Manifestations of temporomandibular joint problems are the major development in individuals with bruxism [7]. The condition presents with the following signs and symptoms:

• Grinding and clenching of the teeth, which becomes so noisy, that it can disturb and awaken sleep partner
• Increase in tooth sensitivity
• Headache that originates in the temporal region
• Development of indentations
• Jaw muscles become tight and tired
• Tooth enamel worn outs and the deep layers of the tooth are exposed
• Teeth become flattened and begin to chip or loosen [8]

• Pain

  Author bio Jamison Spencer, DMD, MS, is the director of the Craniofacial Pain Centers of Idaho and Colorado. His practices are limited to helping people with obstructive sleep apnea and TMJ/craniofacial pain disorders. [surgicalrestorative.com]

  However, it can cause permanent damage to the teeth and uncomfortable jaw pain, headaches, or ear pain. [medlineplus.gov]

  […] open your mouth wide, especially in the morning Long-lasting pain in the face Damaged teeth, broken dental fillings and injured gums Painful jaw joint Swelling (occasionally) on the side of your lower jaw caused by clenching. [colgate.com]

• Disability

  Jaw disability was assessed using the jaw disability checklist (JDC) at baseline and 1 week post-treatment only. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Studies examining effective treatments for bruxism in individuals with developmental disabilities are limited to date; however, dental-based approaches,... References and Readings Allen, K. D., & Polaha, J. (2006). [link.springer.com]

  Treatment of bruxism in children with developmental disabilities may be even more challenging. Given the negative impact and high prevalence of bruxism in developmental disability populations, treatment for this disorder is a priority. [decisionsindentistry.com]

• Malnutrition

  The etiologic factors of bruxism include stress, malnutrition, allergic and endocrinologic diseases, central nervous system disorders, genetic factors, medicines, malocclusion, and wrong dental treatment. [atif.sobiad.com]

  Malnutrition. Bruxism can occur due to the lack of certain vitamins and minerals, especially magnesium and B group vitamins. Bruxism can result from other disease. [evadenta.lt]

• Yawning

  Some of the symptoms of TMJ disorder include: pain in the jaw when opening the mouth, chewing, or yawning. uncomfortable clicking or popping in the jaw. you are unable to open your jaw wide TMJ treatment options include rest, the use of anti-inflammatory [sleepjunkies.com]

  John Walker, McClatchy-Tribune) You can practically track Steve Barkley's stress by the level of activity in his temporomandibular joint, or TMJ, the hinge joint that connects the lower jaw to the temporal bone of the skull and helps one chew, talk and yawn [articles.chicagotribune.com]

  The coordination of the muscles in this area also allows you to talk and yawn. Bruxism results in muscle spasm and the inflammatory reaction especially in the TMJ area hence resulting in this disorder. [cardsdental.com]

• Loss of Appetite

  These complications and risks resulting from untreated teeth grinding not only produce difficulties in eating and chewing, but may result in loss of appetite. [mouthguardsforteethgrinding.com]

• Hypertension

  Continue reading… Insomnia and poor sleep quality are hypertension risks When it comes to high blood pressure – or hypertension – there are many factors that come into play: Diet, weight, smoking and alcohol use can all be attributed to your rising blood [belmarrahealth.com]

  Statistically significant difference was obtained while comparing the two study groups based on the health parameters, namely hypertension, diabetes, and smoking habit. CONCLUSION: Success of dental implant is significantly affected by bruxism. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Keywords : sleep, orofacial pain, sleep bruxism, sleep breathing disorders, sleep movement disorders, genetics, headache, hypertension, cardiovascular risk, thyroid disorders, temporomandibular disorders, xerostomia Important Note : All contributions [frontiersin.org]

  Comorbidities include obstructive sleep apnea, snoring, hypertension, headaches, temporomandibular dysfunction, encephalopathy, epilepsy, affective disorders, psychological stress, and anxiety. [medlink.com]

• Bruxism

  Bruxism: Grinding and gnashing of the teeth. Bruxism is due to clenching of the teeth other than in chewing and is associated with forceful lateral or protrusive jaw movements. This results in the grinding or rubbing together of the teeth. [medicinenet.com]

