The score differences between those who presented with poor latch and those who presented with nipple pain are not statistically significant. [pediatrics.org]

In addition to the present case, there are 2 well-documented case reports of cholestasis in association with transplacental and transmammary carbamazepine exposure. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pain

  Experts tell mothers that pain is a result of improper positioning or poor technique. The pain of latching on in the first few days is often referred to as "discomfort." [breastfeeding.lifetips.com]

  When pain was present, we quantified the degree of maternal nipple pain on an analog scale of 1 to 10, with 1 representing extremely mild discomfort and 10 representing severe or intolerable pain. [pediatrics.org]

  Sometimes, even when you do everything right and the latch looks good, you may still experience pain. Remember, pain is a red flag. So seek help from a breastfeeding expert, doctor, or nurse. [web.archive.org]

  Opiates are frequently prescribed postpartum for pain relief after cesarean delivery, episiotomies, and headaches. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Crying

  After birth, babies who are placed skin to skin on their mothers chest will: Initially babies cry briefly – a very distinctive birth cry Then they will enter a stage of relaxation, recovering from the birth Then the baby will start to wake up Then begin [web.archive.org]

  Crying time was assessed by the same investigator (C.R.H.) for all neonates and was determined using stopwatch measurements of crying vocalizations during each stage of the procedure. Pacifiers were offered to all neonates during the procedures. [cirp.org]

  Suddenly, the infant presented inconsolable crying, and then she appeared pale, hypothermic, and irritable. Eventually she showed apneic spells and hyperglycemia. A purple rash in the left submandibular area was noted. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Results suggested that human infants recognize physical separation from their mothers and start to cry in pulses. Crying stops at reunion. [breastcrawl.org]

• Fishing

  Eating fish while breastfeeding Eating fish is good for your health and your baby's, but while you are breastfeeding you should have no more than two portions of oily fish a week. A portion is around 140g. [web.archive.org]

  Eating fish while breastfeeding Eating fish is good for your and your baby's health, but while you are breastfeeding you should have no more than 2 portions of oily fish a week. A portion is around 140g. [nhs.uk]

  Common raw foods include raw fish (sashimi), oysters, unpasteurized milk, and Yukhoe (traditional Korean steak tartare). Any raw food can be a source of infection, and some species of fish contain a significant amount of mercury. [doi.org]

  Fish: All adults should aim to eat around two portions of fish each week. [bbcgoodfood.com]

  Abstract The discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata) is a cichlid demonstrating advanced mode of parental care towards fry. Both male and female fish utilized epidermal mucus secreted from specialized epidermal cells to feed developing fry. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fever

  Breastfeeding does not interfere with the infant’s immune response to most routine immunizations and may even protect against the incidence of fever after being immunized. [aap.org]

  Diarrhoea, haemorrhoids, insomnia, varicose vein, swelling of the feet and legs, vaginal itching, back pain, fever, mastitis and engorgement were frequently referred to the physician. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Flu-like symptoms, general aches, fever (101.1 F or higher), headaches and chills accompany mastitis. If left untreated, a painful abscess can develop. [massagetoday.com]

• Falling

  Accidental asphyxia is a rare but possible outcome if mothers fall asleep in bed with their infants while breast feeding. Nursing mothers should be made aware of the potential dangers of fatigue and sedation in such circumstances. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] not hungry or wanting to feed However after his rest he will start to familiarise himself with the breast, perhaps by nuzzling, smelling and licking before he finally attaches Once he has suckled for a period of time, he will come off the breast and fall [web.archive.org]

  As the mother’s alcohol blood level falls over time, the level of alcohol in her breast milk will also decrease. [cdc.gov]

• Diarrhea

  […] the rate of diarrhea. [pediatrics.aappublications.org]

  We estimate the protective effects conferred by varying levels of breastfeeding exposure against diarrhea incidence, diarrhea prevalence, diarrhea mortality, all-cause mortality, and hospitalization for diarrhea illness. [biomedcentral.com]

  Infants in whom breastfeeding was initiated early had a 26% (95% CI: 2%,44%) lower rate of diarrhea than those initiated late. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Occurrence of acute diarrhea in atopic and non-atopic. Infants: the role of prolonged breastfeeding. Ruuska, T. [infactcanada.ca]

• Heart Disease

  Human Milk Is a 'Life-Saving Intervention' for Infants With Congenital Heart Disease Jan. 30, 2019 — With a lower risk of serious complications and improved feeding and growth outcomes, human milk is strongly preferred as the best diet for infants with [sciencedaily.com]

  Breast-feeding beyond infancy — as well as breast-feeding for 12 months or more cumulatively in life — has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes. [mayoclinic.org]

