypertension (4), dyslipidemia (5), and hyperhomocysteinemia (1). [ijo.in]

Sometimes reduction of intraocular pressure Immediate treatment is indicated if occlusion occurred within 24 hours of presentation. [msdmanuals.com]

Conclusions: Surgical embolectomy following pars plana vitrectomy is the only etiologic treatment for acute hemi-central retinal artery occlusion caused by calcific emboli. [evrs.eu]

Several treatments may be tried. These treatments must be given within 2 – 4 hours after symptoms begin to be helpful. However, the benefit of these treatments has never been proven, and they are rarely used. [njretina.com]

Treatment You may not require treatment for a branch retinal artery occlusion, especially if it is more than 24 hours after the event. [retinaandmacula.com]

Treatment [ edit ] No proved treatment exists for branch retinal artery occlusion. [en.wikipedia.org]

Clinical course and prognosis: The prognosis is poor because irreparable damage to the inner layers of the retina occurs within one hour. Blindness usually cannot be prevented in central retinal artery occlusion. [alpfmedical.info]

Prognosis The prognosis of visual improvement following BRAO correlates with the initial presenting visual acuity. [eyewiki.aao.org]

The prognosis is especially poor in the case of ischemic CRVO. References: [6] [7] [amboss.com]

In general, the better the vision is at the time of diagnosis, the better the prognosis. [retinagroupofnewengland.com]

Typically BRAOs have a good visual prognosis, with vision improving to 20/40 or better in 80% of cases. The workup for BRAOs is similar to that of CRAOs, with carotid Doppler and cardiac echo to search for embolic sources. [eyesteve.com]

With regard to etiology, 62 patients (41.1%) had LAA, the most common etiological factor. About 40% of our patients had a RAO of undetermined etiology. [journals.plos.org]

Conclusions: Surgical embolectomy following pars plana vitrectomy is the only etiologic treatment for acute hemi-central retinal artery occlusion caused by calcific emboli. [evrs.eu]

This particular cause of BRAO possesses an auto-immune etiology, with antiendothelial cell antibodies playing an important role. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Etiology: Emboli (Table 12.2) are frequently the cause of retinal artery and branch retinal artery occlusions. [alpfmedical.info]

The etiology of the arterial occlusion (thrombosis, embolus, arteritis, vasospasm) has also been described as affecting outcome.(4,5) Careful classification of the factors involved in an individual case of CRAO is crucial to understanding the natural [uhms.org]

In the rare patient who has branch retinal artery obstruction accompanied by a systemic disorder, systemic anti-coagulation may prevent further events. [1] Epidemiology [ edit ] The mean age of affected patients is 60 years. [en.wikipedia.org]

References: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

Epidemiology: Retinal artery occlusions occur significantly less often than vein occlusions. Etiology: Emboli (Table 12.2) are frequently the cause of retinal artery and branch retinal artery occlusions. [alpfmedical.info]

Epidemiologic studies have found that uric acid can independently predict the development of hypertension, as well as stroke and heart failure [ 5 ]. [omicsonline.org]

Epidemiology Frequency United States Central retinal artery occlusions (CRAOs) account for 58% of acute retinal artery obstructions, BRAOs account for 38%, and cilioretinal artery occlusions account for 5%. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Keywords: branch retinal artery occlusion, branch retinal vein occlusion, retinal vessel Background The pathophysiology of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) consists of thrombosis caused by narrowing of the retinal vein at the arteriovenous crossing [dovepress.com]

Pathophysiology In response to ischemia, apoptotic cell death of the inner retinal layers occurs following prolonged BRAO. With increasing severity of occlusion, more apoptosis occurs. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Pathophysiology of retinal artery occlusions [ 1 ] CRAO is the ocular equivalent of cerebral stroke and is a process of end-organ ischaemia. [patient.info]

Pathophysiology Most commonly, BRAO results from an embolus. Emboli typically originate within vessels upstream where they dislodge and travel within the circulatory system to ultimately become lodged downstream in a vessel with a smaller lumen. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Pathophysiology ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS The retina receives its blood supply from two sources, both of which must be intact to maintain retinal function. [emj.bmj.com]

Prevention Measures used to prevent other blood vessel (vascular) diseases, such as coronary artery disease, may decrease the risk of retinal artery occlusion. [njretina.com]

Prevention You may help prevent a branch retinal artery occlusion by maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Following recommendations for hypertension and diabetes will protect you further. [retinaandmacula.com]

Complications Glaucoma (CRAO only) Partial or complete loss of vision in the affected eye Stroke (due to the same factors that contribute to retinal artery occlusion, not due to the occlusion itself) Prevention Measures used to prevent other blood vessel [southernutahretina.com]

In the rare patient who has branch retinal artery obstruction accompanied by a systemic disorder, systemic anti-coagulation may prevent further events. [1] Epidemiology [ edit ] The mean age of affected patients is 60 years. [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] color of underlying choroid Interpret this finding as indication of embolism from cervical carotid artery or heart Refer to ophthalmologist urgently if vision loss came on recently Further embolization causing stroke could be imminent and potentially prevented [kellogg.umich.edu]