  There are 2 forms of bruxism: sleep bruxism and awake bruxism. Cause: The exact cause of bruxism is unknown. However, interplay of several factors, is known to trigger bouts of teeth clenching and grinding. [symptoma.com]

  The condition, known as bruxism, can be remedied with a nightguard. The Facts About Clenching & Grinding Common symptoms of bruxism include a sore jaw, headaches, or earaches. [kalinadds.com]

  Department of Community Dentistry BRUXISM Prepared by Aneesha Abdu 3rd year BDS Royal Dental College 2. What is bruxism? Bruxism is the medical term for grinding, gnashing or clenching your teeth. This condition affects both kids and adults. [slideshare.net]

  This is called "nocturnal bruxism" or "sleep-related bruxism." Others grind or clench their teeth during the daytime as well. This is thought to be related to stress or anxiety. [colgate.com]

• Jaw Pain

  Bruxism can cause jaw pain, earaches, headaches, and stress. We know that when you are suffering from this type of pain it is hard to feel like yourself. [mansfielddental.com]

  Grinding teeth can damage tooth enamel and cause jaw pain and gum irritation. Bruxism can be prevented by relaxing the jaw and limiting behaviors such as gum chewing, alcohol, and caffeine. [nyp.org]

  Jaw Pain Jaw pain results from the clenching and grinding of the teeth, which puts excessive pressure on the joints in your jaw. Jaw pain may be exacerbated by chewing gum or eating tough foods like steak. [arizonafamilydental.com]

  However, it can cause permanent damage to the teeth and uncomfortable jaw pain, headaches, or ear pain. [medlineplus.gov]

• Dental Caries

  Clinical oral evaluations of the children to determine dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, malocclusion and tooth wear were performed by two researchers who had undergone a training exercise (interexaminer Kappa: 0.70 to 0.91; intraexaminer Kappa [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Caries Dental caries is the medical term for tooth decay or cavities. It is caused by acid erosion of tooth enamel. [colgateprofessional.com]

  […] metabolic dysfunction, weight gain; when associated with poor oral hygiene, they may cause other oral diseases such as dental caries.35 Stimulants such as amphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and cocaine exert their effects by [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

  The exclusion criteria were: dental caries, early tooth loss, systemic and/or mental developmental disorders (including diseases of the endocrine and metabolic systems) and use of medications that could interfere with the central nervous system. [bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com]

  Improper tooth cleaning during splint use can lead to dental caries, and, in some cases, appliance use may result in temporomandibular disorders (TMD). A less significant complication is the staining of teeth. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Toothache

  If there’s toothache or a ear infection that’s causing your child to clench his teeth, speak to your doctor about the appropriate medication to ease his discomfort. [momjunction.com]

  There are, however, numerous symptoms that may indicate bruxism, such as: Muscle tension in the jaw area Pain in the temporomandibular joint Tiredness / listlessness Unexplained toothache Facial pain Aching temples Tense neck muscles Inexplicable earache [leadingimplantcenters.com]

  I actually considered defining Spot No. 7 as the temple and the masseter. 8 Earaches and toothaches — which are much less obviously associated with the masseter. A masseter trigger point can radiate pain directly into a tooth. [painscience.com]

  Ask your dentist about the typical bruxism symptoms such as jaw pain, headache, facial pain, frequent toothaches, loose teeth, worn or cracked teeth, insomnia, and earache. [cerezen.eu]

• Mouth Breathing

  Muscle pain, snoring, and mouth breathing were important signals associated with possible sleep bruxism among children. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Sleep Apnea, Snoring and Mouth Breathing We treat common conditions including sleep apnea, snoring and mouth breathing. [trappegentledentist.com]

  “Mouth breathers, for instance, condition their tongues to lay low in the mouth during the day and when they continue to mouth-breathe at night, they suffer the consequences of airway obstruction or resistance, resulting in snoring and sleep bruxism,” [channelnewsasia.com]

  Apnea is a chronic disorder in which sleep is disrupted by pauses in breathing or shallow breaths. The pauses can last more than a minute, and they're usually followed by a choking sound. [arizonafamilydental.com]

