Defined as a well-established mass with a still incomplete etiology, hamartoma is a rare benign tumor that contains a mixture of different tissues (fibrous, adipose, glandular, and potentially other) in various proportions [1] [2] [3]. Numerous sites in the body may be the location of its development, including the breast, and between 4-8% of all benign breast lesions, are attributed to hamartomas [3]. This benign tumor has been reported across different age groups after puberty [3] [4], but the majority of patients are women in their 30s and 40s [1] [2] [4] [5]. The clinical presentation is characterized by the presence of a sharply defined, painless, and asymptomatic oval or round-shaped mass in the breast area that is freely palpable [2] [3] [4] [6]. The nodular appearance of the mass is accompanied by its smooth surface and a soft consistency [3]. However, studies show that up to 60% of breast hamartomas are not possible to palpate, and are thus interpreted as subclinical tumors [3]. Hamartomas are most commonly found in the outer quadrants, and it is not uncommon for the diagnosis to be made incidentally during evaluation of other breast-related pathologies [2] [4]. Additional symptoms are not present in the setting of hamartomas, which is one of the main clinical features of this tumor [3]. Furthermore, breast hamartomas are mobile and not attached to the surrounding muscle or skin tissue, which might be an important clinical sign as well [6] [7].

• Asymptomatic

  Patients can present with a painless, asymptomatic and well-demarcated palpable mass in a breast hamartoma. [symptoma.com]

  They are mostly found in women older than 35 and they are generally asymptomatic, although they can be easily detected through palpitation in a breast exam. [ic.steadyhealth.com]

  Case 1 was an asymptomatic 47-year-old woman who had never been screened previously. A 90 mm mass was found in her left breast on MX. Case 2 was a 35-year-old woman with pain in her right breast where a 50 mm mass was found on MX. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  — A lipoma or fibrolipoma of the filum terminale is a somewhat uncommon (4-6%) and usually incidental, asymptomatic finding on MRIs of the lumbar spine. [thepainsource.com]

  Breast hamartomas most commonly are asymptomatic or present as a painless soft breast lump. They may also present as unilateral breast enlargement without a palpable localized mass 4. [radiopaedia.org]

• Swelling

  The swelling was asymptomatic and the patient had not undergone any treatment for the same. Patient first noticed the swelling 6 years back which was small in size and slowly increased to the present size. [jcdr.net]

  She also noticed a swelling on the dorsum of foot 3 months back with gradual increase in the size of swelling. The swelling was associated with pain even at rest. There is no history of trauma or restricted mobility or macrodactyly of toes. [jmsh.ac.in]

  Mucosa over the swelling appeared pale pink, ulcerated, and an indentation mark of the upper tooth was noted. On palpation, swelling was well defined, soft to firm in consistency, mobile, and tender over the ulcerated mucosa. [ijdr.in]

  Intraoral examination revealed a pinkish, well-defined oval swelling measuring 2.5 x 3 cm present in the left buccal mucosa [Figure 1]. [contempclindent.org]

  An intraoral examination revealed a pinkish, ill-defined oval swelling in the left buccal mucosa (Figure 1). On palpation, the swelling was mainly soft but firm in parts; nonfluctuant; and mobile, and its margins were unclear. [docksci.com]

• Fever

  Interatrial septum Left ventricle Right ventricular outflow tract 3-8 cm Well-defined Broad base Encapsulated Heterogeneous Hypervascular Majority asymptomatic May present with symptoms of catecholamine excess: Tachycardia Hypertension Palpitations Fever [wikidoc.org]

  A 57 year-old man complaining of fever and cough consulted a local physician 2 months prior to admission to our department. [jstage.jst.go.jp]

  A fever may follow a seizure, usually because of the muscle activity pains and the effects of the seizure. [epilepsy.com]

  There was no history of fever or change of voice. On clinical examination, a polypoid mass measuring 3 cm Χ 1 cm was seen arising from the upper pole of the left tonsil and extending inferomedially. [ijpmonline.org]

  Common symptoms include a persistent cough (81% of cases), chest pain, dyspnea, recurrent fever and pneumonia, and wheezing (,4,,5). [pubs.rsna.org]

• Surgical Procedure

  The surgical procedure performed is known as a breast lumpectomy. [dovemed.com]

  The surgical procedure for removal of a hamartoma is called lumpectomy. [ic.steadyhealth.com]

  Meanwhile, in cases when it does occur, it is directly related to security margins observed during lesion removal surgical procedure. 9, 10 Case description Case 1: A 49 year old female, domestic employee, attended the oral lesions reference center due [scielo.org.mx]

