Presentation
Seventy-seven (13%) individuals showed lymphedema of the leg that occasionally presented severe elephantiasis. No hydrocele or genital lymphedema were observed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Our presentation revealed that adult female worm and microfilaria may even be present at rare sites such as submandibular region. [jcytol.org]
Individuals with Brugia Timori Infection commonly present with no symptoms. [dovemed.com]
Entire Body System
- Candidiasis
Pomegranate : In clinical study, an extract of pomegranate was shown to be as effective as a commonly used oral gel when used topically to treat candidiasis associated with denture stomatitis (mouth sores). [brighterdayfoods.com]
Respiratoric
- Painful Cough
cough, and hemoptysis. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
- Hemoptysis
[…] the legs and groin area; Malayan fever, headache, and filariasis backache may also be seen Dirofilaria Dirofilariasis Typically asymptomatic; immitis occasionally localized vasculitis and pulmonary infarcts are found producing chest pain, cough, and hemoptysis [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Cardiovascular
- Chest Pain
pain, cough, and hemoptysis. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
A chronic syndrome called “tropical pulmonary eosinophilia” has been associated with W. bancrofti and B. malayi infections, involving eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrate, peripheral hypereosinophilia, wheezing, chest pain, splenomegaly, and bloody sputum [cdc.gov]
Neurologic
- Brudzinsky Sign
▲ Bruch's gland Bruch's membrane brucine Bruck Bruck disease Bruck, Alfred Brucke Brucke muscle Brucke, Ernst W. von Brucke-Bartley phenomenon Brücke's tunic Bruconha virus Brudzinski Brudzinski sign Brudzinski, Josef von Brudzinski's sign Brueghel Syndrome [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
- Stroke
Use cautiously with asthma or a history of ulcers or stroke. Avoid if pregnant. Children should not take doses larger than what is commonly found in foods. [brighterdayfoods.com]
Workup
Microbiology
- Necator Americanus
Although, both hookworm species occur in eastern Indonesia, data from Flores indicate that Necator americanus, may be the prominent species [ 27 ]. [filariajournal.com]
- Candida
Belgium Brugges Brugges Brugges brugh Brugia Brugia filariasis Brugia malayi Brugia Malayi Microfilarial Excretory/Secretory Antigen Brugia malayi paramyosin and maltose binding protein Brugia timori Brugmann, Karl Brugmansia Brugmansia arborea Brugmansia candida [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Treatment
[…] and DEC–Alb treatments (P = 0.527). [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]
Re-infection with A. lumbricoides may return six months after treatment to almost 90% of the pre-treatment prevalence and worm density may drop to about 75% [ 35 ]. [filariajournal.com]
One year after treatment 69 subjects (72%) were mf-negative and the overall geometric mean mf density reduced to 3 mf/mL (0-2456 mf/mL). The reduction of mf was more pronounced 1 year after treatment compared with 6 months after treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
treatment may prevent adverse effects of antifilarial treatment. [academic.oup.com]
Prognosis
(Outcomes/Resolutions) The prognosis for Brugia Timori Infection is generally quite good, as those with early to mild infection may be asymptomatic Treatment with DEC has proved to be effective in eliminating the infection It is currently not possible [dovemed.com]
Etiology
(Etiology) Brugia Timori Infection is caused by the parasitic roundworm Brugia timori. [dovemed.com]
Epidemiology
Abstract The epidemiological and clinical features of Brugia timori filariasis in a newly established village, Karakuak, West Flores, is described. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
The epidemiology and treatment of infection due to Brugia malayi. Bull World Health Organ. 1962;27(4–5):529–41.Google Scholar Okon OE, Iboh CI, Opara KN. Bancroftian filariasis among the Mbembe people in Cross River State, Nigeria. [link.springer.com]
Abstract Abstract The epidemiological and clinical features of Brugia timori filariasis in a newly established village, Karakuak, West Flores, is described. [ajtmh.org]
[The Epidemiological Studies On The Filariasis In Korea: I. Filariasis In Cheju-Do(Quelpart Island)]. Korean J Parasitol 1965;3(3):139–145. 12. Seo BS, Rim HJ, Lim YC, Kang IK, Park YO. The Epidemiological Studies On The Filariasis In Korea: II. [parasitol.kr]
While classical cases of filariasis are common and hence dealt at epidemiologic scales, uncommon infections are largely neglected and reported rarely. [tropicalparasitology.org]
Prevention
How can lymphatic filariasis be prevented? There is no vaccine for filariasis. [web.archive.org]
For individuals with this condition, proper care of the limb must be taken to prevent infection. Additional steps may be taken to lessen the effects of swelling. [dovemed.com]
Epidemiology Currently, 856 million people in 52 countries worldwide remain threatened by lymphatic filariasis and require preventive chemotherapy to stop the spread of this parasitic infection. [cdc.gov.tw]
Any prevention program must consider reservoir hosts other than humans in the control of B. malayi. Measures used for control and prevention have been similar to those used for W. bancrofti . [med-chem.com]
Tea tree oil : Tea tree oil is purported to have antiseptic properties, and has been used traditionally to prevent and treat infections. [brighterdayfoods.com]