• Stiffness of the Shoulder

  […] of the shoulders (4, 5) In addition to these symptoms, bruxists may also develop more long-lasting problems including worn and cracked teeth. [news-medical.net]

• Muscle Cramp

  A calcium deficiency causes muscle cramps or involuntary movement of muscles in the mouth resulting in grinding of the teeth. Chew a few calcium or bone meal tablets before bedtime. This remedy seems to reduce contractions of the jaw muscles. [health911.com]

• Tinnitus

  TMJ Treatment If your dentist diagnoses you with TMJ, you can choose to receive TMJ therapy, which can provide relief from issues like chronic headaches, migraines, tinnitus and tooth sensitivity. [firstchoicedental.com]

  Researchers who examined 400 university students found a strong correlation between grinding and tinnitus. Tinnitus is a hearing condition that causes ringing in your ears and can lead to hearing loss. [businessinsider.com]

  The study involved 464 healthy Greek university students (156 men and 308 women) and found that there is a high correlation between grinding your teeth and suffering from tinnitus. [hiddenhearing.ie]

  And how many people with tinnitus had trigger points? Quite a few. The researchers found “a strong correlation between tinnitus and the presence of MTPs in head, neck and shoulder girdle.” [painscience.com]

  Clicking or locking jaws Headaches – including Migraines Limited jaw opening Tinnitus (ringing in the ear) Eye pain and light sensitivity Pain around the head and face Balance problems Neck and shoulder problems Treatments for Teeth Grinding Habit NTI [oconnordentalhealth.ie]

• Otalgia

  Postauricular erythema and swelling; tenderness over mastoid process Otitis externa Pruritus, pain, and tenderness of the external ear Erythema and edema of external auditory canal Otitis media Fever; malaise; otalgia Tympanic membrane dull, bulging, [aafp.org]

  […] which may get worse during chewing or other jaw movement.[7] Trismus (restricted mouth opening).[10] Pain or tenderness of the temporomandibular joints,[10] which may manifest as preauricular pain (in front of the ear), or pain referred to the ear (otalgia [en.wikipedia.org]

• Facial Pain

  Pain Center - Causes of TMJ from The American Academy of Head, Neck & Facial Pain Please note: If you see a mistake, or wrong information, please E-mail: Nodmaster. [web.stanford.edu]

  Severe bruxism has also been blamed for some cases of temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD), mysterious morning headaches and unexplained facial pain. Bruxism can have a variety of psychological and physical causes. [colgateprofessional.com]

  Bruxism is the technical term for grinding and clenching of the teeth that may cause facial pain. People who grind and clench their teeth, called bruxers, unintentionally bite down too hard at inappropriate times, such as in their sleep. [knowyourteeth.com]

  Symptoms of teeth grinding Symptoms of teeth grinding include: facial pain headaches earache pain and stiffness in the jaw joint (temporomandibular joint) and surrounding muscles, which can lead to temporomandibular disorder (TMD) disrupted sleep (for [nhsdirect.wales.nhs.uk]

• Type A Personality

  The following are some of the factors, which are thought to play a role in causation of bruxism: Emotional triggers such as stress, anxiety or anger Certain types of personality defined by aggressive or competitive behavior Sleep disorders Side effects [symptoma.com]

  Bruxism Causes In general, the causes of bruxism are attributed to the following factors: anxiety stress tension suppressed emotions such as anger frustration aggressive or competitive personality type hyperactive personality While individuals with fibromyalgia [fibromyalgia-symptoms.org]

  Bruxism is not-uncommon among type A personality individuals as well as among caffeine and nicotine users. [sleepdrs.com]

• Aggressive Behavior

  Snoring, obstructive sleep apnea (breathing pauses during sleep), talking in the sleep, sleep paralysis, hysteric and aggressive behavior during sleep, hallucinations (occurring when being in the state of being sleeping and awakened). [evadenta.lt]

• Delusion

  "While a majority of the research related to bruxism points to the central nervous system, a number of studies have also described the disorder as a manifestation of emotional hypersensitivity, anger, stress, delusions, imbalanced diet, inactivity and [dailysabah.com]