  Here we discuss presurgical evaluation, patient selection, surgical procedures, and complications. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The inconsistency between pathologic data and radiological data does not reassure clinicians and radiologists, which can lead to unnecessary surgical procedures. [oatext.com]

• Fatigue

  2 cm Interatrial septum maybe upto 7 cm in thickness Mostly asymptomatic May present with obstructive symptoms such as syncope in rare cases of extension into superior vena cava Associated with: Increased age Obesity Arrhythmias Palpitations Dyspnea Fatigue [wikidoc.org]

  Our patient presented because of fatigue, inability to walk long distances, and more importantly, social pressure. The patient initially sought for cure from herbal practitioners before attending hospital. [ispub.com]

  Signs and symptoms[edit] Colorectal polyps are not usually associated with symptoms.[2] When they occur, symptoms include bloody stools; changes in frequency or consistency of stools, such as a week or more of constipation or diarrhoea;[3] and fatigue [en.wikipedia.org]

  However, TSC patients can have more atypical clinical features of high ICP such as fatigue, decreased appetite, increased seizure frequency, cognitive decline, and behavioral problems.26 Another potential manifestation of high ICP is a unilateral or bilateral [dovepress.com]

• Cough

  A 57 year-old man complaining of fever and cough consulted a local physician 2 months prior to admission to our department. [jstage.jst.go.jp]

  If they grow on your chest, you may experience some respiratory issues or a chronic cough. Heart. Hamartomas that grow on the heart can trigger heart failure symptoms. This is the most common heart tumor found in children. Breast. [healthline.com]

  Minor stresses and strains which produce increased intrathoracic pressure, such as lifting a heavy object, throwing it over the shoulder, coughing, sneezing, and straining are, however, frequently recorded in both conditions. [pubs.rsna.org]

  Symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, and chest pain typically develop in advanced stages of disease. New onset cough or pneumonia constitute warning signs, particularly in smokers. [amboss.com]

  Following the exacerbation of cough and breathlessness, a CT-scan was conducted, and a single mass in the medial mediastinum was diagnosed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Dyspnea

  […] pigmentation Endocrinal tumors such as sertoli testicular tumors, pituitary adenomas, thyroid tumors Schwannoma NAME syndrome: Nevi Atrial myxoma Myxoid neurofibroma Ephelides LAMB syndrome: Lentigo (small brown patches on the skin) Atrial myxoma Blue nevi Dyspnea [wikidoc.org]

  Both occur in young adults, are sudden in onset, and are manifested by pain in the chest and dyspnea. Neither is preceded by any notable chest trauma. [pubs.rsna.org]

  It denied dyspnea and dysphonia. Without co-morbidities. History of larynx resection of lipoma has 06 years. To the physical examination did not present significant alterations. [arquivosdeorl.org.br]

  Symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, and chest pain typically develop in advanced stages of disease. New onset cough or pneumonia constitute warning signs, particularly in smokers. [amboss.com]

• Nausea

  Continued Other signs of an ulcer include: Bloating Burping Not feeling hungry Nausea Vomiting Weight loss for no clear reason Ulcers can bleed into your stomach or intestines, which can be dangerous to your health. [webmd.com]

  Patients who develop obstructive hydrocephalus usually present with typical signs and symptoms of high ICP, including headaches, nausea/vomiting, pulsatile tinnitus, transient visual obscurations, and papilledema (Figure 2). [dovepress.com]

  […] cerebellar degeneration Peripheral neuropathy Symptoms of metastatic disease Early lymphogenic and hematogenic metastasis (particularly in SCLC) Brain: headaches;, behavioral changes, seizures;, focal motoric deficits (see also brain metastases) Liver: nausea [amboss.com]

  […] production especially those involving villous adenomas.[4] Copious production of mucous causes loss of potassium that can occasionally result in symptomatic hypokalemia.[4] Occasionally, if a polyp is big enough to cause a bowel obstruction, there may be nausea [en.wikipedia.org]

  If symptoms occur, they may include postprandial indigestion, substernal discomfort, nausea, and retching (,50). Because of possible gastric entrapment, paraesophageal hernias require surgical repair in suitable patients. [pubs.rsna.org]

• Vomiting

  Continued Other signs of an ulcer include: Bloating Burping Not feeling hungry Nausea Vomiting Weight loss for no clear reason Ulcers can bleed into your stomach or intestines, which can be dangerous to your health. [webmd.com]

  Patients who develop obstructive hydrocephalus usually present with typical signs and symptoms of high ICP, including headaches, nausea/vomiting, pulsatile tinnitus, transient visual obscurations, and papilledema (Figure 2). [dovepress.com]