  A host of studies have emphasized that this type of dietary pattern promotes atherosclerosis and a variety of cardiovascular conditions, including heart attack and stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure. 32, 33 One alternative is provided [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] attack and stroke risk in mothers' Women who breastfed their babies for two years or more had an 18 per cent lower risk of heart disease and a 17 per cent lower risk of stroke Lifestyle The mother working to normalise breastfeeding older children "Around [independent.co.uk]

  Women who breastfeed have lower risks of type 2 diabetes, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Path to improved health Breastfeeding promotes wellbeing for you and your baby. [familydoctor.org]

• Jaundice

  It is usually not a reason to stop nursing.A different type of jaundice, Breastfeeding jaundice, may occur in the first week of life in more than 1 in 10 breastfed infants. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Newborn jaundice is more common in babies of diabetic mothers. All diabetic women are more prone to infections, which in breastfeeding mothers may include mastitis and yeast infections. [web.archive.org]

  It has a mild laxative effect, clears excess bilirubin which is produced in large quantities at birth due to blood volume reduction from the infant’s body and helps prevent jaundice. [timesofindia.indiatimes.com]

• Neonatal Jaundice

  Effect on physiological jaundice Babies are born with fetal red blood cells which are no longer needed and must be metabolised and excreted. [doi.org]

• Dermatitis

  Atopic Dermatitis A 2001 meta-analysis of 18 prospective studies compared the incidence of atopic dermatitis in infants who were breastfed versus infants who were fed cow milk formula. 24 Overall, there was a protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding [doi.org]

  This clinical report reviews the nutritional options during pregnancy, lactation, and the first year of life that may affect the development of atopic disease (atopic dermatitis, asthma, food allergy) in early life. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Eczema

  JACI Highlights - September 2005 Breast-feeding reduces the risk for childhood eczema It is not clear if prolonged breast-feeding affects the risk of childhood eczema. [web.archive.org]

  Additionally, if eczema and allergic rhinitis are the outcomes of interest, this recent review does not provide a clearer picture. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Research confirming the risk of atopic eczema and asthma when infants are not breastfed (a partial list): Infant feeding, wheezing, and allergy: a prospective study. Burr, M. L. [infactcanada.ca]

  Dr Murray said measuring the level of trans-epidermal water loss can indicate the likelihood of eczema developing. [irishexaminer.com]

• Osteoporosis

  Comparisons between the osteoporosis and non-osteoporosis groups were undertaken using Student's t test and the chi-square test, and logistic regression models were built. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  It can help with post-pregnancy recovery and, over the long term, lowers the risk of obesity, osteoporosis and breast and ovarian cancer. Breastfeeding helps to develop stronger sense of bonding with their babies. [child-encyclopedia.com]

  There was no relationship between a history of lactation and the risk of osteoporosis. The effect of breastfeeding in mothers on return-to-prepregnancy weight was negligible, and the effect of breastfeeding on postpartum weight loss was unclear. [doi.org]

• Hunger

  Look for your baby's hunger cues — head turning toward the breast, fist gnawing, or lip smacking. Crying due to hunger is a grumpy baby's last resort when someone missed his or her earlier hunger signs. [web.archive.org]

  Latching on Learning your baby’s early hunger cues – These include smacking or licking lips, opening and closing the mouth, rooting (turning head with mouth open), and sucking on fists. [healthlinksbc.org]

  Health professionals can assist women to recognise cues of hunger and satiety in their infants and understand the dynamics and natural history of breast-feeding to prolong breast-feeding relationships. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The harsh realities of the world show that 852 million people suffer from hunger and that 53 million of them live in Latin America. [english.pravda.ru]

  Despite what you might think, crying is a late sign of hunger. Try to nurse your baby before he or she is upset from hunger and is difficult to calm down. [kidshealth.org]

• Fear

  Fear of damaging their body shape can prevent some mothers from breast-feeding, while others see breast-feeding as desirable as it can lead to weight loss. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The showdown over the issue was recounted by more than a dozen participants from several countries, many of whom requested anonymity because they feared retaliation from the United States. [nytimes.com]

  Consider this excerpt from The American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Report: “Many mothers are inappropriately advised to discontinue breastfeeding or avoid taking essential medications because of fears of adverse effects on their infants. [breastfeedingusa.org]

  Photo Credit George Doyle/Valueline/Getty Images It's only natural to wonder about the status of your breasts after breastfeeding, but a fear of sagging or smaller breasts is no reason to decide to bottle feed your baby. [web.archive.org]

• Breast Engorgement

  For more information, see the topic Breast Engorgement. [web.archive.org]

  I attempted manual (breast) expression, but that wasn't very effective, and I sat for the remainder of the five-and-a-half-hour flight in agony as my breasts engorged and a fever developed. [massagetoday.com]

  These include things like mastitis, breast engorgement, plugged milk ducts, and sore nipples. [verywell.com]

  Breast engorgement. Breast fullness is natural and healthy. It happens as your breasts become full of milk, staying soft and pliable. But breast engorgement means the blood vessels in your breast have become congested. [webmd.com]