• Headache

  It can also lead to ear ache, jaw ache and headaches. The exact cause of bruxism is unknown. The interplay of various factors has been known to play foul. [symptoma.com]

  If not resolved, this activity can lead to weakened or cracked teeth, receeding gums, damaged jaw joint, headaches, disrupted sleep and more. [somnomed.com]

  Severe bruxism has caused: Some cases of jaw dysfunction, also called temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD) Headaches Unexplained facial pain Discomfort when eating, biting or talking [colgate.co.in]

  Often this eliminates bruxism related headaches and/or various kinds of TMJ pain within just a few days of fitting the device! [dentistryofmilton.com]

• Convulsions

  […] somatoform disorders Or: 2015/16 ICD-10-CM F59 Unspecified behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors Approximate Synonyms Bruxism Bruxism (grinding teeth) Bruxism (teeth grinding) Clenching teeth Dissociative convulsions [icd9data.com]

  Klonopin (Klonazepam): Anti-anxiety medication and anti-convulsive/ antispasmodic. It is useful in dealing with muscle twitching. Restless Leg Syndrome and night time grinding of the teeth ( bruxism ). [diagnose-me.com]

  You ' d be putting it for nights protectively 最好上夹板防止我晚上磨牙 Convulsions and teeth - grinding, so disgusting 又磨牙又抽筋，真恶心！ 更多例句： 1 2 3 4 5 用"磨牙"造句 其他语种 磨牙的法语：动1.discourir;ergoter;chicaner2.grincer... 磨牙的日语：（1）〈方〉減らず口をたたく.無意味な言い争いをする.我没闲工夫 xiáng... [ichacha.net]

  Convulsive Ther 11: 94 -103. Google Scholar | Medline Moloney F., Howard JA ( 1986 ). Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint. III. Anterior repositioning splint therapy. Aust Dent J 31: 30 -39. [cro.sagepub.com]

• Involuntary Movements

  A calcium deficiency causes muscle cramps or involuntary movement of muscles in the mouth resulting in grinding of the teeth. Chew a few calcium or bone meal tablets before bedtime. This remedy seems to reduce contractions of the jaw muscles. [health911.com]

  movements had a greater chance of exhibiting bruxism with psychotropic drugs use.43 In 339 institutionalised patients compared with matched‐control subjects, the prevalence of TMD signs, severe tooth wear and bruxism were significantly higher.42 Abnormal [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

  movements of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve. [doi.org]

• Neck Stiffness

  If you have daily chronic neck stiffness and/or pain in the neck upon awakening. If you have difficulty chewing food. If you get tooth pain that comes and goes. [triggerpointselfhelp.com]

  Adverse effects including blepharoptosis, skin tightness, paraesthesias, neck stiffness, muscle weakness and neck pain can occur at injection sites but these were minimal and transient. 20 Cervical dystonia or spasmodic torticollis This refers to sustained [doi.org]

• Lethargy

  Taking too much magnesium may even cause hypermagnesaemia, leading to nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and blockage of the bladder. As in the case of most drugs, dosage should be roughly determined by weight. [drnissani.net]

A preliminary physical examination, consisting of carefully studying the signs and symptoms of the condition is carried out. Several visits to the dentist will often be required to diagnose the condition. The following tests will be required to diagnose bruxism:

• Dental examination to check for other abnormalities
• X-rays to determine underlying damage to the bones and teeth
• Tests to determine ear infections
• Dental abnormalities such as poor teeth alignment or missing tooth [9]

Mild cases of bruxism do not require treatment. Children with bruxism do not require treatment, and the condition gets corrected by itself. In severe cases, the following methods are employed to treat the condition:

• Splints: Use of splints or mouth guard, help in keeping the teeth separated, which in a way, prevents damage to the teeth that occur due to clenching.
• Dental correction: This is used in cases, when there is poor alignment of teeth. Braces or oral surgery may sometimes be required for dental correction.
• Behavior therapy: Individuals with bruxism, are advised to undergo behavior therapy, that would teach them proper mouth and jaw position.
• Stress management: If stress is the cause, then various relaxation techniques can be followed, to appropriately manage the condition.
• Biofeedback: This is used when individuals cannot successfully change their habits. This is a type of complementary medicine, which utilizes various techniques to teach individuals, to control jaw and muscle movements [10].
• Medications: Certain medications, such as muscle relaxants, and Botox injections are also very effective in controlling bruxism. Muscle relaxants are prescribed for short duration, which is taken prior to sleeping. Botox injections are the method of choice, when other treatment regimes fail to yield desired effect [11].