  […] especially those involving villous adenomas.[4] Copious production of mucous causes loss of potassium that can occasionally result in symptomatic hypokalemia.[4] Occasionally, if a polyp is big enough to cause a bowel obstruction, there may be nausea, vomiting [en.wikipedia.org]

• Skin Ulcer

  The mass had neither skin fixation nor fixation to adjacent structures in the breast, and its most posterior margin could be defined. No skin ulceration was found. The results of routine laboratory investigations were within normal limits. [spandidos-publications.com]

  ulcer (1)Lump (1) 6 (mean) Hypoechoic absorbing lesion suggestive of carcinoma (1) Typical hamartoma with irregular opacity containing microcalcifications (1)Typical hamartoma with spiculated mass (1) NR NR HamartomaIDC (all) NR NR Garfein et al., 1996 [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Breast Mass

  (A) Right breast mass was 25×19 cm. (B) Left breast mass was 21×18 cm and axillary mass was 5.5×4.4 cm. Weight of each mass was 1,980 g on the right, 1,233 g on the left, and 36 g on the axilla. Figure 4. [jbd.or.kr]

  Surgical excision of the right lower inner breast mass and right axillary lymph node was subsequently performed at our institution. View larger version (127K) Fig. 1A. —59-year-old woman with right-breast mass. [ajronline.org]

  Presentation Palpable left breast mass. Patient Data Age: 35 Gender: Female Loading images... Lower outer quadrant left breast mass (partially behind the nipple), which demonstrates a thin capsule and contains fat and breast parenchyma. [radiopaedia.org]

  CONCLUSION: PDVF imaging during breast sonography is an invaluable technique in the identification of breast hamartomas from other benign or malign breast masses. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A detailed physical examination, together with a properly obtained patient history, is the first and perhaps most important step in order to make the diagnosis of a breast hamartoma. Adequate palpation of both breasts and the respective quadrants can result in detection of a mass, after which the use of various imaging studies might be employed. Various procedures have been mentioned, one of the more useful being mammography, the gold-standard procedure in the assessment of breast tissue [5] [8]. A nonhomogeneous mass composed of adipose, fibrous and glandular tissue that is often enclosed by a thin capsule is the hallmark of a breast hamartoma on mammography, but the variability in the percentage of fat and glandular/connective tissue might pose a challenge to the physician [1] [2] [8]. For this reason, ultrasonography (US), but also MRI, might be used as adjunctive or even superior methods compared to mammography [1] [5]. Main findings on the US are the absence of a retrotumor acoustic phenomenon, which is frequently found in malignant lesions [2] [8]. On MRI, breast hamartomas are visualized as heterogeneous lesions with a sharp and clearly delineated capsule described as a hypointense rim [1]. As mentioned previously, the distribution and dominance of different tissues may necessitate for a biopsy sample to be obtained, either by a core needle biopsy or a fine needle aspiration (FNAC), both valuable in the workup of this tumor [1] [2] [6].

[…] and Treatment "John Paul II", Campobasso, Italy. 3 Department of Radiotherapy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart-Foundation for Research and Treatment "John Paul II", Campobasso, Italy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Sacred Heart-Foundation for Research and Treatment “John Paul II”, Campobasso, Italy Correspondence: [*] Corresponding author: Eleonora Cucci, Department of Radiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart-Foundation for Research and Treatment “John [content.iospress.com]

The treatment of choice is the surgical one being the option of the way of access based on the characteristics of the injury and the objective of not the recurrence of the same one. Print: [arquivosdeorl.org.br]

Due to the unique features of hamartomas, and of hamartomas in men, in particular, there is currently no standard treatment. [journals.lww.com]

By the persistence of this pseudonodular area on palpation and discomfort mentioned by patient, and according to the patient's will, surgical treatment was proposed, with excision of small densification of breast tissue from the right breast. [elsevier.es]

Rarely invades lymph nodes and have a favorable prognosis. [quizlet.com]

They are treated, if at all, by surgical resection, with an excellent prognosis: generally, the only real danger is the inherent possibility of surgical complications. [en.wikipedia.org]

Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and the prognosis is generally good as recurrence rate is very less. [jiaomr.in]

Cavitary lesions are common Direct spread to hilar lymph nodes ↑ Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) leads to hypercalcemia (See Hypercalcemia of malignancy) [6] Large cell carcinoma 5–10% Peripheral Late metastases Poor prognosis References:[ [amboss.com]

Defined as a well-established mass with a still incomplete etiology, hamartoma is a rare benign tumor that contains a mixture of different tissues (fibrous, adipose, glandular, and potentially other) in various proportions. [symptoma.com]