• Nipple Discharge

  Other early symptoms may include: nipple discharge breast pain that doesn’t go away change in size, shape, or look of the breast redness or darkening of the breast itchy or sore rash on the nipple swelling or warmth of the breast Breast cancer in lactating [healthline.com]

• Cesarean Section

  CONCLUSION: Cesarean section may weaken newborns' intraoral vacuum within the first 24 hr after birth. Stronger intraoral vacuum was related to earlier onset of lactation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  _______________________________________________________________________ CIMS Fact Sheet: The Risks of Cesarean Section & Expectant Mother's Checklist Cesarean section is the most common major surgical procedure performed in the United States. [motherfriendly.org]

  Six breastfeeding mothers who were using 1 to 2 capsules containing a combination of 5 mg oxycodone and 500 mg acetaminophen every 4 to 7 hours for post-cesarean section pain had their milk sampled several times after successive doses. [drugs.com]

  Sections, A History of VBACs and Cesareans in the USA. [plus-size-pregnancy.org]

• Tingling

  Some moms can feel a tingling sensation in their breasts just by thinking about their baby or hearing another baby cry. You may even leak a little milk between feedings. These are normal signs. [web.archive.org]

  Some women get a tingling feeling, which can be quite strong. Others feel nothing at all. You'll see your baby respond when your milk lets down. Their quick sucks will change to deep rhythmic swallows as the milk begins to flow. [nhs.uk]

  During the first few days to weeks after delivery, you may feel a pins-and-needles or tingling sensation in your breasts just after your baby starts to suckle. Milk may seep from the other breast. [kidshealth.org]

  You may feel a tingle in your breast(s) as you start to breastfeed. Milk may drip from the breast not being used. These are signs that your milk has “let-down.” [familydoctor.org]

  While you may feel a slight tingling or tugging, breastfeeding should not be painful. [webmd.com]

• Lethargy

  Mothers of affected infants were also more likely to experience lethargy and other side effects than mothers of unaffected infants. [drugs.com]

  Doctors have also observed lethargy, less frequent feeding and shorter feeding times in babies exposed to THC, according to a 2005 review in the journal Canadian Family Physician. [livescience.com]

  For example, St John’s wort may cause colic, drowsiness, or lethargy in the breastfed infant even though milk production and infant weight do not appear to be adversely affected 110 and relative maternal dose and infant plasma concentrations are low. [doi.org]

  Seroconversion illness has some similarities to glandular fever: mild fevers, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, lethargy. This usually begins at 1-4 weeks post infection and usually persists for between a few days to a fortnight. [health.gov.au]

• Somnolence

  [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar] The mother became somnolent while breastfeeding. The child became apneic shortly after feeding and responded to naloxone in the pre-hospital setting. [doi.org]

[…] compared with the standard of care for nipple fissure treatment during breastfeeding. [doi.org]

The patient responded well to antipsychotic treatment. Her infant did not display any adverse effects and psychomotor development was normal. In this case, risperidone was a safe treatment option for the breast-feeding mother and her infant. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis Mortality has not been reported. Morbidity is limited to mild cosmetic changes. [emedicine.com]

The authors studied the relationship of breast-feeding on malocclusions in young children by means of conducting a systematic review of association (etiology). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The etiology of childhood leukemia is an important epidemiological and public health question. [doi.org]

Although epidemiological studies do not show a high level of unexplained HIV infection in infants whose mothers are HIV-negative, this does not prove that shared breastfeeding is unimportant. [aidsmap.com]

Centre for Epidemiology at the National Board of Health and Welfare, Official Statistics of Sweden. Amning och föräldrars rökvanor – Barn födda 2009. Centre for Epidemiology at the National Board of Health and Welfare, Official Statistics of Sweden. [kellymom.com]

Recent epidemiological and biological findings from during the past decade expand on the known benefits of breastfeeding for women and children, whether they are rich or poor. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Although the pathophysiology is unclear, it may involve the decrease in progesterone and rise of prolactin causing mast cell degranulation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The pathophysiology of this clinical phenotype is poorly understood, but it is a cause of increasing interest in gluten-free diets in the general population. [dx.doi.org]

Understanding the pathophysiology of telogen effluvium requires knowledge of the hair growth cycle. All hair has a growth phase, termed anagen, and a resting phase, telogen. [emedicine.com]

Alternatively, there could be a component of the pathways that initiate and support the return of menses postpartum that are also implicated in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. [bmj.com]

There is also little evidence that delaying the timing of the introduction of complementary foods beyond 4 to 6 months of age prevents the occurrence of atopic disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

To date, the use of amino acid–based formulas for atopy prevention has not been studied. There is no convincing evidence for the use of soy-based infant formula for the purpose of allergy prevention. [doi.org]

Article Navigation 1 Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Surveillance and Epidemiology, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Reprints or correspondence: Dr. [jid.oxfordjournals.org]