Prognosis of the condition is not very favorable, as treatment methods are not very effective to significantly reduce the discomfort associated with the symptoms. However, if no kind of treatment is employed, then bruxism can cause permanent teeth damage. It can also lead to ear ache, jaw ache and headaches [6].

The exact cause of bruxism is unknown. The interplay of various factors has been known to play foul. In the past, some theories have suggested an association between general malocclusion and bruxism; this has however not been approved. The following are some of the factors, which are thought to play a role in causation of bruxism:

• Emotional triggers such as stress, anxiety or anger [3]
• Certain types of personality defined by aggressive or competitive behavior
• Sleep disorders
• Side effects of certain medications
• Diseases such as Parkinson disease or Huntington's disease
• Ear ache or tooth ache

According to the statistics provided by ICSD-R, about 85 to 90% of population has the habit of grinding teeth during some point of time in life. However, only 5% of these will develop any disorder related to it. Sleep bruxism occurs during adolescence years, and about 60% of elderly population is affected by it. Overall incidence of bruxism is about 8 to 31.4% [4].

Anatomically, the process of mastication is controlled by the muscles, which are located on both sides, and work together to enable movement of the mandible. Mastication, is a complex neuromuscular process, which is significantly controlled by subconscious and conscious processes.

Under normal conditions, the teeth are not in contact, except for certain activities, such as eating, speaking or swallowing. In the condition of bruxism, the unconscious movement of muscles occurs repeatedly, and is rhythmic with bit forces lasting for a fraction of second, or in some cases lasting for 1 to 30 seconds [5].

Preventing the development of trigger factors can to a certain extent reduce the development of bruxism. Keeping stress away, and practicing relaxation techniques, can also prevent bouts of bruxism.

Bruxism is considered to be a parafunctional activity, which means it is different from the normal functions of eating and talking [1]. Individuals, who suffer from bruxism, are known as bruxers or bruxists. Sleep bruxism equally affects both the sexes, whereas the other form of bruxism is more prevalent amongst the women population. Several treatment regimes have been designed to effectively manage the condition; however, these have little effect on bruxism [2].

Definition: Bruxism is a condition, characterized by repetitive, and rhythmic unconscious contraction of the muscles of mastication. It is a disorder, wherein the affected individuals, clench and grind their teeth. There are 2 forms of bruxism: sleep bruxism and awake bruxism.

Cause: The exact cause of bruxism is unknown. However, interplay of several factors, is known to trigger bouts of teeth clenching and grinding. Factors such as stress, underlying disease conditions, certain medications, ear ache, coping strategies adopted to deal with certain stressful situations, and malocclusion, are known to play foul in causation of bruxism.

Symptoms: Symptoms of bruxism include teeth grinding and clenching, which is so loud that it can awaken sleeping partner, increase in sensitivity of tooth, jaw muscle tightening, headache, ear ache and development of indentations in tongue. Bruxism can also predispose an individual to develop temporomandibular joint (TMJ) problems.

Diagnosis: Bruxism is diagnosed through a preliminary physical examination, to carefully study signs and symptoms. The dentist would also conduct several other tests, to check for signs of underlying diseases of teeth, and to also determine abnormalities.

Treatment: Treatment for bruxism includes splints, dental guards, and adopting strategies to correct dental problems. If stress is the underlying condition, then various behavioral therapies would also be adopted for relieving stress. Medications, such as muscle relaxants, and botox injections, can also help relieve the symptoms. Biofeedback is a type of complementary medicine, which makes use of several monitoring methods to control the muscle activity.

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