81:1) Arrigoni et al. first used the term hamartoma in 1971 (Surg Gynecol Obstet 1971;133:577) Also called fibroadenolipoma, adenolipoma Epidemiology Uncommon, ~5% of all benign breast masses Mean age 45 years Rare in teenagers (Breast J 2009;15:515) Etiology [pathologyoutlines.com]

Etiology Mutations in the PHOX2B gene are found in a significant number of patients with Haddad syndrome. The documents contained in this web site are presented for information purposes only. [orpha.net]

Gangrene & fulminant pan colitis Etiology: Arterial thromboembolism. Decreased BP. Colonic Volvulus. Strangulated hernia. Hypercoagulable state. 24 Clinical features Diagnosis: Colonoscopy Barium enema. [slideplayer.com]

The exact etiology remains unclear, but currently, the most probable etiology of lipoma includes hereditary, fatty degeneration, hormonal basis, trauma, metaplasia of muscles, and lipoblastic embryonic cell nest origin. [ijdr.in]

A Birmingham (UK) group concluded that the establishment of a histopathology data pool facilitates epidemiological analysis [5]. [symbiosisonlinepublishing.com]

The principal aim of Oncology Letters is to provide the prompt publication of original studies of high quality that pertain to clinical oncology, chemotherapy, oncogenes, carcinogenesis, metastasis, epidemiology and viral oncology in the form of original [ingentaconnect.com]

[…] lobular unit, adipose tissue and hyalinized stroma) Terminology Initially defined as mastoma (Beitr Pathol Anat 1928;81:1) Arrigoni et al. first used the term hamartoma in 1971 (Surg Gynecol Obstet 1971;133:577) Also called fibroadenolipoma, adenolipoma Epidemiology [pathologyoutlines.com]

Epidemiology Approximately 5% of patients with pneumothorax will have concomitant hemothorax 6. [radiopaedia.org]

Summary Epidemiology Birth incidence of Ondine syndrome is 1 in 200,000 live-births and Hirschsprung disease occurs concurrently in 16% of cases. [orpha.net]

Breast: 8 cases of hamartoma per 20,000 mammograms Kidney: renal hamartoma (angiomyolipoma) found in 40–80% of patients with tuberous sclerosis Etiology and Pathophysiology Functional disorder will depend on tissue of origin. [unboundmedicine.com]

Thus the pathophysiology of Becker's nevus remains unclear. [en.wikipedia.org]

They underlined the fact that most of the epiretinal membranes in the macula did not affect visual acuity and speculated that in NF 2, in response to pathophysiologic factors that cause proliferation of neural crest and other cells elsewhere in the nervous [ispub.com]

Multiple osteochondromas have a relatively high (1-25%) incidence of malignant transformation. [5] There are many theories regarding the pathophysiology of epiphyseal osteochondromas. [emedicine.medscape.com]

The author collated important benign lesions and based on peer-reviewed publications documented the relative risk of subsequent cancer to allow the patient and the clinician to institute preventative measures where possible. [books.google.com]

Radiotherapy: preoperative for large fixed rectal tumour, Dukes B &C rectal T postoperatively to decrease recurrence. 32 Prevention: Chemoprevention: Secondary prevention: Aspirin. Calcium. Folic acid. Selective Cox.2 inhibitors. [slideplayer.com]

We presume that MRI can provide useful information to diagnose a hamartoma and prevent unnecessary biopsies in patients who do not have mammographically typical hamartoma appearance. [oatext.com]

Treatment for hemopneumothorax is aimed at draining the air and blood in the chest, returning the lung to normal function, preventing complications, and repairing any wounds. [healthline.com]

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3. Presazzi A, Di Giulio G, Calliada F. Breast hamartoma: ultrasound, elastosonographic, and mammographic features. Mini pictorial essay. J Ultrasound. 2015;18(4):373-377.
4. Tatar C, Erözgen F, Tüzün S, et al. Surgical approach to breast hamartoma and diagnostic accuracy in preoperative biopsies. J Breast Health. 2013;9:186–190.
5. Tse GM, Law BK, Ma TK, et al. Hamartoma of the breast: a clinicopathological review. J Clin Pathol. 2002;55(12):951–954.
6. Ruiz Tovar J, Reguero Callejas ME, Aláez Chillarón AB, et al. Mammary hamartoma. Clin Transl Oncol. 2006;8(4):290-293.
7. Erdem G, Karakaş HM, Işık B, Fırat AK. Advanced MRI findings in patients with breast hamartomas. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2011;17:33–37.
8. Bhatia M, Ravikumar R, Maurya VK, Rai R. “Breast within a breast” sign: Mammary hamartoma. Med J Armed Forces India. 2015;71(4):377-379.