Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) associated with ocular tuberculosis (TB) is a rare presentation of retinal vasculitis but it can also present in the absence of active uveitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Insect Bite

  Case report of a 60-year-old woman who complained of fever, chills, headache, lymphadenopathy, and blurred vision in the right eye following an insect bite to the lower right forehead. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Blurred Vision

  Case report of a 60-year-old woman who complained of fever, chills, headache, lymphadenopathy, and blurred vision in the right eye following an insect bite to the lower right forehead. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Description: A picture of three older adults which goes blurry as the script mentions blurred vision. [noweyeknow.ca]

  Patients typically complain of a sudden onset of blurred vision or defect in their central field of vision. [ellsretina.com]

  If the veins cover a large area, new abnormal vessels may grow on the retinal surface, which can bleed into the eye and cause blurred vision. There is no cure for BRVO. Finding out what caused the blockage is the first step in treatment. [bostonlaser.com]

  The leakage of fluid and bleeding causes the macula to swell leading to blurred vision and parts of vision missing. [gladesvilleeye.com.au]

• Retinal Pigmentation

  The pigmented intraretinal lesion proved to be a localized area of retinal and choroidal neovascularization with anastomosis and secondary retinal pigment epithelial hyperplasia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The total retinal thickness was defined as the distance between the vitreoretinal interface and the inner surface of the retinal pigment epithelium. [journals.plos.org]

  Normally laser light is absorbed by the pigment of the retinal pigmented epithelium and converted to heat resulting in damage to photoreceptors with sparing of the overlying retina. [touchophthalmology.com]

• Retinal Cyst

  The status of ellipsoid zone (EZ), external limiting membrane (ELM), outer retinal cyst, and inner retinal cyst was also evaluated. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Corneal Edema

  Slit lamp exam revealed diffuse corneal edema in her right eye, which had an IOP of 56 mmHg. After administration of intravenous mannitol, the IOP fell to 14 mmHg and the corneal edema disappeared. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Night Blindness

  The normal complement of rod and cone photoreceptors supports the view that the night blindness in this case was an abnormality in the neural transmission and not on a morphological basis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Suggestibility

  Intraretinal hemorrhages were distributed in an unusual linear pattern along the involved venous segment, suggesting the presence of vitreoretinal traction. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This patient did not have a thrombophilia workup. When ordering medical tests, consider how the result will alter treatment. RVO has only two treatment options when the thrombophilia workup is positive. [retina-specialist.com]

• Hypertriglyceridemia

  Management of the hypertriglyceridemia with medication, exercise, and dietary modification resolved the lipemia retinalis and was associated with improvement in visual function. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Treatment The treatment of a non-ischemic BRVO includes a complete medical work-up looking into underlying causes such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or hypertriglyceridemia. [retinacenternj.com]

Argon laser treatment may improve visual acuity in I-BRVO even with severe ischaemia extending into the FAZ. Treatment intensity must be sufficient to destroy ischaemic retina. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

PPV may improve perifoveal microcirculation and the visual prognosis in BRVO patients with macular edema. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis While a branch retinal vein occlusion may look to an eyecare practitioner to be much more serious than a branch retinal artery occlusion, the visual outlook is usually much better in the former. [waterdownoptometric.ca]

We reviewed cases in literature and combined possible etiologies. We report a previously unpublished case of retinal artery occlusion following the use of intravitreal bevacizumab. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology is caused from increased intracranial pressure rather from a vascular etiology Radiation Retinopathy There is a history of radiation therapy. Patients will have disc swelling and retinal neovascularization, and cotton wool spots. [decisionmakerplus.net]

Contents• BRVO – Demographics – Pathogenesis – Etiology – Management • Hx, examination, investigation • Treatment – Trials – Guidelines• HRVO• Summary / Take Home Message• MCQs Page 2 Retinal Vein Occlusion Mar 16, 2013 3. [slideshare.net]

(Etiology) Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO) occurs when a blood clot blocks the retinal vein. Its exact cause is unknown. [dovemed.com]

The entity rarely occurs idiopathically, rather it is frequently associated with systemic coagulopathy, hyperviscosity, infection, inflammation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, antiphospholipid antibody syndromes, cardiac and carotid etiologies [reviewofoptometry.com]

Epidemiology [ edit ] BRVO is 4 times more common than CRVO. Usual age of onset is 60–70 years. [en.wikipedia.org]

Epidemiologic studies have found that uric acid can independently predict the development of hypertension, as well as stroke and heart failure [ 5 ]. [omicsonline.org]

The epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2000. 98:133-41; discussion 141-3. [Medline]. Christoffersen N, Gade E, Knudsen L, Juel K, Larsen M. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Meta‐analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta‐analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000 ; 283:2008–2012. Crossref Medline Google Scholar 18 Stang A. [jaha.ahajournals.org]

Authors’ Affiliations (1) Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland References David R, Zangwill L, Badarna M, Yassur Y: Epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion and its association with glaucoma and increased intraocular [bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com]

"Retinal vein occlusion: pathophysiology and treatment options". Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.). 4 : 809–16. doi : 10.2147/opth.s7631. PMC 2915868. PMID 20689798. Rogers, S; et al. (Feb 2010). [en.wikipedia.org]

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY In the early stage of RVO there are changes in blood flow and in the dynamics of circulation. [retinatoday.com]

[…] issue), Wong and Scott did not discuss the potential role of anticoagulants, particularly low-molecular-weight heparins, in the treatment of retinal-vein occlusion, a common condition for which there is no universally accepted therapy. 1 Although the pathophysiology [nejm.org]

Factors contributing to this pathophysiology include: Advancing age. Systemic conditions such as hypertension (found in 64% of patients with RVO ), hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, smoking and obesity. Raised intraocular pressure. [patient.info]

Pathophysiology Hypertensive, atherosclerotic, inflammatory, or thrombophilic conditions may lead to retinal endothelial vascular damage. In eyes with an anatomical predisposition, intravascular thrombus formation may occur. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Alternative therapy to suppress microaneurysms should be considered to prevent refractory ME in patients with BRVO. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This prevents the veins from carrying blood away from the retina. [calgaryretina.ca]

Several treatments are available to deal with the macular oedema and prevent neovascularisation (new blood vessels forming). [gladesvilleeye.com.au]